火山灰年代学与地层学研究简述（英文）

火山灰的研究作为探讨古气候和古环境的一种手段,近十年来引起了国内外学者的广泛关注。气候学和古环境学的研究表明,火山喷发可以导致某一区域内短期的气候变化或者对冰期产生强烈影响。同时,火山灰层的成因机制决定了其空间分布的等时性和广泛性,因此,火山灰的地层学特征和精确定年,具有重要的地层对比意义。目前,全球各地已经开展了许多火山灰年代学与地层学的研究。在中国,尤其是东北地区,虽然有着丰富的火山资源,但是火山灰年代学与地层学的研究工作依然比较匮乏,本文简要回顾了一下中国东北、欧洲、新西兰、日本、俄罗斯等地区的火山灰研究工作,旨在为以后的研究提供一定的参考资料。     

大洋富钴结壳的年代学研究方法评述

富钴结壳被认为是目前最有潜在经济价值的海底矿产资源,又被视为良好的古海洋学记录,因此倍受关注。富钴结壳的年代学研究是目前结壳研究的难点和热点之一,Be同位素、U系放射性同位素、基岩年龄推算、生物地层学、经验公式计算、Sr同位素地层学、Os同位素地层学、磁性地层学等多种定年方法已经被广泛使用。虽然目前结壳定年的方法种类繁多,且各有优势,但没有任何一种方法能够以较高的精确度和可靠性以及简捷性给出富钴结壳的真实生长年龄,现阶段还需要采取多种方法综合研究给出较为精确的年龄。寻求新的、更为有效的定年方法很具必要性,因此较系统地总结近些年来富钴结壳年代学的研究进展和存在不足,对于指导以后的研究工作有着重要意义。     

吉林长白山天池第四纪火山旋回性喷发与冰川作用的耦合关系

长白山天池火山喷发活动贯穿整个第四纪,旋回性明显,发育良好的冰川遗迹,为火山喷发与冰川作用的耦合性研究提供了有利条件。文章通过对长白山天池第四纪火山喷发旋回及火山岩分布特征研究,收集火山喷发年代学与冰期-间冰期旋回年代学数据,并利用卫片解译了火山喷发与冰蚀U谷的关系。在年代学数据的约束下,根据天池火山锥体周边广泛发育的U谷遗迹,将研究区冰川作用分为3个冰期:锦江冰期、漫江冰期和二道白河冰期,分别对应中国东部鄱阳冰期、大姑冰期和庐山冰期。长白山天池火山造锥阶段喷发形成的白头山组3个阶段(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ),与上述3个冰期具有良好的耦合关系。天池内部冰斗为白头山冰期(即中国东部东山冰期,MIS4)产物,经黑风口冰期与气象站冰期(即中国东部蒙山冰期,MIS2)、全新世冰川作用及火山作用的双重改造,其基本特征保存至今。长白山天池冰盖消融导致的释压反弹,可能诱发了天池火山呈旋回性喷发。     

从剖面上晶屑含量变化探讨火山灰流凝灰岩火山爆发的机制

处于重力稳定状态的岩浆房要产生喷发作用，其可能的躯动力有两种：其一是开放体系岩浆房的下部岩浆脉冲补给使岩浆房体积膨胀，产生可克服上覆围岩强度的超压；其二是封闭岩浆房中的结晶作用，导致挥发组分出溶、体积膨胀而产生克服上覆围岩强度的超压。本文通过对江西广丰地区中生代火山灰流相凝灰岩研究认为，这两种可能的火山喷发机制可通过剖面上晶屑含量与岩石地球化学成分的对应变化关系来识别，前者为晶屑含量呈递增的喷发韵律，而化学成分无明显变化，后者则晶屑含量呈快速递减的喷发韵律，化学成分变化较大。这两种机制的识别，对于预测现代活火山喷发周期，分析古火山活动阶段有重要的意义。     

陇中盆地古近纪—新近纪地层学与古气候学研究进展

位于我国西北部的陇中盆地古近纪—新近纪(第三纪)地层出露较好,并且产出大量哺乳动物化石和植物化石,这为西北地区地层对比和古气候研究提供了良好材料。近几十年,众多学者在陇中盆地的各次级盆地(如西宁盆地、兰州盆地、临夏盆地等)开展了大量古生物学、生物地层学、磁性地层学和古气候学研究,为探讨陇中盆地的构造演化过程和气候演变过程提供了重要参考。本文对陇中盆地第三纪地层年代学和古气候研究已取得的进展进行了初步总结归纳,并提出了需要进一步研究的问题。     

火山学与环境

针对当代地质科学转型，拓宽服务领域之趋势，提出火山学与环境地质学科交叉形成的生长点一火山环境地学。火山活动以其高温有毒气体、炽热熔岩流、高温火山碎屑流、空落火山灰云、火山泥石流、伴随火山活动的地震与海啸等形式给人类造成灾害，近400年全球有26.5万人丧生于火山活动。火山事件还影响全球气候及生态环境，造成气温、降雨量异常、大气污染、臭氧层被破坏、加剧温室效应及厄尔尼诺现象等，危及人类生存空间和环境。提出火山灾害的评估与监测、火山环境地学研究思路、发展目标及有待研究的问题，旨在推动这一学科的发展。     

福建龙海深澳变质岩锆石U-Pb同位素年代学及地质意义

通过研究福建龙海深澳变质岩岩石学、岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb同位素年代学特征,探讨研究区变质岩的源岩、原岩和构造动力变质的年代学特征及其地质意义。结果表明该区变质岩属副变质岩,原岩为火山—沉积岩类。锆石U-Pb同位素定年的结果主要有:(1)1572±39 Ma及2149±39 Ma,为中元古代和古元古代基底的区域变质年龄;(2)248.1±8.1Ma及250.4±2.4Ma,为早、晚三叠世火山—岩浆年龄;(3)186.4±6.6 Ma,为早侏罗世火山—沉积岩形成年龄;(4)156.7±2.0Ma,为晚侏罗世韧性剪切变形、变质形成二云石英糜棱岩或片岩的峰期年龄。     

浮山──天然火山地质公园

浮山是安徽省级风景名胜区。在数平方公里范围内，集自然、人文、宗教景观于一身，该景区又恰处在一个由中生代白垩纪粗面质火山岩组成的古人山机构之内，是一座“天然火山地质公园。” 浮山地处庐江－枞阳中生代火山岩盆地中心是典型的古火山地貌景观。 浮山的火山岩类型齐全。浮山奇景之一，是为数众多的火山洞穴，有著名的三十六岩，七十二洞。这些洞穴造型奇特，规模不一，深幽奇妙，景色绝佳。所有的火山洞穴，均赋存于浮山中期火山喷发形成的火山灰流岩层中，由岩石风化崩塌剥落而逐渐形成。对这些火山洞穴类型及成因的研究不仅有科学意义，也有重要的宗教文化和旅游开发价值。作者对开发建设浮山景区提出了一些有益建议。     

复合介质人工浮岛对含铜废水净化效果试验研究

铜污染废水具有危害范围广、作用强等特点,随着我国工业化程度的提高,水体的铜污染有进一步扩大的趋势,因此研究铜污染水体的修复方法对于治理含铜废水具有重要意义.针对这一问题,提出了采用复合介质人工浮岛技术对铜污染水体的处理效果进行研究.试验采用沸石和火山灰两组复合介质人工浮岛,浮岛植物均为菖蒲.试验研究了4个控制参数,即不...     

火山灰下的记忆──辽西中生代热河化石库的组成和形成

燕山期环太平洋构造活动导致辽西频繁地火山喷发。巨星火山灰一次次覆盖火山周围丛林和湖沼．掩埋了各种生物，形成学术价值极高的化石库（fossillagerstatte），尤其是鸟类和昆虫化石及动物的毛发、羽毛、膜翅及内脏等软组织结构，都或多或少地以精细的碳化膜或印痕保存。特别是近年一系列新发现，如孔子鸟（Confucinsornis）和带毛的秀颌龙（Compsognathus）／中华龙鸟（Sinosauroteryx）等，引起国内外学术界的轰动。笔者研究了其中一批化石，从古生态和埋藏事件进行探讨认为：（1）该生物群代表分子中鹦鹉嘴龙（Psittacosaurus）、带毛秀颌龙／中华龙鸟及孔子鸟等，很可能是温血动物。（2）频繁的火山喷发不但将巨量的火山灰沉积在广大的湖泊丛林区，加快了其沼泽化的进程，对煤层及油页岩层的形成起了催化作用。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.