蒙脱石、铁氧化物及其复合体对水中As(Ⅲ)的吸附效果

利用蒙脱石、FeCl_3·6H_2O制备出改性蒙脱石复合体,并对蒙脱石、铁氧化物及其改性复合体吸附水中As(Ⅲ)的效能进行对比试验。结果表明:这3者对水中As(Ⅲ)的吸附动力学均符合Lagergren速度模型,且均属于Freundlich等温吸附。复合体的沉降效率明显优于其他2种吸附剂,且对含As(Ⅲ)溶液的pH值具有很好调节能力。SO_4~(2-)和Mg~(2+)浓度对As(Ⅲ)的去除基本无影响,Ca~(2+)能促进As(Ⅲ)的吸附,NO_3~-、PO_4~(3-)与As(Ⅲ)存在较强的竞争吸附。     

青稞β—1，3—葡聚糖酶Ⅱ基因启动子的克隆分析及表达载体的构建

根据本实验室克隆并公布的藏青稞β—1，3—葡聚糖酶Ⅱ(BGH Ⅱ)基因序列，以藏青稞QB09基因组DNA为模板，构建DNA步移文库，并通过步移技术克隆出BGH Ⅱ起始密码子上游调控序列BGHP．鉴定和分析表明，BGHP具备大多数高等植物启动子的保守元件，预测它对BGHⅡ基因的表达具有一定的作用．为鉴定BGHⅡ基因的基本启动子元件，将基因5′侧翼序列做缺失片段分析，利用PCR方法从BGHP中得到3个不同大小两端带有Hind Ⅲ、BamH I酶切位点的片段BGHP1、BGHP2和BGHP3，定向插人载体pMGFP4(pBI221改建，报告基因为GFP)中，取代原有的CaMV35S启动子，构建了由驱动报告基因GFP的植物表达载体BGHPVl、BGHPV2和BGHPV3，用于大麦的遗传转化，为进一步研究其功能奠定了基础．图5表1参15     

从水稻种子表面分离的紫云英根瘤菌与不同水稻品种亲合性的研究

采用紫云英琼脂管结瘤试验，在10个供试的不同水稻品种中，仅从“汕优63”和“珍A一代”2个品种的种子表面各分离筛选到在紫云英上结瘤较早且较多的1个菌株，分别命名为SY63－4和SA1D－3。采用无菌盆栽试验分别将这2个菌株接种于4个不同水稻品种“汕优63”、“珍A一代”、“马协63”及“博湛优19”，发现菌株ZA1D－3对4种水稻均表现出显著的促生作用，SY63－4仅对“汕优63”和“珍A一代”表现出明显的促生作用。利用MPN法检测不同水稻品种根内外根瘤菌ZA1D－3和SY63－4的数量，发现ZA1D－3和SY63－4在4种水稻根部的定殖数量也不相同。SY63－4在“汕优63”根部定殖的数量log(ncfumFW^-1/g^-1)为5．20，比在其余3种水稻根部高出2个数量级；ZA1D－3在“珍A一代”根部定殖的最大数量log(ncfumFW^-1/g^-1)为4．54，比在其余3种水稻根部高出1个数量级。这说明SY63－4与“汕优63”，ZA1D－3与“珍A一代”间存在着一定的亲和性。图1表2参12     

Fe(Ⅲ)-Salen功能化纳米Fe_3O_4复合材料的合成及其对三氯苯的催化降解性能

采用溶剂热制备了氨基功能化纳米Fe_3O_4磁性复合材料(NH2-nFe_3O_4),并进一步通过缩合、配位等反应得到Fe(Ⅲ)-Salen功能化纳米Fe_3O_4复合材料(nFe_3O_4@Fe(Ⅲ)Salen).通过元素分析(EA)、X-射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)、透射电镜(TEM)、振动样品磁强计(VSM)等手段对其进行了组成、结构、形貌、磁性等表征.结果表明,nFe_3O_4@Fe(Ⅲ)Salen平均粒径为约200 nm,饱和磁化强度为24.8 emu·g-1.催化剂为nFe_3O_4@Fe(Ⅲ)Salen,研究了其在可见光/H_2O_2类Fenton体系催化降解水中2,4,6-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)的性能.研究发现,当nFe_3O_4@Fe(Ⅲ)Salen用量≥0.8 g·L~(-1),溶液pH值为4.0—7.0,H_2O_2浓度为8.16—40.8 mmol·L~(-1)时,nFe_3O_4@Fe(Ⅲ)Salen/H_2O_2/可见光体系可以实现对浓度50.0 mg·L~(-1)(253.2 mg·L~(-1))的TCP溶液在5 min内近100%降解,较普通Fenton反应体系有更宽的pH适用范围.循环使用5次后,该催化体系对TCP的降解率仍能保持95%以上,nFe_3O_4@Fe(Ⅲ)Salen是有优异潜力的水中TCP绿色催化剂.     

TiO2光催化降解乙酰甲胺磷

在TiO2悬浮体系中,利用光催化技术消除乙酰甲胺磷(DMAPT).探索了催化剂用量和目标物浓度对消除速率的影响.结果表明,催化剂的最佳用量为4g·l-1,DMAPT的光催化降解规律符合L-H模型,吸附常数和反应速率参数分别为2mmol-1·l和0.6mmol·l-1·min-1.反应中主要的活性物种为·OH.反应的主要中间产物和矿化产物有O,S-二甲基硫代磷酰胺酯,O,O',S-三甲基硫代磷酸酯和磷酸甲酯等.DMAPT的降解从C-N键的断裂开始,随后经过P-N,P-S,P-C键的氧化分解,生成低毒和无毒的中间产物,并随着反应的继续最终达到彻底矿化,最终产物为SO2-4,NO-3,PO3-4和CO2.     

产甲烷条件下吲哚类有机物的降解途径

产甲烷条件下从废水污泥中驯化的细菌对吲哚的降解包括两步羰基化反应，生成中间产物氧化吲哚和靛红。本文研究了产甲烷条件下细菌降解吲哚类有机物的能力。在所研究的吲哚类化合物中，细菌在产甲烷条件下可以降解3－甲基吲哚和3－吲哚醋酸酯。氧化吲哚，3－甲基化吲哚和羰基吲哚分别为吲哚，3－甲基吲哚和3－吲哚醋酸酯的代谢产物，产甲烷条件下细菌可降解氧化吲哚并生成中间产物靛红，这证明了在吲哚降解过程中，吲哚吡咯环在2，3位碳间断裂之间连续进行了两步羰基化，吲哚1位和2位上甲基的存在，抑制了羰基化反应，3－甲基吲哚可在2位上羰基化，但不能在3位上羰基化，所以不能通过氧化吲哚－靛红途径进行代谢。3－吲哚醋酸酯的脱乙酰产物－羰基吲哚也不能在2位上羰基化，所以不能被进一步代谢。当3位上有H原子或供电子基团时，羰基化可在2位上进行，但3位上的吸电子取代基团会抑制羰基化。表1图4参25     

热力学平衡模拟研究Am(Ⅲ)的人体毒性

模拟研究了Am3 在胃液、汗液、组织液、细胞液和尿液中的形态分布及pH值和[Am]对形态分布的影响.结果表明,在胃液中,当[Am]=1×10-7mol·1-1,pH＜2.9时,Am(Ⅲ)主要以水溶性Am3 ,[AmCl]2 和[AmH2PO4]2 形态存在,随pH值的增高,固相AmPO4含量逐渐占据主导地位,而且随[Am]的增加而升高.汗液中,当[Am]=1×10-7mol.1-1时,在pH 4.2-7.5范围内,Am(Ⅲ)主要以各种可溶的形态存在,在pH 6.5,[Am]＜3×10-10mol.1-1或[Am]＞5×10-3mol·1-1时,Am(Ⅲ)主要以Am3 和[AmOH]2 形态存在.组织液中,当[Am]＞1×10-12mol·1-1时,Am(Ⅲ)主要以AmPO4存在,但在组织液中加入EDTA后,Am(Ⅲ)便以可排出体外的[AmEDTA]-形态存在.细胞液中,当pH为7.0时,即使[Am]为4×10-12mol·1-1,Am(Ⅲ)仍主要以固相AmPO4存在,提示Am(Ⅲ)有高的细胞毒性,另外,随pH值降低,固相含量降低,说明肺巨噬细胞摄取的Am(Ⅲ)气溶胶可逐渐释放到人体组织液中.当[Am]=1×10-10mol·1-1,pH＜4.5时,尿液中的Am(Ⅲ)以可溶于水的形态存在,但当pH＞4.5时,则主要以固相AmPO4形式存在,说明可通过降低尿液pH促进肾脏.Am(Ⅲ)排泄.     

冬虫夏草中一株内生菌次级代谢产物的化学成分

对一株冬虫夏草内生真菌Penicillium herquei发酵液次级代谢产物乙酸乙酯萃取部位的化学成分进行研究.利用柱色谱、制备色谱等手段进行分离纯化,并利用NMR、ESI-MS等波谱手段对化合物进行结构鉴定.分离了11个化合物,鉴定为2′,4′-二羟基-3′,5′-二甲基苯乙酮(1),香草醛(2),3-氧代-α-紫罗兰酮(3),3,3,5-三甲基-4-(3-氧代-1-丁烯基)-1-环己酮(4),对羟基苯甲醛(5),对羟基苯乙酮(6),对羟基苯乙酸甲酯(7),环(脯氨酸-异亮氨酸)(8),环(脯氨酸-缬氨酸)(9),4-甲氧基苯乙酸(10),环(4-甲基脯氨酸-缬氨酸)(11).本研究表明苯甲醛类、紫罗兰酮类和环二肽类化合物为冬虫夏草内生菌P. herquei的主要次级代谢产物.     

极端嗜热菌海栖热袍菌木聚糖酶B的克隆和表达

极端嗜热菌海栖热袍菌MSB8(ThermotogamaritimaMSB8)能够利用木聚糖代谢 ,并具有两个产木聚糖酶的基因 .本研究首次克隆和在大肠杆菌中表达海栖热袍菌MSB8的第 2个木聚糖酶基因即xynB基因 .以基因组DNA为模板 ,根据xynB基因的全序列设计了两对引物 ,在合适的PCR反应条件下有效地扩增出了xynB基因片段 .选用pET2 8a(+)表达载体 ,NcoI-HindⅢ酶切位点并编码了羧基端 6×His标签的阳性克隆表达成可溶且具有生物活性的蛋白质 .xynB结构基因由 10 4 4对碱基组成 ,编码 347个氨基酸 .根据已知木聚糖酶蛋白质氨基酸的同源性分析 ,XynB与T .sp.strainFjSS3-B .1的XynA的同源性最大 ,为 85 % ,与T .neapolitana的XynB同源性次之 ,为 82 % ,与其它木聚糖酶的同源性小于 4 3% .另外 ,XynB属于F/ 10族木聚糖酶 ,且含有单一功能区 .表 3图 3参 12     

新农药氯虫酰胺在醇液中的光解

分别以氙灯和紫外灯为光源,对氯虫酰胺在甲醇和乙醇中的光解动力学及降解机理进行了研究。结果表明,在氙灯和紫外照射下,氯虫酰胺在甲醇和乙醇中的光解符合一级反应动力学规律。在模拟太阳光氙灯辐射下,氯虫酰胺在甲醇和乙醇中的光解半衰期分别为1．58h和2．57h,而紫外光辐射下分别为1．49min和1．60min。采用LC-MS对氯虫酰胺光解产物进行分离和鉴定,推断氯虫酰胺在醇中的光解途径主要涉及到分子环合和重排生成光解产物A[2-（2-溴-4H-吡唑并[1,5．d]吡啶并[3,2-b]B,4]恶嗪-4-基亚氨基）-5-氯-N,3-二甲基苯甲酰胺]和B[2-（3-溴-1-（3-羟基吡啶-2-基）-1H-吡唑-5-基）-6-氯-3,8-二甲基喹啉-4（3H）-酮1。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Potential for Electropositive Metal to Reduce the Interactions of Atlantic Sturgeon with Fishing Gear

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) populations have been declared either endangered or threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Effective measures to repel sturgeon from fishing gear would be beneficial to both fish and fishers because they could reduce both fishery‐associated mortality and the need for seasonal and area closures of specific fisheries. Some chondrostean fishes (e.g., sturgeons and paddlefishes) can detect weak electric field gradients (possibly as low as 5 Μv/cm) due to arrays of electroreceptors (ampullae of Lorenzini) on their snout and gill covers. Weak electric fields, such as those produced by electropositive metals (typically mixtures of the lanthanide elements), could therefore potentially be used as a deterrent. To test this idea, we recorded the behavioral responses of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon (31–43 cm fork length) to electropositive metal (primarily a mixture of the lanthanide elements neodymium and praseodymium) both in the presence and absence of food stimuli. Trials were conducted in an approximately 2.5 m diameter × 0.3 m deep tank, and fish behaviors were recorded with an overhead digital video camera. Video records were subsequently digitized (x, y coordinate system), the distance between the fish and the electropositive metal calculated, and data summarized by compiling frequency distributions with 5‐cm bins. Juvenile sturgeon showed clear avoidance of electropositive metal but only when food was present. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the electropositive metals, or other sources of weak electric fields, may eventually be used to reduce the interactions of Atlantic sturgeon with fishing gear, but further investigation is needed. El Potencial del Metal Electropositivo para Reducir las Interacciones del Esturión Atlántico con Instrumentos de Pesca Bouyoucos, Bushnell & Brill 13–003     

The role of time and species identities in spatial patterns of species richness and conservation

Many conservation actions are justified on the basis of managing biodiversity. Biodiversity, in terms of species richness, is largely the product of rare species. This is problematic because the intensity of sampling needed to characterize communities and patterns of rarity or to justify the use of surrogates has biased sampling in favor of space over time. However, environmental fluctuations interacting with community dynamics lead to temporal variations in where and when species occur, potentially affecting conservation planning by generating uncertainty about results of species distribution modeling (including range determinations), selection of surrogates for biodiversity, and the proportion of biodiversity composed of rare species. To have confidence in the evidence base for conservation actions, one must consider whether temporal replication is necessary to produce broad inferences. Using approximately 20 years of macrofaunal data from tidal flats in 2 harbors, we explored variation in the identity of rare, common, restricted range, and widespread species over time and space. Over time, rare taxa were more likely to increase in abundance or occurrence than to remain rare or disappear and to exhibit temporal patterns in their occurrence. Space–time congruency in ranges (i.e., spatially widespread taxa were also temporally widespread) was observed only where samples were collected across an environmental gradient. Fifteen percent of the taxa in both harbors changed over time from having spatially restricted ranges to having widespread ranges. Our findings suggest that rare species can provide stability against environmental change, because the majority of species were not random transients, but that selection of biodiversity surrogates requires temporal validation. Rarity needs to be considered both spatially and temporally, as species that occur randomly over time are likely to play a different role in ecosystem functioning than those exhibiting temporal structure (e.g., seasonality). Moreover, temporal structure offers the opportunity to place management and conservation activities within windows of maximum opportunity.     

Main nutrient compounds in food bodies of Mexican <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> ant-plants

Summary. Myrmecophytic plants use obligate ant mutualists as a constitutive indirect defence mechanism. These plants often produce cellular food bodies (FBs) to nourish their resident ants. Lipids, proteins, and even highly specialised compounds such as glycogen have been reported from FBs, but detailed chemical analyses of FB composition have so far been presented only for Southeast Asian Macaranga and Central American Piper myrmecophytes. Here we report the chemical composition of FBs of five myrmecophytic Acacia (Fabaceae) species from Mexico using HPLC (carbohydrates and proteins) and GC-MS (lipids). Feeding experiments revealed no hints on any use of external food sources by the inhabiting Pseudomyrmex ants. These ants obviously rely completely on FBs and extrafloral nectar provided by their hosts. The total content of nutrients in Acacia FBs was 15-25% of FB dry mass, being much lower than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Proteins were dominating (8-14 % dm) in Acacia FBs and thus were present in higher amounts than in Macaranga FBs, yet in lower amounts than in Piper. Lipids contributed 1-9 % of dry mass, showing a lower proportion than in FBs of Macaranga or Piper. Carbohydrates made up 3-11 % dm, reaching in most Acacia species the same range as observed in Macaranga and in Piper FBs. Water content was 18-24 % of FB fresh mass, and structural tissue obviously made up a much higher proportion in Acacia FBs than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Both characters might represent an adaptation to producing FBs unprotected at the leaf tips under dry conditions. Acacia FBs contain all amino acids and all fatty acids that are considered essential for insects, and their contents of lipids and proteins are higher than in the leaves from which they are ontogenetically derived. This indicates a putatively adaptive enrichment of nutritionally valuable compounds in structures functioning as ant-food.     

Examining the uncertain origin and management role of martens on Prince of Wales Island,Alaska

Conservation biologists are generally united in efforts to curtail the spread of non‐native species globally. However, the colonization history of a species is not always certain, and whether a species is considered non‐native or native depends on the conservation benchmark. Such ambiguities have led to inconsistent management. Within the Tongass National Forest of Alaska, the status of American marten (Martes americana) on the largest, most biologically diverse and deforested island, Prince of Wales (POW), is unclear. Ten martens were released to POW in the early 1930s, and it was generally believed to be the founding event, although this has been questioned. The uncertainty surrounding when and how martens colonized POW complicates management, especially because martens were selected as a design species for the Tongass. To explore the history of martens of POW we reviewed other plausible routes of colonization; genetically and isotopically analyzed putative marten fossils deposited in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene to verify marten occupancy of POW; and used contemporary genetic data from martens on POW and the mainland in coalescent simulations to identify the probable source of the present‐day marten population on POW. We found evidence for multiple routes of colonization by forest‐associated mammals beginning in the Holocene, which were likely used by American martens to naturally colonize POW. Although we cannot rule out human‐assisted movement of martens by Alaskan Natives or fur trappers, we suggest that martens be managed for persistence on POW. More generally, our findings illustrate the difficulty of labeling species as non‐native or native, even when genetic and paleo‐ecological data are available, and support the notion that community resilience or species invasiveness should be prioritized when making management decisions rather than more subjective and less certain conservation benchmarks.