罐采样-GC/MS法测定环境空气中挥发性有机物

采用SUMMA罐采样,空气预浓缩与气相色谱/质谱联用技术,建立了39种常见挥发性有机物的分析方法。选取攀枝花市不同功能区的5个测点,采集了4个季度的环境空气样品220个,定性检出挥发性有机物54种,其中烃类占24%,卤代烃类占52%,含氧化合物占22%,其它化合物占2%。苯系物的检出率最高。定量的挥发性有机物最大浓度和平均浓度最高的项目均为苯,平均浓度4.59μg/m3,最大浓度29.8μg/m3。苯系物时间分布呈现出旱季高,雨季低的特点;日变化特征为早晨最高,整体呈下降趋势。     

气相色谱法测定固定污染源有组织废气中的苯系物

采用活性炭吸附/二硫化碳解吸法,建立测定固定污染源有组织废气中苯系物的气相色谱法.用活性炭管采集有组织废气,经二硫化碳解吸后用DB-WAX毛细血管柱分离、氢火焰离子化检测器检测.结果表明,苯系物标准样品7种组分在0.5～50.0μg/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好,校准曲线相关系数>0.999,在11.1 min内实现完全...     

利用毛细管柱测定水和废水中的苯系物

本文研究了利用毛细管柱分离、测定水样中的苯系物。该方法用二硫化碳萃取水样中的苯系物,细口径毛细管柱分离,ＦＩＤ测定。在分流比为１００∶１的条件下,方法最低检出浓度在００２５～００４７ｍｇ／Ｌ之间,低于填充柱法。该方法适用于地表水、地下水和废水中微量苯系物的测定。     

用顶空-气相色谱质谱法测定固体废物中苯系物的分析方法

本方法采用静态顶空进样技术对固体废物样品进行处理,利用气相色谱质谱联用对固体废物中苯系物(9种)进行了测定分析,通过测定得到最低检出浓度为0.38~1.02μg/kg;加标回收率为76.6%~124.4%;RSD为2.2%~18.2%。本实验分析时间短,操作简单,灵敏及测定结果较为满意。     

便携式质谱联用仪快速定量测定水中7 种苯系物

针对地表水、地下水和饮用水中苯系物的快速定量测定建立方法,该方法适用于水体中苯、甲苯、乙苯、间/对-二甲苯、苯乙烯和邻-二甲苯等苯系物的快速定量结果测定,样品浓度在5~50μg/L的浓度范围内定量检测相对标准偏差低于10%。通过对标准样品测定,其回收率在96.16%~101.50%之间,在快速测定的同时,其定量测定数据具有很高的可靠性。     

地下水中苯系物污染修复研究进展

苯系物(苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯,BTEX)是重要的环境污染物之一。BTEX高溶解,高挥发,高毒性的特点使其成为地下水污染关注的特点。强调了地下水中苯系物的来源及相关性质,总结了治理苯系物的历史应用技术,介绍了新兴修复技术并展望了未来的发展方向,为地下水中苯系物的处理提供借鉴。     

搅拌棒吸附萃取气相色谱法测定地表水中多环芳烃

建立了新型的搅拌棒吸附萃取（SBSE）和热脱附系统（TDU）结合的气相色谱（GC）测定地表水中多环芳烃的方法。考察了萃取时间、搅拌条件及萃取温度对实验的影响,对7种多环芳烃（萘、荧蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[ghi]苝、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘和苯并[a]芘）的加标回收率为89.17%～99.38%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.6%～5.6%（n=3）。通过实际样品中PAHs的分析表明,该法快速、灵敏、简单,能满足痕量分析的需求。     

便携式GC-MS在石油污染土壤应急监测中的应用

针对石油污染土壤中VOCs含量的应急监测,便携式气相色谱-质谱联用仪适用于土壤中甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯、三氯苯等13种苯系物的快速定量检测,通过对某废弃炼油厂土壤样品测定,该方法在快速定性的同时,定量测定5~20411μg/kg土壤样品具有很高的可靠性。     

东道海子湖水中苯系物的分析研究

本文以新疆古尔班通古特沙漠腹地的东道海子湖水为对象,研究东道海子湖水中苯系物的污染特征,并对湖水中苯系物的潜在生态危害进行分析评价。结果表明:东道海子湖水中苯系物的含量均满足我国水环境质量一级标准,苯的浓度仍然小于我国生活饮用水卫生标准中规定的0.01 mg/L,但经过健康风险评价,发现其仍会对人体产生一定的致癌风险。苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯、对二甲苯的非化学致癌物风险(HQ)值远低于1,表明各类苯系物均无非致癌物的化学风险。     

便携式GC-MS测定水中酚类化合物的方法研究

为实现水中酚类化合物检测的便携性,提高环境应急监测效率。建立了一种便携式固相微萃取-气相色谱/质谱联用测定水中5种酚类化合物的方法。研究了色谱柱极性、萃取柱类型、萃取温度、萃取时间、水样的pH及盐度对目标化合物分离及萃取效率和速度的影响。结果表明,使用DB-5色谱柱对目标化合物的分离效果最好;使用PDMS/DVB微萃取柱、萃取温度为70℃、萃取时间为40 min、水样的pH为3.0、NaCl浓度为0.35 g/mL时,目标物在一定浓度范围内萃取效率高、萃取速度快且线性好。方法具有较高的灵敏度,定性、定量准确,适用于水中酚类化合物的现场快速检测,能为环境应急提供重要技术支撑作用。     

锑电极测试油田污水pH值方法的试验研究

为了在线测试中原油田污水水质改性后碱性废水的ｐＨ值,进行了锑电极酸度计测试油田污水ｐＨ值方法的试验研究。该酸度计主要由刮板电机、清洗刮板、温度测量电极、锑电级、参比电极、防护罩等组成。室内实验中锑电极测定两种标准缓冲液的ｐＨ值,当温度小于６０℃时,最大绝对误差为０．２３;温度为７０℃时为０．４６。在采油二厂濮二联合站进行半年的现场监测对比实验,相对于标准电极,该电极测量的最大绝对误差为０．３２,相对误差３．９％,比玻璃电极和复合电极精密度略低,但能够满足现场监测要求,且寿命较长。     

气相色谱法单塔双柱双检测器测定农产品中有机氯与拟除虫菊酯类农药残留应用探索

气相色谱经加装双ECD检测器,实现单塔双柱双检测器测定农产品中有机氯、拟除虫菊酯类农药残留,在不须关机换色谱柱情况下实现双柱定性定量分析。该方法可节约大量定性分析时间,通过百菌清、氯氟氰菊酯、三唑酮、氯氰菊酯的加标回收试验,平均回收率为95.0%～102.5%,相对标准偏差为1.88%～3.72%,方法稳定可靠。     

Experimental study of benzene,toluene, ethylbenzene,and xylene (BTEX) contributions in the air pollution of Tehran,Iran

Urbanization and development are associated with air pollution, including emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX). For this study, we measured and investigated the outdoor concentrations of BTEX in Tehran, Iran. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH, 1996) methods were applied to measure the concentrations of BTEX in winter and spring of 2015 at 46 air monitoring stations. BETX concentrations were also measured at 19 monitoring stations in June and July of 2003. In 2003, BTEX compound pollutants were observed at greater concentration in the eastern, central, and southern zones of Tehran than in other zones. The average concentrations of the BTEX compounds were 238 parts per billion (ppb), 130 ppb, 69 ppb, and 118 ppb, respectively, for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene. The benzene to toluene (B/T) ratios ranged from 0.8 to 3.2, which indicated that the gasoline used in the city was of poor quality at that time. In 2015, the BTEX concentrations in District 19 (south of Tehran) were higher than in the eastern and central regions, which included restricted “traffic zones” and the extensive development of public transportation systems. In the restricted traffic zones, only public vehicles, such as buses, taxis, ambulances, etc., and other authorized vehicles are allowed to operate. By ameliorating the quality of gasoline, encouraging the use of late model private cars, and development of subway and public transportation during the years between 2003 and 2015, the BTEX concentrations have fallen to levels that comply with Iran's air quality standards. The 2015 measurements revealed that the average concentrations of the BTEX compounds were 5.3, 9.2, 1.5, and 2.6 ppb, respectively. The B/T ratio fluctuated from 0.39 to 0.76, demonstrating the remarkable role that vehicle traffic plays in BTEX pollution.     

关于不确定度评定中两个问题的讨论

通过对环境监测仪器分析不确定度评定中,标准不确定度和相对标准不确定度的单位来源以及关于相对标准不确定度两种计算方法的讨论,得出标准不确定度是有量纲的、相对标准不确定度是无量纲的;最大允许误差较易获得,用这种方法计算不确定度有很好的可靠性。相对标准偏差计算不确定度则结果更好。     

溴化衍生-气相色谱法测定地表水中丙烯酰胺

采用溴化衍生-气相色谱技术,建立了地表水中丙烯酰胺的分析方法。分别使用工作曲线和标准曲线对丙烯酰胺进行定量分析。实验结果表明:利用溴化衍生生成,β-二溴丙酰胺的工作曲线线性范围更宽,灵敏度更高。用乙酸乙酯萃取衍生物,萃取浓缩后进行气相色谱分析,方法检出限为0.03μg/L,工作曲线在0.20~10μg/L范围内具有良好的线性相关性。地表水样品的加标回收率为87.6%~97.8%,其相对标准偏差为2.03%~5.31%。     

低温捕集/热解吸气相色谱法分析废气中挥发性硫化物

采用低温捕集/热解吸/火焰光度检测填充柱气相色谱法可分析废气中挥发性硫化物。标准气浓度为2.80g/L～38.10g/L时,硫化氢、甲硫醇、乙硫醇、甲硫醚和二甲二硫的平均回收率及相对标准偏差分别为92.1%～106.8%及0.5%～6.0%,采样体积为1.0L时,上述挥发性硫化物的最低检出浓度为0.08ng/L～0.65ng/L。该分析测定了炼油厂某些污染源和催化燃烧脱硫中试装置废气中挥发性硫化物组成,验证了方法的适用性。     

气相色谱法测定室内空气中挥发性卤代烃

建立了活性炭吸附-溶剂解吸-气相色谱测定室内空气中7种挥发性卤代烃的分析方法。样品经活性炭采样管富集后,用二硫化碳解吸,Agilent HP-1色谱柱分离,使用带有电子捕获检测器的气相色谱仪测定,以保留时间定性,外标法定量。当采样体积为10 L时,方法检出限范围是0.03~0.18 g/m3,加标回收率在72%~114%之间,相对标准偏差小于15%。结果表明,该方法可以应用于室内空气中痕量挥发性卤代烃样品的检测分析。     

Stream Temperature Relationships to Forest Harvest in Western Washington1

Abstract: We compared summer stream temperature patterns in 40 small forested watersheds in the Hoh and Clearwater basins in the western Olympic Peninsula, Washington, to examine correlations between previous riparian and basin‐wide timber harvest activity and stream temperatures. Seven watersheds were unharvested, while the remaining 33 had between 25% and 100% of the total basin harvested, mostly within the last 40 years. Mean daily maximum temperatures were significantly different between the harvested and unharvested basins, averaging 14.5°C and 12.1°C, respectively. Diurnal fluctuations between harvested and unharvested basins were also significantly different, averaging 1.7°C and 0.9°C, respectively. Total basin harvest was correlated with average daily maximum temperature (r² = 0.39), as was total riparian harvest (r² = 0.32). The amount of recently clear‐cut riparian forest (<20 year) within 600 m upstream of our monitoring sites ranged from 0% to 100% and was not correlated to increased stream temperatures. We used Akaike’s Information Criteria (AIC) analysis to assess whether other physical variables could explain some of the observed variation in stream temperature. We found that variables related to elevation, slope, aspect, and geology explain between 5% and 14% more of the variability relative to the variability explained by percent of basin harvested (BasHarv), and that the BasHarv was consistently a better predictor than the amount of riparian forest harvested. While the BasHarv is in all of the models that perform well, the AIC analysis shows that there are many models with two variables that perform about the same and therefore it would be difficult to choose one as the best model. We conclude that adding additional variables to the model does not change the basic findings that there is a relatively strong relationship between maximum daily stream temperatures and the total amount of harvest in a basin, and strong, but slightly weaker relationship between maximum daily stream temperatures and the total riparian harvest in a basin. Seventeen of the 40 streams exceeded the Washington State Department of Ecology’s (DOE) temperature criterion for waters defined as “core salmon and trout habitat” (class AA waters). The DOE temperature criterion for class AA waters is any seven‐day average of daily maximum temperatures in excess of 16°C. The probability of a stream exceeding the water quality standard increased with timber harvest activity. All unharvested sites and five of six sites that had 25‐50% harvest met DOEs water quality standard. In contrast, only nine of eighteen sites with 50‐75% harvest and two of nine sites with >75% harvest met DOEs water quality standard. Many streams with extensive canopy closure, as estimated by the age of riparian trees, still had higher temperatures and greater diurnal fluctuations than the unharvested basins. This suggests that the impact of past forest harvest activities on stream temperatures cannot be entirely mitigated through the reestablishment of riparian buffers.     

Fuel derived pollutants and boating activity patterns in the Sea of Galilee

MTBE (Methyl tert-Butyl Ether) is a fuel additive that replaced lead as an antiknock compound in internal combustion motors. Few years after its introduction, detectable levels of MTBE were found in various water bodies. MTBE has a very low taste and odor threshold and is a potential carcinogen. Another group of fuel derived toxic compounds that has been detected in water bodies is BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene). Boating activity and allochthonous contributions from watersheds are the major sources of fuel derived pollutants in lakes. Their concentrations in lakes thus vary as a function of boating activity intensity, lake surface area and depth, weather and wind regime, land-use in the watershed, etc. The Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinneret) is the only recreational lake in Israel and an important freshwater source. In the current study, a sampling campaign was conducted in order to quantify MTBE and BTEX concentrations in Lake Kinneret, its marinas and its main contributing streams. In addition, a boating-use survey was performed in order to estimate MTBE and BTEX contribution of recreational boating. The sampling campaign revealed that, as expected, MTBE concentrations were higher than BTEX, and that near shore (i.e., marina) concentrations were higher than in-lake concentrations. Despite the clear contribution from boating, high MTBE concentrations were found following a major inflow event in winter, indicating the importance of the allochthonous contribution. The contribution from boating during summer, as measured indirectly by in-lake concentrations, is likely underestimated due to enhanced MTBE volatilization due to strong winds and high temperatures. May–September was found to be the main recreational boating season, with continued boating year round. On average, a single boat is active 23 d/y, with 84% of the watercrafts being active only during weekends and holidays. The survey further indicated that boats stay in the lake for 4.5 h on average, which conforms to the unique winds regime that limits afternoon activity due to high winds, and have an average fuel consumption of 14 L/h. The annual load of MTBE and BTEX from recreational boating in Lake Kinneret was estimated at 4430 and 6220 kg/y respectively.