矿山周边农田土壤磁化率与重金属含量的关系研究

以四川某矿山周边农田土壤为研究对象,测定表层土壤样品磁化率和Cu、Cr、Ni、Zn、Pb、Cd、As、Hg 8种元素的含量,探讨土壤磁化率与重金属等的相关性及空间分布规律。结果表明:与农用地土壤污染风险管控标准相比,除Hg外,其他7种元素均有不同程度的超标,以Cd、Cu超标最严重,超标率分别达到98. 9%和38. 7%;低频磁化率(χ_(lf))和频率磁化率(χ_(fd))的均值分别为175×10~(-8)m~3/kg和5. 2%,其中旱地土壤的低频磁化率(χ_(lf))与重金属Cu、Ni、Zn、Pb、Cd的含量呈显著正相关,水田土壤磁化率与重金属的相关性不明显,表明旱地土壤磁化率能更好地指示土壤重金属污染;土壤低频磁化率(χ_(lf))与重金属含量和污染负荷指数(PLI)有着相似的空间分布,高值区集中在研究区中东部、东南部和北部地区,而频率磁化率(χ_(fd))与低频磁化率(χ_(lf))的分布趋势相反。土壤磁化率能够较好地指示农田土壤重金属的污染程度,可以作为土壤重金属污染研究的辅助手段。     

磁铁矿区河流沉积剖面中磁化率与重金属含量相关性分析

选择广东省铁帽顶铁矿区下游一河流沉积剖面为研究对象,测定沉积物的磁化率与元素含量并作相关性分析,以考察磁铁矿床周边沉积物磁化率指标对重金属富集程度的指示作用。结果显示,该剖面中低频质量磁化率χlf为0. 87×10-6m~3/kg～184. 93×10-6m~3/kg,频率磁化率χfd为0. 5%～7%。χlf仅与Fe2O3呈现极显著的正相关关系,与其他重金属元素相关性差;χfd与Mn、Pb、Cd及REE均呈正相关;元素Cu、Zn、As等与χlf、χfd的相关性都很差。表明在该种磁化率和重金属元素含量背景值均高的特殊地区,简单地利用磁化率指标指示重金属污染水平需谨慎。     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定大气TSP、降尘、降水中的铍

本法不需专门采样,取大气例行监测TSP的滤膜、降尘、降水即可测定铍。将采有TSP的过氯乙烯滤膜干灰化消化:降尘在高压密封缺罐中消化:降水酸化到含1％H_2SO_4的测试液,在石墨管中以氨水作基体改进剂,氘灯扣除背景,峰高定量。本法绝对检出量为3.0×10~(-13)g,用于测定大气、废气中的铍,不用玻璃纤维滤膜和滤筒,试液中基体浓度低,在氨水的化学作用和氘弧灯光谱学扣背景的作用下,干扰可完全消除。采集大气10m~3,制备10ml测试液,检出浓度为8×10~(-9)mg/m~3。称取降尘残渣0.100g,检出量为2μg/g:降水的检出浓度为0.008μg/l。     

西安市表层土壤和地表灰尘理化性质分析

以西安城市表层土壤和地表灰尘为研究对象,分析其基本理化指标。结果表明,西安市表层土壤pH值的变化范围是7.65~8.54,属弱碱性。地表灰尘pH值的变化范围是6.59~11.19,属碱性。表层土壤的低频磁化率和高频磁化率均值分别为1.55×10^-6 m^3/kg和1.46×10^-6 m^3/kg,频率磁化率均值为6.7%。地表灰尘的低频磁化率和高频磁化率均值分别为5.50×10^-6 m^3/kg和4.84×10^-6 m^3/kg,频率磁化率均值为1.88%。表层土壤和地表灰尘中总有机碳均值分别为1.31%和3.97%。西安城市表层土壤和地表灰尘均主要以粉粒为主,且二者各理化性质之间均有一定的相关性。     

南京市典型地区大气多环芳烃污染特征及健康风险评价

采用气相色谱-质谱法,于2016年9月和12月对南京市2个典型地区大气中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的质量浓度进行分析,并开展了PAHs组成特征、来源解析及人体健康风险评价研究。结果表明,工业区(六合区)和生活区(江宁区)大气(气态和可吸入颗粒态)中16种PAHs的质量浓度分别为914.82和712.27 ng/m~3,苯并[a]芘毒性等效浓度分别为274.1和309.84 ng/m~3,且呈现冬季高、秋季低的特征。比值法源解析结果表明,燃煤污染是六合区PAHs污染主要来源,而江宁区主要表现为交通污染。人体健康风险评价结果表明,六合区和江宁区人群通过大气吸入PAHs的超额致癌风险分别为5.17×10~(-5)和5.85×10~(-5),均略高于可接受水平10~(-6)。     

上海大气面源 VOCs 排放特征及其对O 3 的影响

上海市大气污染物排放清单确定了14类大气面源,其VOCs排放总量2.65×10^8kg／a。采用EPA TO-15 VOCs分析方法获得112种组分,根据VOCs的O3生成活性系数MIR,结合VOCs排放量和VOCs组分构成比,计算出上海大气面源的O3最大生成量为1.063×10^9kg／a。其中,涂料使用和间-二甲苯,对-二甲苯是上海大气环境O3污染应首要控制的VOCs。     

南京市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃变化特征

逐月采集南京市大气中不同粒径的颗粒物,采用HPLC分析了2010年每个月PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)颗粒物样品中的多环芳烃(PAHs)的种类和浓度水平。结果表明:PM_(10)中PAHs年均值为25.07 ng/m~3,范围为11.03~53.56 ng/m3;PM_(2.5)中PAHs年均值为19.04 ng/m~3,范围为10.82~36.43 ng/m~3。PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中PAHs总体浓度有着相似的变化趋势,呈现凹形变化曲线;在南京市大气颗粒物中吸附的PAHs大部分以5~6环的高环数组分为主,大部分PAHs和∑PAHs的相关性较好,年度变化幅度不大,分析结果表明,颗粒物中PAHs的来源与稳定的排放源相关,机动车排放不容忽视,与北方城市燃煤污染有着较大的区别。     

苏州工业园区大气PM_(2.5)中主要重金属污染特征及其健康风险评价

通过2015年1月、4月、8月、11月对苏州工业园区大气中PM_(2.5)及Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Ni 5种元素质量浓度的监测,并采用《污染场地风险评估技术导则》(HJ 25.3—2014)中推荐模型对该5种元素通过呼吸途径引起的人体健康风险进行评价。结果表明,Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Ni 5种元素平均质量浓度分别为76.2 ng/m3、6.92 ng/m3、1.45 ng/m3、4.14 ng/m3和5.71 ng/m3,平均质量浓度从高到低依次为PbCrNiCdAs;5种元素的致癌风险与危害熵分别为6.89×10-15~6.84×10~(-12)和2.57×10~(-9)~4.80×10~(-7),分别低于可接受致癌风险水平(10-6)与可接受危害熵(1)。整体而言,苏州工业园区大气重金属污染程度相对较低。     

南京典型站点春季大气颗粒物数谱分布特征

利用TSI公司的APS和SMPS系统,于2017年4月在江苏省环境监测中心点位连续一个月进行大气颗粒物数谱观测,结果表明,南京市春季典型月份大气颗粒物数浓度和体积浓度均值分别为1.64×104cm~(-3)和1.65×106μm~3/m~3;核模态、爱根核膜态、积聚模态和粗粒子模态数浓度占比分别为22.72%,53.52%,23.72%和0.05%,体积浓度占比分别为0.01%,1.76%,55.82%和42.41%;颗粒物数浓度平均日变化呈现双峰结构;PM_(2.5)体积浓度和质量浓度具有高度相关性;存在明显的新生粒子事件,3~10 nm颗粒物数浓度小时均值短时7 500 cm~(-3)。     

气袋采样-苏玛罐转移-GC/MS法测定废气中醛类恶臭物质

采用气袋采样-苏玛罐转移-GC/MS法测定废气中5种醛类恶臭物质,醛类同分异构体能够被完全分离、定性定量。保存时间验证试验表明,5种低浓度醛类在Tedler采样袋和PVDFs采样袋中能稳定存放12 h,高浓度醛类能较稳定地保存24 h,转移至苏玛罐中的样品能够稳定存放至少14 d。方法在4×10~(-10)～2×10~(-8)范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.127μg/m~3～0.207μg/m~3,混合标气6次测定结果的RSD为3.4%～8.8%,加标回收率为103%～114%。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.