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1.
    
• Regional transportation contributed more than local emissions during haze episodes. • Short-range regional transportation contributed the most to the PM2.5 in the OIAs. • Low wind speeds and low PBLHs led to higher local contributions to Beijing. The 2022 Winter Olympics is scheduled to take place in Beijing and Zhangjiakou, which were defined as OIAs (Olympic infrastructure areas) in this study. This study presents the characteristics and source apportionment of PM2.5 in the OIAs, China. The entire region of mainland China, except for the OIAs, was divided into 9 source regions, including four regions in the BTH(Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei) region, the four provinces surrounding the BTH and the remaining areas. Using CAMx/PSAT, the contributions of the nine regions to the PM2.5 concentration in the OIAs were simulated spatially and temporally. The simulated source apportionment results showed that the contribution of regional transportation was 48.78%, and when PM2.5 concentration was larger than 75 μg/m3 central Hebei was the largest contributor with a contribution of 19.18%, followed by Tianjin, northern Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shandong, southern Hebei, Henan and Liaoning. Furthermore, the contribution from neighboring regions of the OIAs was 47.12%, which was nearly twice that of long-range transportation. Haze episodes were analyzed, and the results presented the importance of regional transportation during severe PM2.5 pollution periods. It was also found that they were associated with differences in pollution sources between Zhangjiakou and Beijing. Regional transportation was the main factor affecting PM2.5 pollution in Zhangjiakou due to its low local emissions. Stagnant weather with a low planetary boundary layer height and a low wind velocity prevented the local emitted pollutants in Beijing from being transported outside, and as a result, local emissions constituted a larger contribution in Beijing.  相似文献   

2.
    
The new hybrid approaches for the source apportionment of PM2.5 were proposed. The hybrid approach can be used for source apportionment of secondary species. The metallurgy industry was the biggest contribution source to PM2.5 of Tangshan. In winter, the contribution from the coal-fired boilers was the largest one. The objective of this paper is to propose a hybrid approach for the source apportionment of primary and secondary species of PM2.5 in the city of Tangshan. The receptor-based PMF (Positive Matrix Factorization) is integrated with the emission inventory (EI) to form the first hybrid method for the source apportionment of the primary species. The hybrid CAMx-PSAT-CP (Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions – Particulate Source Apportionment Technology – Chemical Profile) approach is then proposed and used for the source apportionment of the secondary species. The PM2.5 sources identified for Tangshan included the soil dust, the metallurgical industry, power plants, coal-fired boilers, vehicles, cement production, and other sources. It is indicated that the PM2.5 pollution is a regional issue. Among all the identified sources, the metallurgy industry was the biggest contribution source to PM2.5, followed by coal-fired boilers, vehicles and soil dust. The other-source category plays a crucial role for PM2.5, particularly for the formation of secondary species and aerosols, and these other sources include non-specified sources such as agricultural activities, biomass combustion, residential emissions, etc. The source apportionment results could help the local authorities make sound policies and regulations to better protect the citizens from the local and regional PM2.5 pollution. The study also highlights the strength of utilizing the proposed hybrid approaches in the identification of PM2.5 sources. The techniques used in this study show considerable promise for further application to other regions as well as to identify other source categories of PM2.5.  相似文献   

3.
大气污染跨境传输过程和以及颗粒物理化特性的演变是东亚大气环境研究的热点之一。2014年春季,利用气溶胶化学成分在线监测仪(ACSA-12)及偏振光学粒子计数器(POPC)在日本西部福冈县进行观测研究,获取了大气中PM2.5、PM2.5—10、硝酸盐(PM2.5中硝酸盐称为细模态硝酸盐,fNO3;PM2.5—10中硝酸盐为粗模态硝酸盐,cNO3)、硫酸盐(fSO4、cSO4)、BC等成分的数据,分析结果表明,大气PM2.5三月日均浓度为(25.2±15.5 )μg·m−3,PM2.5—10浓度为(13.8±12.5) μg·m−3,fNO3浓度为(2.5±2.4 )μg·m−3,BC浓度为(0.79±0.52 )μg·m−3。该地区污染主要以细粒子为主,且大多数污染过程中1—3 μm粒子的退偏比值介于0.1至0.2,且粗模态粒子未表现明显的内部混合状态,说明没有经过长时间的混合作用,该地区春季污染过程主要受本地源影响。对比工作日休息日数据,休息日PM2.5浓度上升了26.0%,其中fNO3浓度上升了21%,fSO4浓度上升了37.5%,fWSOC上升了59.4%。PM2.5—10上升了20.6%,其中cSO4上升了48.6%,cNO3上升了12.5%,进一步说明了本地源对当地污染的影响。  相似文献   

4.
Water samples from 20 locations on rivers in the Tongzhou District of Beijing were collected four times from July 2005 to March 2006. In addition, sediment samples were collected in July 2005. All samples were analyzed for 16 US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) priority pollutants polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The concentration, distribution, seasonal variation, and sources of the 16 PAH compounds identified in the water samples, suspended particles, and surface sediments were then evaluated. The concentrations of PAHs in the water and suspended particle and surface sediment samples ranged from 87.3 to 1,890 ng l−1, 1,330 to 27,700 ng g−1, and 156 to 8,650 ng g−1, respectively. These results demonstrated that rivers in the Tongzhou District of Beijing had a high level of PAH pollution, especially in the suspended particles. The highest and lowest concentrations of PAHs in the water samples were observed in summer and spring. However, the seasonal variations in the concentration of PAHs in the suspended particles were more complicated. The dominant compounds in the water, suspended particle, and surface sediment samples were two-, three- and four-ring PAH compounds, respectively. Ratio analysis illustrated that fuel-burning was the primary source of PAHs in the study area. Gasoline, diesel, coal, and coke oven sources were identified and the contributions of the different fuel-burning sources were then calculated using factor analysis and multiple linear regression. These analyses revealed that coal combustion, gasoline combustion plus coke oven emission, and diesel combustion accounted for 38.8%, 38.5%, and 22.7% of the PAHs in suspended particles, respectively.  相似文献   

5.
广东省蔬菜硝酸盐含量的调查与分析   总被引:12,自引:3,他引:12  
为了解广东省蔬菜硝酸盐含量状况,分别对阳山、番禺、深圳等蔬菜生产基地和深圳市各流通领域中蔬菜的硝酸盐含量进行跟踪调查。结果表明,广东省蔬菜生产基地的蔬菜硝酸盐含量超标严重,特别是市民食用量较大的几种叶类蔬菜超标最为明显。定点监测结果表明,蔬菜的硝酸盐含量与蔬菜的新鲜程度呈明显的正相关,蔬菜越新鲜其硝酸盐含量越高;在2次定点监测中,蔬菜硝酸盐平均含量都呈现出如下的趋势:生产基地的>批发市场的>超市和农贸市场的。  相似文献   

6.
上海市郊蔬菜硝酸盐含量及评价   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5  
对上海市不同种类和不同种植方式下的蔬菜硝酸盐含量进行测定,以期了解上海市蔬菜的硝酸盐含量现状。结果表明,不同种类蔬菜硝酸盐含量(设为Y)由高到低依次为:Y(绿叶菜类)→Y(豆类)→Y(瓜类)→Y(茄果类)→Y(食用菌类);叶菜类的硝态氮含量较高,平均为463.95mg/kg;其次是豆类,平均值为141.91mg/kg;瓜类、茄果类、食用菌类蔬菜的硝态氮平均含量较低,分别为102.38mg/kg,38.81mg/kg,26.29mg/kg。耕作和种植制度均能影响硝酸盐在土体中的积累和迁移,由于管理方式不同,同一种蔬菜品种的NO3^--N质量分数(设为Y)由高到低依次为:y(大棚蔬菜)→y(露地蔬菜)→y(传统自留地蔬菜)。所有样品中叶菜类蔬菜的硝酸盐含量超过一级标准的占57.1%,污染指数最高的达3.50,污染较重;豆类、瓜类、茄果类、食用菌类样品中硝酸盐没有超过一级标准的,污染较轻。  相似文献   

7.
    
• Challenges in sampling of NH3 sources for d15N analysis are highlighted. • Uncertainties in the isotope-based source apportionment of NH3 and NH4+ are outlined. • Characterizing dynamic isotopic fractionation may reduce uncertainties of NHx science. Agricultural sources and non-agricultural emissions contribute to gaseous ammonia (NH3) that plays a vital role in severe haze formation. Qualitative and quantitative contributions of these sources to ambient PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic equivalent diameter below 2.5 µm) concentrations remains uncertain. Stable nitrogen isotopic composition (δ15N) of NH3 and NH4+15N(NH3) and δ15N(NH4+), respectively) can yield valuable information about its sources and associated processes. This review provides an overview of the recent progress in analytical techniques for δ15N(NH3) and δ15N(NH4+) measurement, sampling of atmospheric NH3 and NH4+ in the ambient air and their sources signature (e.g., agricultural vs. fossil fuel), and isotope-based source apportionment of NH3 in urban atmosphere. This study highlights that collecting sample that are fully representative of emission sources remains a challenge in fingerprinting δ15N(NH3) values of NH3 emission sources. Furthermore, isotopic fractionation during NH3 gas-to-particle conversion under varying ambient field conditions (e.g., relative humidity, particle pH, temperature) remains unclear, which indicates more field and laboratory studies to validate theoretically predicted isotopic fractionation are required. Thus, this study concludes that lack of refined δ15N(NH3) fingerprints and full understanding of isotopic fractionation during aerosol formation in a laboratory and field conditions is a limitation for isotope-based source apportionment of NH3. More experimental work (in chamber studies) and theoretical estimations in combinations of field verification are necessary in characterizing isotopic fractionation under various environmental and atmospheric neutralization conditions, which would help to better interpret isotopic data and our understanding on NHx (NH3 + NH4+) dynamics in the atmosphere.  相似文献   

8.
    
A method for quantifying source impacts for secondary PM2.5 species is derived.The method provides estimates of bias in modeled concentrations.Adjusted concentrations match corresponding observations at monitored locations.Sources impacts on secondary species are estimated over the US for 20 sources.Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQ) estimates of sulfates, nitrates, ammonium, and organic carbon are highly influenced by uncertainties in modeled secondary formation processes, such as chemical mechanisms, volatilization, and condensation rates. These compounds constitute the majority of PM2.5 mass, and reducing bias in estimated concentrations has benefits for policy measures and epidemiological studies. In this work, a method for adjusting source impacts on secondary species is developed that provides estimates of source contributions and reduces bias in modeled concentrations compared to observations. The bias correction adjusts concentrations and source impacts based on the difference between modeled concentrations and observations while taking into account uncertainties at the location of interest; and it is applied both spatially and temporally. We apply the method over the US for 2006. The mean bias for initial CMAQ concentrations compared to observations is −0.28 (OC), 0.11 (NO3), 0.05 (NH4), and −0.08 (SO4). The normalized mean bias in modeled concentrations compared to observations was effectively zero for OC, NO3, NH4, and SO4 after applying the secondary bias correction. 10-fold cross-validation was conducted to determine the performance of the spatial application of the bias correction. Cross-validation performance was favorable; correlation coefficients were greater than 0.69 for all species when comparing observations and concentrations based on kriged correction factors. The methods presented here address model uncertainties by improving simulated concentrations and source impacts of secondary particulate matter through data assimilation. Secondary-adjusted concentrations and source impacts from 20 emissions sources are generated for 2006 over continental US.  相似文献   

9.
提出了紫外分光光度法同时测定生活饮用水中的硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的含量。方法操作简便快速,精密度和准确度都是令人满意,大大提高分析效率。  相似文献   

10.
亚洲沙尘是全球沙尘的重要组成部分,中国西北部的戈壁沙漠和黄土高原是亚洲主要的沙尘源区之一,通过远距离传输至我国沿海城市及海洋,可能影响着城市空气质量、海洋初级生产力及全球气候系统。2021年3月,中国西北地区共发生3次沙尘暴事件。后向轨迹表明沙尘期气团主要起源于萨雷耶西克阿特劳沙漠、塔克拉玛干沙漠(古海洋性沙漠)等。为了解中国西北沙尘暴期间PM2.5水溶性离子(WSIs)特征及来源分析,本研究于3月在宁夏中卫市某乡镇采集了PM2.5样品,并测定了其水溶性离子。结果显示,沙尘期和非沙尘期离子浓度存在较大的差异,沙尘期总WSIs浓度为(45.8±18.1) μg·m−3,远高于非沙尘期的总WSIs浓度(29.7±12.8) μg·m−3,约为非沙尘期的2倍。其中SO42−、Ca2+、Na+、NH4+是沙尘期和非沙尘期PM2.5中主要的4种离子,占比分别为81.8%和77.9%。通过相关性及化学计量关系分析得出,沙尘期PM2.5中WSIs来源主要以自然来源(地壳土壤风化以及海盐)为主;非沙尘期除自然来源外,还可能受煤燃烧及机动车尾气等人为二次来源的影响。运用潜在源贡献因子分析法( PSCF) 和浓度权重轨迹分析法( CWT),分析了沙尘期与非沙尘期中卫市PM2.5总水溶性离子浓度潜在源区及其对研究区WSIs的贡献。结果表明,沙尘期潜在源区主要分布在中卫市的西北一带,权重浓度超过30 μg·m−3。非沙尘期主要受中卫市周边地区及西北一带的叠加影响,中卫市周边地区权重浓度超过30 μg·m−3。  相似文献   

11.
    
● Fundamentals of membrane fouling are comprehensively reviewed. ● Contribution of thermodynamics on revealing membrane fouling mechanism is summarized. ● Quantitative approaches toward thermodynamic fouling mechanisms are deeply analyzed. ● Inspirations of thermodynamics for membrane fouling mitigation are briefly discussed. ● Research prospects on thermodynamics and membrane fouling are forecasted. Membrane technology is widely regarded as one of the most promising technologies for wastewater treatment and reclamation in the 21st century. However, membrane fouling significantly limits its applicability and productivity. In recent decades, research on the membrane fouling has been one of the hottest spots in the field of membrane technology. In particular, recent advances in thermodynamics have substantially widened people’s perspectives on the intrinsic mechanisms of membrane fouling. Formulation of fouling mitigation strategies and fabrication of anti-fouling membranes have both benefited substantially from those studies. In the present review, a summary of the recent results on the thermodynamic mechanisms associated with the critical adhesion and filtration processes during membrane fouling is provided. Firstly, the importance of thermodynamics in membrane fouling is comprehensively assessed. Secondly, the quantitative methods and general factors involved in thermodynamic fouling mechanisms are critically reviewed. Based on the aforementioned information, a brief discussion is presented on the potential applications of thermodynamic fouling mechanisms for membrane fouling control. Finally, prospects for further research on thermodynamic mechanisms underlying membrane fouling are presented. Overall, the present review offers comprehensive and in-depth information on the thermodynamic mechanisms associated with complex fouling behaviors, which will further facilitate research and development in membrane technology.  相似文献   

12.
大气超细颗粒物(ultrafine particle, UFP)为粒径小于100 nm的颗粒物,其数浓度主导了大气颗粒物的总数浓度,对人体健康和气候都有显著影响。大气UFP主要来源于污染源烟气和大气中气态前体物的成核和生长。其中,污染源烟气中成核和生长产生的颗粒物排放后构成大气UFP的一次来源,而直接在大气中成核和生长(又称新粒子生成)产生的颗粒物构成大气UFP的二次来源。由于不同来源气态前体物种类的显著差别,所生成UFP的化学组分及其健康和气候效应也会有显著不同。然而,目前对大气UFP的不同来源贡献及其化学组成的相关研究相对较少。本文简要介绍了几种主要污染源排放的一次UFP特征、大气新粒子生成产生的二次UFP特征、以及受多种来源影响的实际大气UFP的化学组分及其来源解析相关研究进展。基于上述分析,建议未来着重开展高时间分辨率和高物种分辨率的大气UFP化学组分观测,加强对大气UFP分子水平上组分及其变化规律的认识。  相似文献   

13.
采集太原市3个不同功能区夏季和冬季环境空气样品,使用色谱-质谱仪测定挥发性有机物(VOCs)的组成,分析VOCs浓度变化和日变化特征,计算臭氧生成潜势(OFP),利用特征比值法和正定矩阵因子分析法(PMF)研究环境空气中VOCs的来源.结果 表明,观测期间太原市环境空气中VOC总浓度变化范围为(36.27-210.67...  相似文献   

14.
    
• The Chinese population exposure habits were surveyed. • The risks of three scenarios of reclaimed water utilization were evaluated by QMRA. • The risks were markedly higher than the threshold (10−4 pppy) recommended by WHO. • The risks were age-, educational background-, region- and gender-specific. Reclaimed water utilization provides an effective way to alleviate water shortage. However, the residual pathogens in the recycled water like Legionella, could be spread into the air as aerosols through water-to-air transmission process. Inhaling the aerosols by the people nearby increases their susceptibility to diseases. For estimating the health risks associated with the potential exposure of airborne Legionella emitted from the urban use of reclaimed water in China, nationwide questionnaire was designed to investigate the exposure habits of Chinese population in different scenarios. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) served as the suitable explanatory tool to estimate the risk. The results indicated that annual infection probability of populations exposed to Legionella for three scenarios, 0.0764 (95% CI: 0.0032–0.6880) for road cleaning, 1.0000 (95% CI: 0.1883–1.0000) for greenfield irrigation, 0.9981 (95% CI: 0.0784–1.0000) for landscape fountain, were markedly higher than the threshold recommended by WHO (10−4 per person per year (pppy)) according to the concentration distribution of Legionella in the reclaimed water. An age-, educational background-, region- and gender-specific data in annual infection probability also showed different tendencies for some subpopulations. This study provides some detailed information on the health risks from the water reuse in China and will be useful to promote the safe application of reclaimed water in water-deficient areas.  相似文献   

15.
常毅  刘文君  周惜荫 《环境化学》2024,43(3):1025-1034
近年来随着兰州市经济社会的不断发展,臭氧(O3)和挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染现象日益严重,成为制约兰州市空气污染治理的重要瓶颈.为合理有效地治理兰州市O3和VOCs污染,兰州大气组分超级监测站构建全方位立体管控体系,观测与分析2021年兰州市O3及其前体物VOCs的浓度分布特征,并利用正交矩阵因子分析(PMF)模型和臭氧生成潜势(OFP)分别分析了 VOCs的来源及对臭氧生成的贡献.兰州市O3浓度夏季最高,春季和秋季稍低,冬季最低,夏季光化学污染高发是导致O3含量较高的主要原因.VOCs污染集中在秋冬季,可能原因为冬季光化学反应减少、积累效应增加和燃煤排放增多使得VOCs含量高.大气VOCs组成较为稳定,主要为含氧VOCs(OVOCs,35.7%)和烷烃(30.8%).利用PMF源解析模型确定了当地VOCs的主要贡献源为机动车排放源(27.1%)、化石燃料燃烧源(23.8%)、化工工艺源(17.9%)、汽油挥发源(16.0%)、溶剂使用源(10.7%).通过对比VOCs的OFP,发现乙烯、丙烯、甲苯对臭氧生成潜势贡献较大,在臭氧污染治理中应重点关注.  相似文献   

16.
生物有机肥料对温室蔬菜硝酸盐和土壤盐分累积的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
探讨了 3种有机肥料对温室苋菜、芹菜硝酸盐和土壤盐分累积的影响。结果表明 :施用有机肥可显著降低蔬菜硝酸盐含量。用 3种有机肥料处理栽培的芹菜NO3- 含量平均值为 2 133mg/kg ,比用蔬菜专用肥 (对照 )的低 1617mg/kg ,其中施用大三元生物有机肥的芹菜NO3- 值最低 ,为 180 3mg/kg,比对照低 1947mg/kg。施用大三元生物有机肥的土壤盐分 (EC)含量也最低 ,0~ 10cm耕层的盐分为 0 0 79S/m ,比对照低 0 0 2 4S/m ;10~ 2 0cm耕层的盐分为 0 0 5 5S/m ,比对照低 0 0 10S/m。  相似文献   

17.
离子液体(ionic liquids,ILs)作为传统有机溶剂的替代品,其环境残留存在潜在生态风险。本文研究了咪唑硝酸盐ILs([C6mim]NO3、[C8mim]NO3和[C12mim]NO3)对拟南芥和小麦幼苗的生长影响,从表型、叶质量、叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光参数等方面比较了3种不同碳链长度ILs的毒性差异以及不同植物的响应效应。结果表明,3种ILs对拟南芥幼苗和小麦生长均有抑制作用且随碳链长度增加毒性增加,叶绿素含量随ILs浓度升高而降低,叶片荧光参数F0上升、FmFv/Fm下降,表明光系统Ⅱ和电子传递通路受到胁迫;Fv/Fm和叶绿素含量均与抑制率相关(r2分别为0.8643、0.8117)。Y(Ⅱ)和Y(NPQ)下降,[C8mim]NO3处理组的Y(Ⅱ)值是对照组的25.13%,Y(NPQ)是对照组的81.91%;但[C12mim]NO3处理导致拟南芥新叶光合效能升高,Y(NPQ)是对照组的116.3%。[C12mim]NO3对小麦的光合作用影响小于拟南芥,因此研究ILs毒性时应考虑不同植物类型的毒性效应。  相似文献   

18.
    
The aim of this study was to examine the production of nanoscale ions via the liquid phase reduction method and the effectiveness of the removal of nitrate nitrogen (NO3?–N) as well as measure the products and kinetics of the reactions. The nanoparticles obtained were approximately 50 nm in diameter and the main component was iron (Fe). This custom-made nanoscale Fe was highly positively charged, and reacted rapidly with NO3?–N in oxygen-free and neutral conditions at room temperature. A 90% removal rate was achieved when the reaction occurred for 30 min in simulation sample water with vigorous shaking at 250 r/min at NO3?–N concentrations of 30, 50, 80 or120 mg N/L. The nanometer Fe dosage was maintained throughout the experiment at 4 g/L. A first-order kinetics equation was applied to the obtained experimental data which followed a pseudo first-order reaction. Data demonstrated that the removal of nitrate nitrogen from polluted groundwater using a nanoscale Fe iron was effective and rapid.  相似文献   

19.
A study on the levels of N‐methylcarbamate pesticides and some degradation products in waters of the river Huelva was carried out. This river constitutes the main water supply of the city of Seville at the south west of Spain with a population of almost one million inhabitants. N‐methylcarbamates were extracted from the water by using C‐18 solid phase cartridges. High performance liquid chromatography with UV detection was used to carry out the determinations. Residues of carbaryl, methiocarb sulphoxide and α‐naphthol were found in some of the analysed water samples.  相似文献   

20.
The novel and simple methods for the sensitive determination of cationic and anionic surfactants in water based on effervescence assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and microvolume UV-Vis spectrophotometry have been developed. The method involves ion-pair extraction of cationic and anionic surfactants with organic dyes (methyl orange and azure A, respectively) during the dispersion of extraction solvent (CHCl3) by CO2 bubbles which are formed by the injection of a mixture of the extraction solvent and proton donor solvent into the sample solution which contains carbonate-ions as effervescency agent. The analytical performance of the proposed procedure was compared with the conventional dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. Appropriate experimental conditions for both methods were investigated. The absorbances of the colored extracts at wavelengths of 440 and 625 nm obey Beer's law within the range of 0.1–5.0 mg/L for both cationic and anionic surfactants. The limit of detection (LOD) obtained using the effervescence assisted extraction method was 30 µg/L for cationic and anionic surfactants. The proposed methods were successfully applied to determination of surfactants in water samples.  相似文献   

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