国内外危险化学品安全距离探讨

安全距离是预防发生危险化学品重特大事故的重要措施之一。本文分析了由安全距离不足引发的国内外危险化学品典型事故案例,对比了国内外危险化学品相关安全距离的法规、标准和要求,并对国内外现有的安全卫生距离确定方法进行了总结。针对国内外并无专门的危险化学品安全距离标准的现状,本文提出了采用事故后果方法,并综合考虑危险化学品安全距离的主要影响因素,制定我国危险化学品相关安全距离确定方法的思路。这对完善我国危险化学品安全管理具有参考意义。     

危险化学品事故致因研究

基于2010年中国危险化学品事故数据,运用数理统计方法,实证研究危险化学品事故的致因特点.研究发现:生产、运输和存储环节是危险化学品产业链六大环节中的高发环节,人因是各环节关键性的致因要素;85％的事故发生在私营企业,且事故企业年龄呈现出两端高,中间低的总趋势.     

国内外危险化学品安全距离探讨

安全距离是预防发生危险化学品重特大事故的重要措施之一.本文分析了由安全距离不足引发的国内外危险化学品典型事故案例,对比了国内外危险化学品相关安全距离的法规、标准和要求,并对国内外现有的安全卫生距离确定方法进行了总结.针对国内外并无专门的危险化学品安全距离标准的现状,本文提出了采用事故后果方法,并综合考虑危险化学品安全距离的主要影响因素,制定我国危险化学品相关安全距离确定方法的思路.这对完善我国危险化学品安全管理具有参考意义.     

基于安全规划的典型石油化学工业事故原因分析

石油化学工业中的原料、产品大多数具有易燃、易爆、有毒和腐蚀等特性,一旦发生事故,将会产生人员伤亡、财产损失,甚至对环境产生较大的破坏。本文主要从安全规划的角度分析典型石油化学工业事故产生的原因。研究表明,这些事故的原因主要有：选址不合理,使用或储存的危险化学品数量、规模过大,与周边地区的安全距离不足、设施之间安全距离不足和危险设施布局不合理。     

透视集中频发的危险化学品事故

2004年4月21日,国务院通报了近期发生的7起涉及危险化学品的事故。紧接着4月22日,浙江宁波又发生1起化工原料泄漏事故,随之引发大火和剧烈爆炸,造成1死1伤。8天之内发生8起涉及危险化学品事故,造成22人死亡和失踪,数百人中毒、受伤,15万人紧急疏散,大量设备设施损坏,事故如此集     

危险化学品企业外部安全防护距离标准制订探讨

目前缺乏专门危险化学品企业外部安全防护距离的标准,导致在具体监管实践中遇到很多问题。本文通过分析目前我国有关外部安全防护距离的相关法规及标准,对外部距离、防火间距、安全距离、卫生防护距离和大气环境防护距离等外部防护距离,从概念来源、应用范围、防护距离的起止点、防护目标、标准提出和使用部门等方面进行分析、比较。又针对外部安全防护距离概念的模糊性,行业专门的标准少,覆盖性不够,对于防护目标范围不足、含义不够明确,不同标准之间存在相互冲突,定量方法确定防护距离比较缺乏问题等现有相关标准存在的问题进行分析讨论,并就将来制订标准过程中需要注意的问题给出相关建议。     

危险化学品安全中介咨询机构在事故应急管理体系中的作用

本文分析了危险化学品安全中介咨询机构的发展和现状,总结了当前我国城市事故应急管理体系存在的问题,并在此基础上探讨了危险化学品安全中介咨询机构在我国目前城市危险化学品安全监管和事故应急体系框架中发挥的作用.     

浅谈危险化学品在生产过程中的事故原因分析及对策

1 引言 世界上已知的化学品多达1000万种,常用的化学品已超过8万种,而且每年仍有1000余种新化学品问世。化学品的产量也由50年前的100万吨发展到现在4亿吨。化学物质的大量使用极大地改善了现代人的生活质量,加速了社会发展进程。然而,由于自身的特性,一些化学品的生产具有一定的危险性,由化学品引发的事故屡见不鲜。     

Factors contributing to US chemical plant process safety incidents from 2010 to 2020

Process safety incidents can result in injuries, fatalities, environmental impacts, facility damage, downtime & lost production, as well as impacts on a company's and industry's reputation. This study is focused on an analysis of the most commonly reported contributing factors to process safety incidents in the US chemical manufacturing industry. The database for the study contained 79 incidents from 2010 to 2019, partly investigated by the Chemical Safety Board (CSB). To be included in the study, the CSB archive of incident investigations were parsed to include only incidents which occurred at a company classified as 325 in the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), assigned to businesses that participate in chemical manufacturing. For each incident, all of the identified contributing factors were catalogued in the database. From this list of identified contributing factors, it was possible to name the ‘top three’ contributing factors. The top three contributing factors cited for the chemical manufacturing industry were found to be: design; preventive maintenance; and safeguards, controls & layers of protection. The relationship between these top contributing factors and the most common OSHA citations was investigated as well. The investigation and citation history for NAICS 325 companies in the Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) citations database was then analysed to assess whether there was any overlap between the top reported contributing factors to process safety events and the top OSHA citations recorded for the industry. A database consisting of the inspection and citation history for the chemical manufacturing industry identified by NAICS code 325 was assembled for inspections occurring between 2010 and 2020 (August). The analysis of the citation history for the chemical manufacturing industry specifically, identified that the list of the top contributing factors to process safety incidents overlapped with the most common OSHA violations. This finding is relevant to industry stakeholders who are considering how to strategically invest resources for achieving maximum benefit – reducing process safety risk and simultaneously improving OSHA citation history.     

Insight into the safety distance of ground and underground installations in typical petrochemical plants

Petrochemical plants are continuously turning into large-size corporations, the installations of facilities show a developing trend from ground to underground because of the difference in land using rate. In this regard, the safety distance of petrochemical equipment buried in both ground and underground cases were investigated based on risk assessment. As a case study, gasoline tank and LPG tank set on the ground and underground are singled out to compare the risks involved. The research showed that the setting case of installation had a great influence on safety distance. Two cases have 80% reduction of equivalent safety distance compared with the rest of the cases. It was found that when the gasoline storage tank was placed underground alone, the PLL value decreased by 36.7%. Only LPG tank was placed underground, and the PLL decreased by 6.33%, and the gasoline and LPG storage tanks were placed underground simultaneously, the PLL value declined by 42.3%. Thus, the layout of plants could be further optimized, which can greatly improve the performances of land use efficiency and safety. In addition, this paper, the selection of embedding methods and the sensitivity of underground case to overpressure was resumed from two aspects: soil properties and burial depth. For the soil properties, it was found that the water saturated sandy soil with high air content and the low density unsaturated sandy soil had better effects on weakening overpressure. Such properties are particularly beneficial to reducing the occurrence rate of accidents. In terms of burial depth, it can be observed that as the burial depth was changed from 0.5m to 1.1m, the value of overpressure has dropped dramatically. When the burial depth was 2m, the damage to personnel and buildings has been greatly reduced beyond 2m from the explosion center.     

Global process safety incidents in the pharmaceutical industry

The objective of this research is to analyse global process safety incidents within the pharmaceutical industry in terms of their consequences and factors contributing to the incidents. There were 73 process safety incidents leading to 108 fatalities found between 1985 and 2019. Trends between the number of incidents, number of fatalities, location, and contributing factors were identified and summarized. The most reported fatalities occurred in 2018 & 2019. 83% of fatalities occurred in China and India. Explosions were associated with 71% of incidents, which resulted in 89% of fatalities. For most of the international incidents, incident investigations were not available and thus insufficient details were available to determine the causes. Contributing factors were available or estimated from available data for about half of the incidents, with the following most common: hazard awareness & identification; operating procedures; design; safeguards, controls & layers of protection; safety culture; and preventive maintenance. These findings can be used as a basis to improve process safety performance in the pharmaceutical industry.     

化工园区安全容量辨析

为保障公众和园区的安全,避免化工园区的无序发展,有关研究者借鉴环境容量提出化工园区安全容量的概念。近些年有关政府部门已将确定安全容量作为保证化工园区安全的一项重要安全措施,并成为相关法规要求。但是有关化工园区安全容量的具体含义目前仍很模糊。对国内关于安全容量的文献进行了梳理,总结了三类对安全容量的看法,剖析了对安全容量认识的误区,比较了安全容量与环境容量的异同,分析指出采用危险品数量作为安全容量的指标存在的问题,提出化工园区安全容量的实质内涵是化工园区的风险标准,并对影响化工园区风险的三类因素进行讨论。     

危险化学品企业外部安全防护距离监管存在问题及对策

国内外许多重大事故教训表明要危险化学品企业必须与外部脆弱性目标之间设置合理的安全防护距离。目前在危险化学品企业外部安全防护距离的监管过程中存在许多问题,如缺乏上位法的支撑,未纳入城市规划控制程序,缺乏专门的安全防护距离标准,事故隐患企业搬迁难,以及公众参与不足等。造成这些问题的原因有城市发展的压力,政府监管的缺失,部分企业盲目扩建、改造,周边区域违规开发建设。危险化学品企业的外部安全防护距离问题涉及到危险化学品企业、周边开发单位、公众以及政府四个主要利益相关方,目前所遇到的问题是土地资源在城市经济社会快速发展与公众安全需求提高之间矛盾下的必然结果。在立足国情借鉴国外做法的基础上,本文提出一些综合性策略和针对新建项目和现有企业的措施建议,目前解决危险化学品企业安全防护距离问题解决的关键是将危险化学品企业及其周边区域的土地利用规划的安全控制纳入城市规划许可程序中,以及利益相关方之间相互协调机制的建立。     

基于安全规划的典型石油化学工业事故原因分析

石油化学工业中的原料、产品大多数具有易燃、易爆、有毒和腐蚀等特性,一旦发生事故,将会产生人员伤亡、财产损失,甚至对环境产生较大的破坏.本文主要从安全规划的角度分析典型石油化学工业事故产生的原因.研究表明,这些事故的原因主要有选址不合理,使用或储存的危险化学品数量、规模过大,与周边地区的安全距离不足、设施之间安全距离不足和危险设施布局不合理.     

Insights into process safety incidents from an analysis of CSB investigations

Many incidents have helped to define and develop process safety. Each has provided valuable learning opportunities. However, it is even more important to identify insights that can be obtained from an analysis of a large set of incidents that represents those that typically occur. This larger picture illuminates trends and commonalities and provides learning opportunities that are even more important than the causes of any one individual incident.The Chemical Safety Board has published the results of over 60 investigations of process safety incidents. These data have been analyzed to identify commonalities and trends so that measures to help protect against future incidents can be developed. Recommendations are made to address key issues identified.     

Harnessing database resources for understanding the profile of chemical process industry incidents

Analyzing historical databases can provide valuable information on the incident occurrences and their consequences for assessing the safety of the chemical process industry. In this study, the RMP and HSEES databases were utilized to understand the patterns and the factors influencing chemical process industry incidents. Frequency exceedance curves were generated by utilizing the different incident consequences from the databases to understand the profile of societal loss from reported incidents. Understanding the statistics and trends of the historical incidents could serve as important lagging indicators in order to assess the probable proximity to major consequences from the low-probability/high-consequence incidents. To this regard, the safety pyramids were also generated to better understand the relationship between the different consequences of the reported incidents. Furthermore, the safety pyramids were analyzed in comparison with the traditional safety pyramid proposed by Heinrich to understand the US process industry incident occurrence trends.