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1.
多污染因子健康影响的区域性综合评价方法   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本文介绍了一种多污染因子健康影响的区域性综合评价方法.运用该方法进行办北京市大气污染对居民健康影响的研究》不仅证明了大气污染对居民健康的影响,还将北京市城、近郊区划分为影响程度不等的四个区.四个区健康指标水平间的比较,证明划分结果是合理的.方法可用于区域性、多项观察指标的大气污染及其他经环境介质污染健康影响的评价.  相似文献   

2.
    
• PM2.5-related deaths were estimated to be 227 thousand in BTH & surrounding regions. • Local emissions contribute more to PM2.5-related deaths than PM2.5 concentration. • Local controls are underestimated if only considering its impacts on concentrations. • Rural residents suffer larger impacts of regional transport than urban residents. • Reducing regional transport benefits in mitigating environmental inequality. The source-receptor matrix of PM2.5 concentration from local and regional sources in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) and surrounding provinces has been created in previous studies. However, because the spatial distribution of concentration does not necessarily match with that of the population, such concentration-based source-receptor matrix may not fully reflect the importance of pollutant control effectiveness in reducing the PM2.5-related health impacts. To demonstrate that, we study the source-receptor matrix of the PM2.5-related deaths instead, with inclusion of the spatial correlations between the concentrations and the population. The advanced source apportionment numerical model combined with the integrated exposure–response functions is used for BTH and surrounding regions in 2017. We observed that the relative contribution to PM2.5-related deaths of local emissions was 0.75% to 20.77% larger than that of PM2.5 concentrations. Such results address the importance of local emissions control for reducing health impacts of PM2.5 particularly for local residents. Contribution of regional transport to PM2.5-related deaths in rural area was 22% larger than that in urban area due to the spatial pattern of regional transport which was more related to the rural population. This resulted in an environmental inequality in the sense that people staying in rural area with access to less educational resources are subjected to higher impacts from regional transport as compared with their more resourceful and knowledgeable urban compatriots. An unexpected benefit from the multi-regional joint controls is suggested for its effectiveness in reducing the regional transport of PM2.5 pollution thus mitigating the associated environmental inequality.  相似文献   

3.
空气污染程度与就诊率、呼吸道发病率及死亡率等有着密切的联系。兰州市在上世纪末曾被喻为卫星上看不到的城市,它的大气污染程度一直以来为人们所关注。利用2013年国家环保部公布的兰州市5个监测点(涵盖了4区1县)大气细粒子PM10及PM2.5的监测数据,针对全年的日均PM2.5与PM10质量浓度并结合了同期的气象因子进行分析研究,结果表明:春冬季为兰州大气中两种颗粒物的污染的高峰期(春季峰值为3月份,PM10及PM2.5质量浓度的月均值为309和103μg· m-3,超标倍数为1.062与0.436;冬季峰值为11月份,PM10及PM2.5质量浓度的月均值为203和85μg· m-3,超标倍数为0.353与0.7),夏秋季为低谷(波谷为9月份,PM10及PM2.5的月均值为96和39μg· m-3,均低于国家标准)。PM2.5与PM10质量浓度比值均在0.4与0.5之间,呈一定的线性关系,大气污染较轻。当温度在-3~0℃之间时,大气中PM2.5与PM10质量浓度变化较剧烈。露点温度高于-3.15时,使得PM10的质量浓度下降明显;当日均露点温度高于1.85时,PM2.5的质量浓度随着露点温度的增大而降低,说明湿沉降对着两种粒子的清除作用明显。降水对大气中的两种颗粒物均呈现清除作用,但是在降水后PM10质量浓度迅速回升,但PM2.5质量浓度却变化不大。风向偏西时,大气中细颗粒污染物浓度增加。风速的增加对PM2.5有一定的清除作用,但由于兰州市的地貌特征,使得大气中PM10的质量浓度增加。上述结果为兰州市大气污染的监测与治理及大气污染预报提供了重要的依据。  相似文献   

4.
This article synthesises the results obtained in several projects on atmospheric aerosol (particulate matter – PM) pollution developed during the last years in the Western Mediterranean. It focuses on particulate matter sources and the strategies for suitable monitoring in ambient air. The article has been structured in several sections that give response to the main questions that prompted these studies. After analysing the main PM features in the Mediterranean, a brief review of the main factors differentiating the particulate matter composition with respect to Central Europe is presented. Finally, the suitability of the different metrics or parameters for monitoring ambient air PM levels in different types of environments is discussed. Selected article from the 6th European Meeting on Environmental Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro organized by Prof. Dr. Branimir Jovancicevic (www.research.plymouth.ac.uk/ace).  相似文献   

5.
microRNAs作为临床疾病早期诊断的新型生物标记物越来越受到重视,为了进一步探究其在大气污染暴露后引起疾病的分子染毒机制。本研究通过建立大气污染小鼠染毒模型,利用Agilent芯片筛查小鼠肺组织中microRNAs差异表达谱,并通过实时荧光定量PCR方法验证芯片结果,使用Target Scan,PITA,microRNAorg数据对差异mi RNA进行靶基因预测,进行靶基因富集的基因功能(GO)和信号通路(KEGG)分析。结果显示,大气细颗粒物暴露2周后小鼠肺组织microRNAs有显著差异表达谱,高剂量暴露组与对照组比较有4个mi RNAs上调,低剂量暴露组与对照组比较有2个mi RNAs上调,高剂量组与低剂量组比较,有4个mi RNAs上调(标准为fold change值=2.0且P值=0.05),挑选差异明显的mi RNAs进行q RT-PCR验证,mi R-139-5p、mi R-691及mi R-340-3p变化趋势与芯片一致,生物信息学结果显示,差异表达的mi RNAs所调控的靶基因明显富集于34个GO通路(包括RNA转录酶II启动子的转录,RNA拼接,DNA模板,蛋白质结合和核酸结合)和32个KEGG通路(主要集中轴突导向通路和癌症通路)。综上所述,大气细颗粒物暴露染毒可诱导小鼠肺组织中mi R-139-5p、mi R-691及mi R-340-3p明显上调,且生物信息学分析提示中枢神经系统发育及癌症通路可能作为PM2.5暴露相关差异表达mi RNAs调控靶基因介导的主要致病通路。  相似文献   

6.
天津城区大气气溶胶质量浓度分布特征与影响因素   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
姚青  蔡子颖  张长春  穆怀斌 《生态环境》2010,19(9):2225-2231
根据中国气象局天津大气边界层观测站2009年的气溶胶观测资料和同期气象资料,对天津城区PM10和PM2.5质量浓度变化特征,及其与气象条件的相互关系进行研究,结果表明:PM10和PM2.5年均质量浓度为153.24和68.78μg·m-3,其日均值超标率近半,表明南部城区尤其是交通干道附近气溶胶污染较为严重;PM10和PM2.5质量浓度逐月变化呈现明显的冬季高、夏季低的特征,其日变化特征呈明显的双峰型,早晚污染高峰主要受交通源影响;气象条件对气溶胶质量浓度作用显著,气溶胶质量浓度与气温正相关,相对湿度的增高易导致细粒子吸湿性增长,但高湿状态下易引起降水有利于气溶胶的湿清除,西南气流和偏北风是PM10和PM2.5高浓度的主要影响风向,静小风易造成气溶胶堆积,高风速可引起PM10排放增多,但对PM2.5影响不大。  相似文献   

7.
北京市秋季大气颗粒物的污染特征研究   总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22  
大气颗粒物是造成城市空气污染的重要原因之一,并已经成为我国北京等大中城市空气污染中的首要污染。为了分析北京市大气细颗粒物的污染水平及其影响因素,以大气中的PM10和PM2.5为研究对象,于2005年秋季在北京市设立了9个采样点进行采样监测,通过对所采集到的PM10和PM2.5质量浓度的对比来分析大气颗粒物的空间分布和时间变化特征,并建立起PM10和PM2.5质量浓度与风力、温度、湿度等气象条件的对应关系来分析各种气象因素对大气细颗粒物污染水平的影响。结果表明:北京市不同区域的PM10和PM2.5的质量浓度差异较大,同时,值得注意的是通过对同一地点同一采样时间大气颗粒物质量浓度的对比发现PM2.5质量浓度的空间分布并不完全同于PM10,这主要是与采样点所处的环境中不同污染源影响的强弱有关;气象条件稳定时,PM10和PM2.5质量浓度的日变化表现出一定的规律性,这种时间变化的特征主要取决于所在环境中排放的污染物变化情况;气象条件是影响PM10和PM2.5污染程度的重要因素,在一定的范围内,颗粒物质量浓度随着温度的上升而下降,随着相对湿度的升高而增大,随着风力的增强而减小。  相似文献   

8.
重庆市主城区春夏季不同粒径颗粒物污染特征分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
采用多通道采样器,采集重庆市主城区PM1.0、PM2.5和PM103种粒径的颗粒物样品,结果显示采样期间PM1.0、PM2.5和PM10日浓度均值分别为0.057 mg/m3、0.075 mg/m3和0.120 mg/m3,主城区颗粒物污染较为严重。对3种粒径颗粒物样品中的碳组分、水溶性组分以及无机污染元素组分进行分析...  相似文献   

9.
    
•Annual mean PM2.5 in Shijiazhuang were 87, 95, and 82 µg/m3 in 2015–2017. •Health risk of cardiovascular system was higher than respiratory system. •Premature mortality attributed to PM2.5 was 5088 people in 2017. •ΔMort and YLL reduced by 84.2% and 84.6% when PM2.5 reduced to 10 µg/m3. •Health risks due to PM2.5 were severe in Shijiazhuang in 2015–2017. Shijiazhuang is one of the cities in the North China Plain. In recent decades, this city has experienced high levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), which have potentially significant effects on human health. In this study, the health effects of PM2.5 exposure in Shijiazhuang were estimated by applying an integrated exposure-response model. Premature mortality, years of life lost (YLL), and the mortality benefits linked to reduced levels of PM2.5 were quantified for the period 2015–2017. In 2015, 2016, and 2017, cerebrovascular diseases caused the highest premature mortality (2432, 2449, and 2483, respectively), followed by ischemic heart diseases (1391, 1479, and 1493, respectively), lung cancer (639,660, and 639, respectively), and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (533, 519, and 473, respectively). Notably, the total number of premature deaths caused by PM2.5 exposure in Shijiazhuang in 2015, 2016, and 2017 were 4994, 5107, and 5088, respectively. Moreover, the YLL in the same years were 47001, 47880 and 47381, respectively. Interestingly, the YLL per 1000 females was lower than that per 1000 males. Finally, we noted that premature mortality and YLL decreased by 84.2% and 84.6% when the PM2.5 levels diminished to 10 µg/m3. Overall, the results of this study improve our understanding of how high PM2.5 concentrations affect human health and suggest the application of more stringent measures in Shijiazhuang to alleviate the associated health risks.  相似文献   

10.
Growth and pollution convergence: Theory and evidence   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
Stabilizing pollution levels in the long run is a pre-requisite for sustainable growth. We develop a neoclassical growth model with endogenous emission reduction predicting that, along optimal sustainable paths, pollution growth rates are (i) positively related to output growth (scale effect) and (ii) negatively related to emission levels (defensive effect). This dynamic law reduces to a convergence equation that is empirically tested for two major and regulated air pollutants – sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides – with a panel of 25 European countries spanning the years 1980–2005. Traditional parametric models are rejected by the data. More flexible regression techniques confirm the existence of both the scale and the defensive effect, supporting the model predictions.  相似文献   

11.
天津大气PM2.5垂直特征及边界层影响   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
利用2006年12月17日至2007年1月1日天津250 m气象铁塔40 m、120 m、220 m高度PM2.5浓度监测资料及铁塔边界层气象资料,分析了不同天气背景下PM2.5随时间、高度变化的分布特征,研究了铁塔边界层气象条件包括逆温、特征摩擦速度、湍流动量和热量对PM2.5的影响,发现垂直PM2.5细粒子的浓度高低与天气背景及边界层气象条件是密切相关。边界层垂直动力和热力变化影响着PM2.5浓度的变化,冷空气过境时刻,PM2.5浓度达到最高峰值。40 m高度出现一个临界摩擦速度0.4 m/s,高浓度PM2.5比较集中在摩擦速度小于0.4 m/s的区域内,大于0.4 m/s这个摩擦速度,边界层的垂直湍流动量及水平和垂直方向的热量输送通量就会明显的变化,因而促使PM2.5在空中的扩散或沉降。也就是说,当摩擦速度小于0.4 m/s时,有利于PM2.5在空中的累积,PM2.5浓度趋于增高的趋势;反之,有利于PM2.5扩散,PM2.5浓度趋于减小的趋势。  相似文献   

12.
本研究采用PM2.5连续在线监测仪对广州市不同典型地区4所学校共16间教室进行室内外PM2.5同时监测.结果表明,教室室内外PM2.5浓度水平分别为65±15 μg·m-3和75±24 μg·m-3,4所学校由于不同地理位置、外部环境以及室内卫生条件呈现出不同的PM2.5污染水平;受人为因素影响较大的学校白天的PM2.5浓度较高,受自然环境因素影响较大的学校则呈现白天低、夜晚高的趋势;通风方式和开关窗行为是影响室内外PM2.5相关关系的重要因素,夏季空调机械通风的教室能有效地降低外部PM2.5的渗透,开窗通风的教室室内PM2.5则主要受室外环境影响;同样关窗情况下,具有较好围护结构、气密性较好的教室更能有效避免室外PM2.5污染;当雾霾发生时,室内PM2.5浓度以及室内外一元线性相关系数r2也相应受到明显影响.通过了解不同区域教室室内外PM2.5的质量浓度,给人们在雾霾和非雾霾天气下如何改善室内空气质量提供帮助,以避免学生长时间暴露在室内PM2.5污染的环境中.  相似文献   

13.
    
•Impacts of air pollution on various body systems health in China were highlighted. •China’s actions to control air pollution and their effects were briefly introduced. •Challenges and perspectives of the health effects of air pollution are provided. The health effects of air pollution have attracted considerable attention in China. In this review, the status of air pollution in China is briefly presented. The impacts of air pollution on the health of the respiratory system, the circulatory system, the nervous system, the digestive system, the urinary system, pregnancy and life expectancy are highlighted. Additionally, China’s actions to control air pollution and their effects are briefly introduced. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of the health effects of air pollution are provided. We believe that this review will provide a promising perspective on the health impacts of air pollution in China, and further elicit more attention from governments and researchers worldwide.  相似文献   

14.
北京PM2.5化学物种的质量平衡特征   总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22       下载免费PDF全文
以北京2个采样点连续采集的样品对PM2.5中的元素、水溶性离子和含碳组分进行分析.车公庄和清华园PM2.5中有机物的含量分别为27.8%和30.9%,是含量最丰富的物种,其次是二次无机粒子、土壤尘、元素碳和微量元素.PM2.5中约有24%的质量未能鉴别成分,相关性分析表明,含碳物种的估算所引起的偏差可能是主要的原因.采暖期重污染周和春季沙尘周PM2.5的化学物种构成悬殊,反映了季节性变化的源排放和特殊气象条件的综合作用.  相似文献   

15.
了解北京市城区和郊区大气细颗粒物中的四种水溶性阴离子F-、Cl-、SO42-、NO3-的浓度水平,并分析影响其水平高低的因素。使用聚四氟乙烯滤膜分别采集北京市城区和郊区大气中的PM2.5,用纯水提取后采用离子色谱法测定水溶性阴离子质量浓度。采样期间北京市大气PM2.5、F-、Cl-、SO42-和NO3-质量浓度几何均数分别为55.36、0.02、0.46、6.72和1.09μg·m-3,四种水溶性阴离子质量浓度总和占PM2.5质量浓度的19.14%;同一季节(春季)郊区监测点大气PM2.5、SO42-和NO3-质量浓度显著高于城区监测点;城区大气PM2.5与四种水溶性阴离子质量浓度秋季高于春季,但差异无统计学意义;大气PM2.5与Cl-、SO42-和NO3-质量浓度均高度相关。Cl-、SO42-、NO3-是北京市大气PM2.5的重要组成成分。  相似文献   

16.
史纯珍  屈瑶  毛旭 《环境化学》2015,34(8):1417-1423
采集了北京西三环地区的PM2.5样品,利用超声提取(UE)-固相萃取法(SPE)分离富集得到PM2.5中的多环芳烃(PAHs),对不同的固定相及洗脱液比例进行PAHs回收率比较,得到最优预处理条件.建立了基于HPLC-UV的PM2.5中PAHs分析方法,定量检出17种典型PAHs.对2014年4月12日 至2014年5月1日期间PM2.5中PAHs污染特征进行分析,结果显示,PAHs总浓度(∑PAHs)范围为2.6—145.7 ng·m-3,平均浓度为32.2 ng·m-3,不同环数PAHs所占比例顺序为5环>2环>3环>6环>4环,呈富5环的特征.PM2.5质量浓度与∑PAHs及苯并[a]芘(BaP)均呈现出良好的正相关性,R2分别为0.8和0.6.  相似文献   

17.
承德市细颗粒物水溶性无机离子特征及解析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
冯亚平  王帅  徐婧怡  刘大喜  姚波  王媛  崔建升 《环境化学》2020,39(12):3353-3361
为了探讨承德市冬季大气细颗粒物中水溶性离子的污染特征及其来源,于2019年1月2-31日在承德市不同功能区设置4个采样点采集PM2.5样品共120个,对其中SO2-、NO3-、Cl-、NH4+、Na+、K+、Ca2+、F-和Mg2+等9种水溶性无机离子(WSIIs)进行分析.结果 表明,SO2-、NO3-N、NH4+-...  相似文献   

18.
为分析济南市PM2.5中二次组分的时空变化和影响因素,对济南市春季(2019年5月16—25日)、秋季(2019年10月15—24日)和冬季(2019年12月17—2020年1月16日)4个典型点位的PM2.5样品进行连续采样,并测定了PM2.5中水溶性离子、有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的含量。结果表明:物流交通区的二次组分质量浓度最高(56.13μg·m?3),钢铁工业区的二次组分浓度比城市市区高,但是二次组分占比较城市市区低,清洁对照点的浓度和占比最低;济南市4个功能区SO42?和NO3?转化率均高于0.1,除清洁对照点外,城市市区、钢铁工业区和物流交通区的SO42?转化率明显高于NO3?转化率;济南市春季、秋季和冬季的ρ(NO3?)/ρ(SO42?)分别为0.67、2.57和1.98,春季PM2.5浓度以固定源贡献为主,秋季和冬季以移动源贡献为主;运用ISORROPIA热力学模型分析了含水量和pH对二次组分生成的影响,含水量会随着污染增大而增大,酸度和含水量对二次无机组分的转化机理产生影响,酸度会抑制二次无机组分的生成,而含水量会促进二次组分的生成;后向轨迹聚类分析结果表明,占比最高的轨迹(29.2%)来自东北方向的滨州和东营,基于潜在源贡献因子(WPSCF)和浓度权重轨迹(WCWT)分析PM2.5中二次组分质量浓度的潜在污染源区域,SO42?的主要贡献源区在济南市区北部的济阳区和东北方向的滨州、东营等,NO3?和NH4+的主要贡献源区在济南市区北方向的济阳区、东北方向的章丘区和南方向的莱芜区等。该研究结果可为中国北方城市细颗粒物进一步的治理和防控提供数据支撑和理论依据。  相似文献   

19.
赵辉  郑有飞  徐静馨  黄积庆  储仲芳  袁月  孙健 《环境化学》2015,34(11):2118-2126
利用乌鲁木齐2014年3月1日至2015年2月28日PM2.5、PM10、SO2、CO、NO2、O3浓度的日平均数据,结合相应气象要素资料,分析了大气污染物浓度的逐日变化、季节变化特征.建立了基于气体污染物的PM2.5浓度预测模型,探讨了污染物浓度与气象要素的相关性.结果表明:(1)整个1年期间PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、O3年平均浓度分别为67.9、159.3、24.9、56.1、31.5 μg·m-3,CO为1.4 mg·m-3.(2)各污染物浓度频率分布不一.期间SO2的污染并未超标,NO2超标率为15.3%,说明\"煤改气\"能源结构的调整对SO2浓度的降低起到了积极作用,但是由于机动车保有量的增加,使得机动车排放的NO2浓度超过了燃煤.(3) PM2.5与PM10、SO2、CO、NO2、O3具有很强的相关性,尤其与SO2、CO、NO2更为明显,说明机动车尾气和化石燃料的燃烧是乌鲁木齐市PM2.5的重要来源,此外,建立了基于气体污染物的PM2.5浓度预测模型为:CPM2.5=0.21376CPM10+0.42422CSO2+41.66384CCO-0.24325CNO2+0.12466CO3-24.15316.(4) PM2.5、SO2和CO均与气温和水汽压存在较大的负线性相关关系,与O3呈显著的正相关关系.相对湿度与O3浓度的相关性最高为-0.62,与CO有一定的正相关关系,与其他污染物的相关性不大.风速对大气污染的影响较小.日照时数对污染物也有一定影响.  相似文献   

20.
    
High atmospheric PM2.5 concentrations are a major problem associated with air pollution in Beijing due to their frequent occurrence and harmful effects. The construction of greenbelts beginning in 2000 has altered the surface structure of the area between 4th ring road and 6th ring road; wind speed, which strongly influences the atmospheric PM2.5 content, has decreased simultaneously during this period. Here, we estimated the effects of different plant configurations on wind speed and dust retention in Beijing. We recommend configuring rough bushy shrub-grass in the northwest, west, and north; grass and rough bushy shrub-grass in the north, east, and southeast; and rough bushy shrub-grass and arbor-shrub-grass in the southwest and northeast. As vegetation types and planting methods influence the ability of shrub-grass and arbor-shrub-grass to block wind and dust, we recommend increasing planting density and introducing plants with hairy leaves and exuberant foliage.  相似文献   

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