共查询到19条相似文献,搜索用时 140 毫秒
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利用发光海藻快速检测钻井液毒性 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
借助一种发光海藻Pyrocystislunula可以快速、准确地对钻井液毒性进行检测和评价,利用此原理设计的便携式毒性测试仪已经问世。文章介绍该方法的检测原理和步骤,并对该领域最新的研究成果及发展趋势进行了概述与讨论。 相似文献
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油田固体废物的毒性试验研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过对某油田3个区域井场的废弃钻井液和取自集输站及注水站的油泥(砂)等两种固体废物进行急性生物毒性试验和浸出毒性试验,试验结果表明:该油田的废弃钻井液急性生物毒性相对较大,油泥(砂)不具有急性生物毒性;这两种固体废物均不具有浸出毒性和腐蚀性。 相似文献
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常用钻井液填加剂对钻井污水化学需氧量的影响 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
针对石油工业钻井污水化学需氧量(COD)严重超标的状况,从分析测定目前油田常用的8种钻井液添加剂的COD入手,探讨了钻井液添加剂对钻井污水的影响。实验结果表明:8种钻井液添加剂按油田现场配比复配后,对钻井污水COD的影响程度各不相同,其大小依次为:柴油、HPAN、磺化沥青、PAN、PAM-1、FA-367、XY-27、CMC;钻井污水中COD值严重超标的主要因素是钻井液添加剂;并且钻井液添加剂浓度与其对应的COD之间存在良好的一元线性关系。根据一元线性回归方程可较好地预测油田现场各钻井液添加剂对COD的影响,为解决钻井污水处理这一难题提供科学依据。 相似文献
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对钻井废物污染的全过程控制 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
在钻井作业过程中控制废物的排放量和毒性,变末端处理为全过程控制,采取各种措施预防钻井废物的污染是近年来国外油气田环保工作的一项重要内容。本文就采用小井眼钻井工艺;减少井眼冲蚀;强化环境管理;提高钻井液固控系统的处理效率;开发各种合成基钻井液;采用低毒无害的钻井液化学添加剂等6个方面讨论了减少钻井废物产生量的途径和降低钻井液及添加剂对环境的影响 相似文献
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针对传统的污染排放数据指标计算方法存在的问题,提出污染物排放指标应根据排污强度和经济指标确定的新思路,同时提出污染物排放指标数据的快速测算模型设计.建议通过环境监测数据或物料衡算数据确定每个排污单位的平均排污强度,作为计算机处理的参数,再由该排污单位申报每月的经济指标(产量或产值),输入计算机计算其产污量、排污量和去除量.实施计算机管理的关键是选取适当的数据计算模型.新思路应该能够规范计算程序,建立污染源动态数据库,对排污数据实行有效的统计分析. 相似文献
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本文通过对地下水水质数学模拟方法讨论,介绍了主要污染物在土地处理系统中的迁移转化过程概况,根据不同类型污染物特性,边界条件及污水排放形式,建立起相应的模型解析方程,并确定有关参数值,试图从量上来预测污染物浓度在地下水流中的时空变化规律。 相似文献
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为摸清沈阳市某装备制造产业园地下水污染运移规律,科学指导当地生态环境管理部门开展工作,以该园区为研究对象,采用有限差分法,建立了该区域地下水水流数值模型,并利用地下水数值模拟软件(GMS软件)模拟预测了连续源强和瞬态源强污染物泄漏情景下1年、5年、10年及20年后污染物在地下水中的运移情况.经计算得到结论如下:①连续源... 相似文献
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Sean B. Buczek W. Gregory Cope Richard A. McLaughlin Thomas J. Kwak 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2018,54(3):631-643
Turbidity is a ubiquitous pollutant adversely affecting water quality and aquatic life in waterways globally. Anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) is widely used as an effective chemical flocculent to reduce suspended sediment (SS) and turbidity. However, no information exists on the toxicity of PAM‐flocculated sediments to imperiled, but ecologically important, freshwater mussels (Unionidae). Thus, we conducted acute (96 h) and chronic (24 day) laboratory tests with juvenile fatmucket (Lampsilis siliquoidea) and three exposure conditions (nonflocculated settled sediment, SS, and PAM‐flocculated settled sediment) over a range of turbidity levels (50, 250, 1,250, and 3,500 nephelometric turbidity units). Survival and sublethal endpoints of protein oxidation, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, and protein concentration were used as measures of toxicity. We found no effect of turbidity levels or exposure condition on mussel survival in acute or chronic tests. However, we found significant reductions in protein concentration, ATP production, and oxidized proteins in mussels acutely exposed to the SS condition, which required water movement to maintain sediment in suspension, indicating responses that are symptoms of physiological stress. Our results suggest anionic PAM applied to reduce SS may minimize adverse effects of short‐term turbidity exposure on juvenile freshwater mussels without eliciting additional lethal or sublethal toxicity. 相似文献
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The physicochemical characteristics of the recipient environment into which chemical contaminants are deposited may influence their chemical speciation, mobility, bioavailability, and toxicity. In formulating Water Quality Criteria, the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States (EPA) considered the modifying effect of abiotic environmental factors on pollutant toxicity in an innovative regulatory approach. Scientific knowledge of the interactions and correlations between pollutant toxicity and abiotic factors remains limited. Recognition of the influence of the physicochemical characteristics of the recipient environment on pollutant toxicity has implications for the eventual formulation of regional, rather than uniform and national, criteria. In addition, in developing Water Quality Criteria that incorporate the effects of pollutants on aquatic life, EPA primarily focused on toxicity to aquatic animals and plants (including unicellular algae). The effects of pollutants on microbe-mediated ecological processes that are necessary for maintaining the state and quality of the ecosphere (such as biogeochemical cyclings, litter decomposition, and mineralization) were not included in the formulation of the Water Quality Criteria. To facilitate the recognition and quantification of adverse effects of pollutants on these ecological processes, the development of a computation, termed the ecological dosage 50% (EcD50) is recommended. Such a formulation could also be applied to setting environmental quality criteria for terrestrial ecosystems. 相似文献
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A number of industries monitor levels of chemicals in their effluent, but few have undertaken prolonged biological monitoring of this wastewater. The focus of the present study was to determine whether past chemical data for effluent from a lead smelter could be used to estimate its past toxicity. Since the interactive effects of metals in effluents are often assumed to be additive, it was hypothesized that an additive model, 100/[sigma(metal concentration in effluent/EC50 for individual metal)], could be used to generate an EC50 from chemical data (where EC50 is the concentration of test material that affects 50% of the test organisms). To test the approach, a larval development toxicity test with the marine polychaete, Galeolaria caespitosa, was used to test 26 separate samples of effluent from a lead smelter, generating empirical EC50 values. EC50 values for each individual metal in the effluent were also generated using the larval development toxicity test. The concentrations of trace metals in each effluent sample were determined and, using the additive model, EC50 values were calculated. For the majority of effluent samples tested, the additive model underestimated toxicity, suggesting the presence of additional unidentified contaminants in the effluent samples. Additionally, a nonlinear rather than linear regression curve was found to best describe the relationship between the model and empirically derived EC50 values. This relationship was then used to estimate past trends in toxicity of the smelter effluent. Forty-eight percent of the variability in measured toxicity was explained by the model, with the model underestimating toxicity in the majority of samples. 相似文献
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Improved definition of pollutant effects in coastal marine environments is needed for two principal reasons. First, we need better understanding of how much pollutant degradation exists. Then we need more agreement on its social importance. Only then can society decide more consistently and equitably how much pollutant impact is tolerable and how much is too much. Scientists alone cannot define “unreasonable degradation” in a social sense, of course, but we can define quantitative scales of degradation and (together with nonscientists) specify ranges on these scales of “warning” and “alarm.” Rationales are presented for the urgency of these improvements. A strategy is described for indexing the socially relevant features of coastal environments at greatest risk from pollutants. The strategy differs from most existing environmental indices in several respects. Each of the 11 indices proposed is constrained by the following design criteria: (1) socially relevant, (2) simple and easily understood by laymen, (3) scientifically defensible, (4) quantitative and expressed probabilistically, and (5) acceptable in terms of cost. Evaluations of the draft indices are being completed by more than 50 collaborating scientists. One index is described to illustrate the utility of simple, socially relevant measures of marine degradation. 相似文献
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采用生产工艺过程的“闭路系统”使阴离子交换树脂生产废水排放量大、浓度高、毒性强的氯化母液全部回收利用,使处理后出水达废水排放标准。 相似文献