大气CO2与植物氮素营养的关系

大气CO2浓度升高对植物吸收氮素,以及对植物和土壤中的氮浓度、C/N比和氮循环都存在着影响。大气CO2浓度与植物氮素营养之间存在着交互作用。大气CO2浓度升高对植物氮素营养影响的结果与氮浓度、氮形态等因素有关。     

北京灵山草地土壤CO2源汇和排放通量与温度湿度昼夜变化的关系

大气中温室气体含量不断升高是造成目前全球变暖的主要原因,而土壤CO2是大气CO2的重要来源之一。研究表明温度、湿度是土壤CO2最主要的气候影响因素,通过对植物夏季雨后次日对土壤CO2排放过程中的源(不同深度土壤CO2体积分数)、汇(大气CO2体积分数)和中间CO2气体交换通量(土壤CO2排放通量)、气温、土温以及表土湿度进行同步连续的昼夜观察,研究日和小时变化尺度上温度和土壤湿度对CO2地气交换的影响。结果表明土壤CO2排放通量、大气CO2和土壤CO2体积分数的昼夜变化特征不一致,只有土壤CO2排放通量与气温变化存在明显的正相关关系,在日变化尺度上随表土湿度增加而增加;表土湿度在日变化尺度和小时变化尺度上与草丛空气CO2体积分数正相关;土壤CO2体积分数则在日变化尺度上当表土湿度较小时与表土湿度正相关。气温主要影响土壤CO2向大气的扩散和对流过程,而不是昼夜尺度上影响土壤CO2体积分数变化的主要环境因素。     

大气CO2体积分数升高环境温度与土壤水分对农田土壤呼吸的影响

植物-土壤生态系统土壤呼吸与温度、水分环境因子的关系对评价目前大气CO2浓度持续升高背景下陆地生态系统土壤碳库的变化趋势具有重要意义.依托FACE(free air carbon dioxide enrichment)技术平台,利用阻断根法,采用LI-6400红外气体分析仪(IRGA)-田间原位测定的方法,研究了大气CO2体积分数升高对稻(Oryza sativa L.)/麦(Triticum aestivum L.)轮作制中麦田的土壤呼吸、基础土壤呼吸和呼吸主要影响因子,分析了大气CO2体积分数升高后温度与水分对土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明,在整个测定期间,土壤呼吸与基础土壤呼吸速率呈明显的季节变化,与气温和土壤温度季节变化趋势基本一致,呼吸速率与温度具有显著的相关性,是影响土壤呼吸的控制性因素;呼吸速率与土壤含水量无显著的相关性,土壤水分是研究区麦田土壤CO2排放的非限制性因素,且温度与土壤含水量间的交互效应对土壤呼吸的影响不显著.基础土壤呼吸比作物下的土壤呼吸更易受温度影响,土壤温度比气温能更好地解释土壤CO2排放的季节性变化.而CO2体积分数增加降低了温度与呼吸速率间的相关系数和Q10,表明温度对土壤CO2排放的影响程度下降.但高CO2体积分数环境中植物-土壤生态系统的土壤呼吸对温度增加敏感性的降低,有利于减缓土壤碳分解损失的速度.结果有助于评价未来高CO2体积分数气候变暖背景下植物-土壤系统下的农田生态系统土壤碳的固定潜力.     

土壤微生物对大气CO2浓度升高的响应

土壤微生物是生态系统的重要组成部分，了解它对大气CO2浓度升高的响应，是全面评价大气CO2浓度对陆地生态系统影响的关键。文章主要从土壤微生物呼吸和生物量两个方面总结了大气CO2浓度升高时土壤微生物的反应，结果发现，(1)在目前实验室进行的大多数研究中，随着CO2浓度升高，土壤微生物的呼吸速率加快了。这意味着随着CO2的增多，植物生长加快，进而又使得进入土壤的C质量分数增大；这些额外增加的底物被土壤微生物的代谢活动所利用。(2)土壤微生物生物量则存在着很大的变异性(变异系数为193％)，这可能与植物种类以及生活型的差异有关，也可能是进入土壤的底物的性质改变的结果。但是目前仍有许多问题未能解决，需要加强以下几个方面的研究：对土壤微生物活动有限制作用的植物有机底物在CO2浓度升高时输入量的变化状况，定量分析这一动态变化过程；在生态系统各个水平上土壤微生物的反应；在其他全球变化因子综合作用下，CO2浓度升高对土壤微生物的影响。     

空气CO2体积分数升高对稻麦根系活力及其VA菌根侵染率的影响

利用无锡市安镇的FACE研究平台，在施常规氮量和低氮量的条件下，研究CO2体积分数升高对稻麦轮作系统水稻和小麦根系活力及其VA菌根侵染率的影响。结果表明，在常氮和低氮条件下，FACE处理对小麦和水稻根系活力都有促进作用，并使小麦VA菌根侵染率在拔节期和孕穗期有增加趋势，小麦根系活力和VA菌根侵染率有正相关关系。施N量不足对作物根系生长和活力有一定影响，可以被CO2体积分数升高的影响所补偿。     

CO2和O3体积分数升高对银杏希尔反应活力和叶绿体ATP酶活性的影响

近年来,随着温室气体体积分数不断上升,研究CO2和O3体积分数升高对植物的影响已取得一定进展,但二者对植物的复合作用及生理研究不够深入。文章利用开顶式气室研究了大气CO2和O3体积分数升高对银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)光合特性的影响。结果表明,在整个生长季内,与对照相比,在大气CO2体积分数为700×10-6条件下,银杏叶片净光合速率显著增加(P<0.05),希尔反应活力增大,Ca2 /Mg2 -ATPase活性增强,光合产物可溶性糖和淀粉含量增多;而在O3体积分数为80×10-9的情况下,银杏叶片净光合速率下降,希尔反应活力减小,Ca2 /Mg2 -ATPase活性减弱,光合产物可溶性糖和淀粉含量减少;在CO2和O3复合作用(700×10-6 80×10-9)条件下,银杏叶片净光合速率、希尔反应活力、可溶性糖和淀粉均有所增加,且淀粉含量增加极显著(P<0.01),而Ca2 -ATPase活性先增强后减弱,Mg2 -ATPase活性先减弱后增强。说明CO2可缓解O3对银杏的负效应,而O3亦对CO2的正效应有削弱作用。     

大气CO2浓度升高对水稻和稗草根系生长的影响

在两种N水平下(低N 10 mg.L-1和常N 30 mg.L-1),采用水培方法比较了分蘖盛期C3植物水稻(O ryzasativa)和C4植物稗草(Echinochloa crusgalli)在CO2浓度升高(550μmol.mol-1)和CO2浓度未升高(350μmol.mol-1)条件下的根系生长变化。结果表明,常N水平下高浓度CO2显著增加水稻和稗草的根干重、根体积、根总长和根直径,水稻对CO2浓度升高的响应强于稗草;低N胁迫时,高浓度CO2显著增加稗草的根干重、根体积和根总长,而对水稻生长无明显促进作用。在两种N水平下,高浓度CO2均显著降低水稻和稗草根系N含量,而C含量上升不明显,导致C/N比值显著增加。高浓度CO2显著降低水稻和稗草单位根重根毛数,这可能是CO2浓度升高条件下根系活力显著降低的形态学原因之一。     

大气CO2体积分数升高条件下玉米叶片抗氧化能力的变化

近年来大气中CO2体积分数急剧上升,对植物的光合作用、呼吸作用、水分利用等产生重要的影响.文章利用开顶式气室(OTC)研究了大气CO2体积分数升高条件下玉米(Zea mays L.)叶片抗氧化能力的变化.结果表明,整个生长季内,与对照相比,在高体积分数CO2(550×10-6)条件下,玉米叶片的相对电导率和MDA含量下降,说明膜脂过氧化程度有所降低;O2-·产生速率和H2O2含量与对照相比呈下降趋势并在灌浆期呈显著性差异(P＜0.05),但是随着熏蒸时间的延长,高体积分数CO2处理的植株O2-·产生速率和H2O2含量都逐渐降低,这说明高体积分数CO2下活性氧产生减少;SOD、POD、CAT的活性与对照相比明显升高并达到显著(P＜0.05)或极显著水平(P＜0.01);百粒质量、穗粒数和穗粒质量均高于对照,说明CO2体积分数升高有利于提高玉米的抗氧化能力,促进植物生长.     

开放式空气CO2浓度升高对水稻根系形态的影响

在FACE（free-air carbon dioxide enrichment）技术平台上，采用水培的研究方法，观测了大气CO2浓度升高和两种氮水平下水稻根系形态的变化。结果表明，在水稻各生育期，CO2浓度升高都极显著增加了根干质量，且主要增加于根粗为2．0～2．5mm／n的部位。根系形态的各项指标均对高CO2浓度有积极的响应，在抽穗期尤为明显；N处理的差异很明显，低氮条件下根系表现为根长、根尖数和根表面积增加，常氮条件下根粗和发根数增加。各生育期的根冠比在高CO2浓度下极显著增加，尤其在LN处理下。水稻从分蘖期到抽穗期，因地上部分的增幅大，根冠比表现为逐渐降低的趋势。     

桂林岩溶表层带土壤 CO2体积分数时空变化规律及其意义

通过2010—2011年的监测建立了桂林盘龙洞坡地和洼地不同深度土壤 CO2体积分数的季节性变化.监测土壤 CO2体积分数空间上变化为:坡地80 cm>50 cm>30 cm;洼地80 cm >100 cm >50 cm>30 cm.监测土壤 CO2体积分数时间上变化为2010年7月和2011年6月未 CO2体积分数达到最高值,2010到2011年冬季为土壤 CO2达到最低值.由于受到大气降水量急剧减少的影响2011年土壤 CO2体积分数整体比2010年低.显示大气降水量也是影响土壤 CO2体积分数的重要环境因素.为我国固碳减排科学的选择时间和空间提供有力的依据     

Nitrogen cycling during seven years of atmospheric CO2 enrichment in a scrub oak woodland

Experimentally increasing atmospheric CO2 often stimulates plant growth and ecosystem carbon (C) uptake. Biogeochemical theory predicts that these initial responses will immobilize nitrogen (N) in plant biomass and soil organic matter, causing N availability to plants to decline, and reducing the long-term CO2-stimulation of C storage in N limited ecosystems. While many experiments have examined changes in N cycling in response to elevated CO2, empirical tests of this theoretical prediction are scarce. During seven years of postfire recovery in a scrub oak ecosystem, elevated CO2 initially increased plant N accumulation and plant uptake of tracer 15N, peaking after four years of CO2 enrichment. Between years four and seven, these responses to CO2 declined. Elevated CO2 also increased N and tracer 15N accumulation in the O horizon, and reduced 15N recovery in underlying mineral soil. These responses are consistent with progressive N limitation: the initial CO2 stimulation of plant growth immobilized N in plant biomass and in the O horizon, progressively reducing N availability to plants. Litterfall production (one measure of aboveground primary productivity) increased initially in response to elevated CO2, but the CO2 stimulation declined during years five through seven, concurrent with the accumulation of N in the O horizon and the apparent restriction of plant N availability. Yet, at the level of aboveground plant biomass (estimated by allometry), progressive N limitation was less apparent, initially because of increased N acquisition from soil and later because of reduced N concentration in biomass as N availability declined. Over this seven-year period, elevated CO2 caused a redistribution of N within the ecosystem, from mineral soils, to plants, to surface organic matter. In N limited ecosystems, such changes in N cycling are likely to reduce the response of plant production to elevated CO2.     

Atmospheric CO2 and O3 alter the flow of 15N in developing forest ecosystems

Anthropogenic O3 and CO2-induced declines in soil N availability could counteract greater plant growth in a CO2-enriched atmosphere, thereby reducing net primary productivity (NPP) and the potential of terrestrial ecosystems to sequester anthropogenic CO2. Presently, it is uncertain how increasing atmospheric CO2 and O3 will alter plant N demand and the acquisition of soil N by plants as well as the microbial supply of N from soil organic matter. To address this uncertainty, we initiated an ecosystem-level 15N tracer experiment at the Rhinelander (Wisconsin, USA) free air CO2-O3 enrichment (FACE) facility to understand how projected increases in atmospheric CO2 and 03 alter the distribution and flow of N in developing northern temperate forests. Tracer amounts of 15NH4+ were applied to the forest floor of developing Populus tremuloides and P. tremuloides-Betula papyrifera communities that have been exposed to factorial CO2 and O3 treatments for seven years. One year after isotope addition, both forest communities exposed to elevated CO2 obtained greater amounts of 15N (29%) and N (40%) from soil, despite no change in soil N availability or plant N-use efficiency. As such, elevated CO2 increased the ability of plants to exploit soil for N, through the development of a larger root system. Conversely, elevated O3 decreased the amount of 15N (-15%) and N (-29%) in both communities, a response resulting from lower rates of photosynthesis, decreases in growth, and smaller root systems that acquired less soil N. Neither CO2 nor 03 altered the amount of N or 15N recovery in the forest floor, microbial biomass, or soil organic matter. Moreover, we observed no interaction between CO2 and 03 on the amount of N or 15N in any ecosystem pool, suggesting that 03 could exert a negative effect regardless of CO2 concentration. In a CO2-enriched atmosphere, greater belowground growth and a more thorough exploitation of soil for growth-limiting N is an important mechanism sustaining the enhancement of NPP in developing forests (0-8 years following establishment). However, as CO2 accumulates in the Earth's atmosphere, future O3 concentrations threaten to diminish the enhancement of plant growth, decrease plant N acquisition, and lessen the storage of anthropogenic C in temperate forests.     

Elevated CO2 stimulates net accumulations of carbon and nitrogen in land ecosystems: a meta-analysis

The capability of terrestrial ecosystems to sequester carbon (C) plays a critical role in regulating future climatic change yet depends on nitrogen (N) availability. To predict long-term ecosystem C storage, it is essential to examine whether soil N becomes progressively limiting as C and N are sequestered in long-lived plant biomass and soil organic matter. A critical parameter to indicate the long-term progressive N limitation (PNL) is net change in ecosystem N content in association with C accumulation in plant and soil pools under elevated CO2. We compiled data from 104 published papers that study C and N dynamics at ambient and elevated CO2. The compiled database contains C contents, N contents, and C:N ratio in various plant and soil pools, and root:shoot ratio. Averaged C and N pool sizes in plant and soil all significantly increase at elevated CO2 in comparison to those at ambient CO2, ranging from a 5% increase in shoot N content to a 32% increase in root C content. The C and N contents in litter pools are consistently higher in elevated than ambient CO2 among all the surveyed studies whereas C and N contents in the other pools increase in some studies and decrease in other studies. The high variability in CO2-induced changes in C and N pool sizes results from diverse responses of various C and N processes to elevated CO2. Averaged C:N ratios are higher by 3% in litter and soil pools and 11% in root and shoot pools at elevated relative to ambient CO2. Elevated CO2 slightly increases root:shoot ratio. The net N accumulation in plant and soil pools at least helps prevent complete down-regulation of, and likely supports, long-term CO2 stimulation of C sequestration. The concomitant C and N accumulations in response to rising atmospheric CO2 may reflect intrinsic nature of ecosystem development as revealed before by studies of succession over hundreds to millions of years.     

二氧化碳浓度升高对植物入侵的影响

从入侵植物和入侵植物群落两个方面,综述了大气二氧化碳浓度升高对植物入侵的影响。二氧化碳浓度升高,可以增加C3植物的入侵性,提高入侵植物的生物量、资源利用率以及繁殖能力,直接影响植物入侵;还可以通过改变土壤水分、氮循环、干扰体系等其它环境因子间接地影响植物入侵。此外,二氧化碳浓度升高,对入侵群落的初级生产量、组成与结构以及群落动态产生重要影响,改变群落的可入侵性。今后应当着重从群落水平,结合其它全球变化因子的共同作用研究二氧化碳浓度升高对植物入侵的影响,同时深入探讨其作用机制以及不同植物类群对二氧化碳的响应,为入侵种的预防和控制提供理论指导。     

Calcium constrains plant control over forest ecosystem nitrogen cycling

Forest ecosystem nitrogen (N) cycling is a critical controller of the ability of forests to prevent the movement of reactive N to receiving waters and the atmosphere and to sequester elevated levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Here we show that calcium (Ca) constrains the ability of northern hardwood forest trees to control the availability and loss of nitrogen. We evaluated soil N-cycling response to Ca additions in the presence and absence of plants and observed that when plants were present, Ca additions "tightened" the ecosystem N cycle, with decreases in inorganic N levels, potential net N mineralization rates, microbial biomass N content, and denitrification potential. In the absence of plants, Ca additions induced marked increases in nitrification (the key process controlling ecosystem N losses) and inorganic N levels. The observed "tightening" of the N cycle when Ca was added in the presence of plants suggests that the capacity of forests to absorb elevated levels of atmospheric N and CO2 is fundamentally constrained by base cations, which have been depleted in many areas of the globe by acid rain and forest harvesting.     

Litterfall 15N abundance indicates declining soil nitrogen availability in a free-air CO2 enrichment experiment

Forest productivity increases in response to carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment of the atmosphere. However, in nitrogen-limited ecosystems, increased productivity may cause a decline in soil nitrogen (N) availability and induce a negative feedback on further enhancement of forest production. In a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment, the response of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) productivity to elevated CO2 concentrations [CO2] has declined over time, but documenting an associated change in soil N availability has been difficult. Here we assess the time history of soil N availability through analysis of natural 15N abundance in archived samples of freshly fallen leaf litterfall. Litterfall delta15N declined from 1998 to 2005, and the rate of decline was significantly faster in elevated [CO2]. Declining leaf litterfall delta15N is indicative of a tighter ecosystem N cycle and more limited soil N availability. By integrating N availability over time and throughout the soil profile, temporal dynamics in leaf litterfall delta15N provide a powerful tool for documenting changes in N availability and the critical feedbacks between C and N cycles that will control forest response to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations.     

Potential nitrogen constraints on soil carbon sequestration under low and elevated atmospheric CO2

The interaction between nitrogen cycling and carbon sequestration is critical in predicting the consequences of anthropogenic increases in atmospheric CO2 (hereafter, Ca). The progressive N limitation (PNL) theory predicts that carbon sequestration in plants and soils with rising Ca may be constrained by the availability of nitrogen in many ecosystems. Here we report on the interaction between C and N dynamics during a four-year field experiment in which an intact C3/C4 grassland was exposed to a gradient in Ca from 200 to 560 micromol/mol. There were strong species effects on decomposition dynamics, with C loss positively correlated and N mineralization negatively correlated with Ca for litter of the C3 forb Solanum dimidiatum, whereas decomposition of litter from the C4 grass Bothriochloa ischaemum was unresponsive to Ca. Both soil microbial biomass and soil respiration rates exhibited a nonlinear response to Ca, reaching a maximum at approximately 440 micromol/mol Ca. We found a general movement of N out of soil organic matter and into aboveground plant biomass with increased Ca. Within soils we found evidence of C loss from recalcitrant soil C fractions with narrow C:N ratios to more labile soil fractions with broader C:N ratios, potentially due to decreases in N availability. The observed reallocation of N from soil to plants over the last three years of the experiment supports the PNL theory that reductions in N availability with rising Ca could initially be overcome by a transfer of N from low C:N ratio fractions to those with higher C:N ratios. Although the transfer of N allowed plant production to increase with increasing Ca, there was no net soil C sequestration at elevated Ca, presumably because relatively stable C is being decomposed to meet microbial and plant N requirements. Ultimately, if the C gained by increased plant production is rapidly lost through decomposition, the shift in N from older soil organic matter to rapidly decomposing plant tissue may limit net C sequestration with increased plant production.     

大气CO2升高对土壤碳循环影响的研究进展

土壤有机碳是陆地碳库的重要组成部分,其积累和分解的变化直接影响全球的碳平衡。据估计,全球土壤（表层1m）有机碳积累总量相当于大气中碳总量的2～3倍。土壤是温室气体的源或汇,土壤碳库的变化将影响大气C02的浓度,因此,土壤碳库对人类活动的响应也是全球碳循环和全球变化研究的热点。在全球变化的大背景下,大气CO2升高导致植被生态系统碳平衡的改变进而对土壤碳循环产生影响。总结了陆地生态系统碳循环对大气C02浓度升高响应的主要生物学机制及过程,简述了大气C02浓度升高对影响土壤碳输入和输出的各因素的研究进展,并指出未来研究的主要方向。在大气C02浓度升高条件下,陆地生态系统碳循环的变化主要反映在以下几个方面：1）不同类型植物群落的净初级生产力（NPP）显著增加,但湿地植物的净初级生产力也有可能降低;2）光合产物向根系分配的数量增加,地上／地下生物量降低,根系形态发生变化,根系周转速率和根系分泌等过程的碳流量提高;3）植物含氮量降低,C／N提高,次生代谢产物增加,微生物生长受到抑制,植物残体分解速率降低;4）土壤呼吸速率显著增加,提高幅度受植物类型与土壤状况的影响;5）进入土壤的植物残体及分泌物的数量和性质影响土壤酶的活性,脱氢酶和转化酶活性增加,酚氧化酶和纤维素酶受植物类型与环境条件的影响;6）土壤中真菌的数量的增加幅度要高于细菌;7）CH4释放量增加,在植物的生长期表现更为明显。由于陆地生态系统碳循环的复杂性,研究结果仍有很大的不确定性。大气C02浓度升高与全球变化的其它表现间的交互作用将是今后研究的重点,同时由于土壤碳循环是一个由微生物介导的生物地球化学循环过程,因此,加强陆地生态系统碳循环的微生物机制研究也将为全面理解碳循环的过程提供更加准确的研究理论基础。     

作物地上部氨排放及对大气氮沉降的吸收

为研究作物地上部分氨排放以及对大气氮沉淀的吸收情况,以水稻(Oryza saliva L.)品种武运粳7号和小麦(Triticumaestivum L.)品种扬麦15为例.在盆栽条件下,利用~15N同位素示踪技术,采用探索性的研究方法,初步分析了水稻成熟期植株NH_3排放和小麦植株直接吸收的大气沉降氮.结果表明,土培的水稻品种武运粳7号地上部植株成熟期排放氨氮(NH_3-N)量约占当季总施氮(N)量的(0.50±0.21)%;收获后水稻植株不同部位~(15)N丰度值以根部最高,茎叶次之,籽粒最低,这与植株体内养分的运移顺序变化一致;贫化~(15)N小麦砂培试验测定的包括植株直接吸收在内的大气氮沉降数量为N(14.8±4.3)kg·hm~(-2),低于国外类似方法以其它作物作为研究对象的测定结果.