复杂景观中营养型非点源污染物时空变异特征分析

非点源污染的形成不仅受到地表物质来源、景观格局的影响,同时还受到土壤侵蚀过程、降雨过程、灌溉过程、地表和地下水文过程的影响.由于影响非点源污染的因子复杂多样,从而导致它的时空变化较大.正确认识非点源污染的时空变异特征对于科学布设监测点和研究它的变化规律具有重要意义.本文通过野外定点监测,研究了非点源污染的时空变异.结果发现:①干旱年份各种污染物空间变异小于降雨正常年份.②对于不同污染物,无论在干旱年份还是正常年份,地表水中固体悬浮颗粒物的空间变异均较大,其他污染物的空间变异相对较小.③对于固体悬浮颗粒物,干旱年份不同水文期之间的空间变异比较接近,而正常年份的空间变异不同水文期之间差异较大.④非点源污染季节变异较小的监测点主要出现在具有稳定水源和地表径流季节变化较小的地区;而非点源污染空间变异较大的监测点主要出现在山区河流上游地表径流季节变化明显、农业用地面积较大且地表径流季节变化较大和明显受到点源污染影响的地区.     

煤矿开采对地下水资源的影响

通过对煤矿开采影响地下水资源数量和质量的分析，以及对地下水流失量的计算的讨论，揭示了矿区地下水环境日益恶化的现象，以期引起重视。     

略论影响苏州河水质的若干因素

苏州河（上海段）的水质受到不列因素的影响；１．源水水质，２．支流泄水；３．船舶污染；４．工厂废水，５暴雨溢流；６．农村排水；７．居民废物；８．底泥污染。在对这些影响因素分析的基础上，提出了一些解决设想。     

现状条件下唐山市地表水资源量探讨

采用第二次全国水资源规划中的一致性修正方法,对唐山市地表水资源系列进行了一致性分析,结果表明,在生产生活取用水大量增加和下垫面变化等因素的作用下,自20世纪七八十年代以来,唐山市地表水资源系列与之前的系列存在不一致性。文中采用水资源还现计算方法,对分界点以前的地表水资源系列进行了一致性还现修正。修正前唐山市多年平均地表水资源量为14.62×108m 3,修正后为12.97×108m 3。从空间分布来看,山区的减小比例普遍大于平原区,这主要与山区的植被恢复、大规模水保建设有关。修正后的结果相比原来的结果更加科学合理,为摸清唐山市地表水资源家底,进行唐山市水资源综合规划奠定了坚实的基础。     

江苏省案例地区牲畜养殖养分循环与环境效应

运用案例区域调查法和养分物质分析法,对江苏牲畜养殖场饲料、牲畜排泄物、土壤、地表及地下水体养分状况进行了调查、分析对牲畜规模养殖中的养分循环与管理及其环境效应进行了评价.研究表明,牲畜养殖中液体粪水的排放和露天堆放固体粪便的淋失易造成环境问题.地表水体之间的水力联系和地表径流是造成牲畜养殖废弃物环境问题的主要途径.虽然采取固体粪便与液体粪水相分离的方法在一定程度上减少了对环境的影响,但液体粪水仍是污染环境的主要来源.本文还对液体粪水的处理与利用、牲畜排泄物的利用与养分管理提出了建议.     

城区地表径流面源污染和河道水环境治理的研究

河流为人类提供了多样的生态服务功能,然而城市化对河流生态系统健康状况造成严重的影响。随着点源污染的有效管理控制,非点源污染降雨径流己成为造成城市地表水环境污染的主要原因。为了改善河道水质,引调清水激活城市内河水体,提高河道的水环境自净能力,有效改善城市水环境。文章以南京河西水系为例,利用Saint-Venant方程组对水系建立一维水动力模型,并通过汇流结点水位法对方程组进行数值求解;对WASP5水质模型进行二次开发用于水质模拟;建立水质模型和一维河网水动力模型的耦合模型,将水动力模型计算所得到的水动力参数耦合到WSAP5水质模型中,模拟降雨过程以及引调清水过程的河网各河段的水质变量浓度,得出降雨径流对河流的污染程度以及引清冲污措施对河流水质改善的效果并优化调水过程。     

Drying up of the yellow river: its impacts and counter-measures

The Yellow River is the second largestriver in China with an annual run-off of 58billion m³ but its lower course isdrying up every year, significantlyaffecting industrial and agriculturalproduction and the livelihood of the peopleliving alongside the river. This paperanalyses the human and natural factorsresponsible for this phenomenon. The paperconcludes with a suggested strategy andcountermeasures tomitigate the drying up of the river,including (1) strengthening the unifiedadministrative management and water rightsmanagement in the watershed; (2) employingeconomic measures to promote waterconservation as a general policy; (3)developing new water projects andincreasing the ability to regulate flow inthe watershed; and (4) implementing theSouth to North Water Transfer Project.     

农村水塘系统对非点源水污染的调控作用研究

以辽阳市沙岭镇大闯屯村为例,对北方平原地区农村水塘系统污染现状、非点源污染物的迁移途径、控制方法进行了初步研究,研究结果表明,农田径流与村落生活污水的排放方式对农村地表水环境质量具有重要影响,进行合理的生态设计,充分利用自然净化单元,对改善地表水环境质量将会起到积极的作用。     

Studies on the effects of air pollution on limestone degradation in Great Britain

The CEGB and the Cathedrals Advisory Commission for England formed a Joint Working Party in 1985 to promote a research programme aimed at improving the understanding of the relationships between stone decay, atmospheric pollution and other factors. The programme has included exposure of limestone samples at York Minster and eight other sites in England and Scotland selected to give a mix of urban, marine and rural locations. All of the sites have comprehensive air pollution and meteorological monitoring and measurement of rainfall chemistry. At two sites samples have been fumigated with controlled levels of sulphur dioxide.Over all sites, there was a significant trend to increased weight loss with increase in average sulphur dioxide concentration, but a negative trend with total nitrogen oxides and with nitrogen dioxide. For sample exposures longer than 200 days, the sulphur dioxide dependence at the inland Liphook fumigation site was about half that found near the coast at Littlehampton. There was no significant trend to increase weight loss with total rainfall amount for the complete data set, but the analysis was dominated by the very wet Scottish site, which experienced the lowest average concentrations of air pollutants.A theoretical model for the chemical dissolution of rainwashed limestone has been derived from consideration of the ion and mass balances between the incident rain water and run-off water. The model has been fitted to the measured loss rates from the stonework field trials. With the exception of the very wet Scottish site, the difference between the stone loss rate, calculated from the model, and the mean measured loss rate for any particular exposure was generally smaller than the variation between the triplicate samples. Variation in the dry deposition velocity between sites and exposure periods does not appear to have been a very significant factor, and no residual effect due to the concentrations of nitrogen oxides was found. The natural solubility of limestone in water was the dominant term in describing the stone loss, and neutralization of the rainfall acidity the least significant. The volume of the intercepted rainfall and the variation in the pH of the run-off water with rainfall intensity have been identified as the two most significant terms which require more precise quantification. The data from the inland fumigation site used in the model predict a stone loss due to sulphur dioxide in the air of less than 1 μm yr⁻¹ surface recession per ppb SO₂.     

试论杞麓湖综合治理开发工程

杞麓湖综合治理开发工程计划以湖盆区为中心，以水资源的保护开发利用和湖盆区自然生态保护建设为核心，应用系统工程方法，长短结合，标本同治，径流区内生物措施与工程措施相结合的方法，通过２６个子项目加以实现。     

钦州湾近20a来水环境指标的变化趋势Ⅲ微量重金属的含量分布及其来源分析

通过对钦州湾近20a来6个航次微量重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg的分析研究,结果发现,该湾5种重金属元素含量具有不同的变化特点,但却具有相似的平面分布特征,高值区多出现于湾中部及外湾海域,内湾海域反而含量较低。这种分布特征的形成,主要来自陆源输入、沉积物向上覆水释放输入、生物体循环转化过程输入及沉积类型和沉积环境的影响,而该湾较强的陆源径流和潮海流等水动力过程在其中起了重要影响作用。     

水田植物营养素的流失与控制措施

从水田流走的植物营养素在农业面源污染负荷中占主要部分,关于它们流失方式的分析是寻求适当的控制措施减少污染负荷的前提.水田植物营养素的流失途径是降雨径流和灌溉回归水,其浓度与土壤类型、作物状态和施肥等因素有关,控制它的最佳途径是改进耕作制度.     

北京城区雨水管道沉积物污染负荷研究

在北京市城区部分排水管道调研的基础上,通过监测西城区上游、下游雨水管道检查井断面径流中的污染物,研究管道沉积物在次降雨条件下的冲刷释放污染负荷.结果表明,在城市降雨径流污染控制中,雨水管道沉积物的冲刷释放作用对管道出流的污染贡献不可忽视.对于本研究所选取的雨水管道,其中84 m管道中沉积物次降雨(2010年7月9日)过程中对径流出流的污染负荷贡献率分别为:TN(总氮)8.5%、TP(总磷)8.2%、COD 18.3%、SS(悬浮颗粒物)7.7%;295 m管道中沉积物次降雨过程中(2010年8月4日)的污染负荷贡献率为:TN(总氮)23.12%、TP(总磷)30.01%、COD 33.78%、SS(悬浮颗粒物)31.89%.因此,为保证城市水环境得到根本的改善,明确雨水管道沉积物冲刷释放的量对径流总量的控制有一定的借鉴意义.     

辽河口潮能通量与潮能耗散的数值研究

河口的潮能通量和潮能耗散对河口的泥沙输运和地形地貌形成具有重要的参考价值,本文基于FVCOM(finite-volume coastal ocean model)模式研究了辽河口在潮流和径流相互作用下潮能通量和潮能耗散情况。结果表明:辽河口潮能通量最大的区域集中在盖州滩东南侧以及双台子河河口和大辽河口河道急剧缩窄及拐弯处;在两个河口随着径流量的增加,潮能耗散增强,丰水期耗散能量总体上大于平水期和枯水期;在大辽河口,大潮期间的各水期的耗能率约为小潮期间耗能率的两倍;一个潮周期内潮能通量最大值出现在高潮时刻,其值为56.08 KW/m,河流段最大值发生在河道拐角处,低潮时潮能通量最小。潮能通量和耗散的分布的研究结果对于了解辽河口海域的动力过程和河口沉积动力过程方面的研究具有重要意义。     

夏季沿岸上升流对珠江河口水域中铜的形态分布与生物毒性的影响

对珠江河口及近海水域样品中金属铜的总铜(CuT)、溶解态铜(CuD)以及游离态铜(Cuf)的含量进行分析.结果表明,总铜的质量浓度有自河口向外海递增的趋势,并非完全体现陆源性规律.说明研究水域中金属铜不仅可能具有其他来源,同时在很大程度上受到沿岸上升流的影响.但是游离态铜的分布却表现出相反的规律,无论是游离态铜的含量还是游离态铜在总铜中所占的份额都自河口向外海随盐度的增加而降低.研究还测定了不同盐度水样的杜氏藻培养后对铜的吸收量,即通过金属铜对藻类的生物有效性验证了铜形态的分布规律.      

不同林地清理方式对杉木幼林生态系统水土流失的影响

利用径流小区定位观测法对不同林地清理方式林地的水、土、肥流失及产流过程进行的６年定位研究结果表明：不同林地清理方式导致了林地水、土、肥流失的较大差异。随时间推移，这种差异在缩小。林地缺少采伐剩余物覆盖及炼山时有机质烧失是炼山林地严重水土流失的重要原因。在影响南方杉木造林地水土流失诸因子中，炼山是首要因子。     

Hydrologic impacts of brush management with tebuthiuron and prescribed burning on post oak savannah watersheds,Texas

Selected hydrologic variables were evaluated following conversion of heavily wooded sites to open grassland with a herbicide—prescribed burning treatment sequence in east-central Texas. Terminal infiltration rates and sediment production 3 years after aerial application of tebuthiuron pellets at 2.2 kg ha^?1 (active ingredient) for brush management differed little from values for untreated (wooded) areas. Prescribed burning in the winter (December–February) temporarily decreased infiltration rates and increased sediment production. Infiltration rates has equilibrated among brush management treatments with re-instatement of the herbaceous cover 5.5 months after burning. Sediment production was generally greater from burned than unburned plots after 5.5 months, but the absolute amount of sediment produced on the near-level (1–3% slope) fine sandy loam sites was not great, regardless of treatment. Moreover, sediment production from burned sites was not significantly different from that of untreated sites 1 year after burning. The brush management treatments had no effect on nitrate concentrations in run-off. However, in one of two experiments, total unfiltered nitrogen and phosphorus contents in run-off were greater during the growing season following burning than from unburned sites.     

海河流域土壤中碳的库存与通量研究

通过对海河流域土壤中碳及其各形态含量的分析结果，计算出该流域土壤中碳的库存量为１．７７×１０＾１２Ｋｇ，并以成土母质，人畜粪、化肥施入和径流带入量，大气降尘及其植物的残等因素为对土壤中碳的贡献，同时以径带出，大气扬尘及植物体的茎叶等因素为碳的迁出部分，兰州出海河流域土体中碳的进出量分别为４．３９×１０＾１０ｋｇ／ａ和４．０９×１０＾１０ｋｇ／ａ，并研究其流通关系。     

Degradation of monumental bronzes

Under the United States National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program a metallurgical and corrosion study has been made of sample of the 50 bronze replicas of the Hiker statue cast by the Gorham Foundry, Providence, Rhode Island, between 1906 and 1966. To study corrosion damage on a microscopic scale a technique was developed to take molds of selected features on the statue. The molds were examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy and surface profilometry. The overall approach has the potential for quantitatively monitoring the local corrosion at selected sites over a period of years and also characterizing the impact of conservation procedures. In a parallel research program, run-off samples were taken from selected Brigade Markers in a series of bronze tablets in the Gettysburg National Military Park; parallel rainwater samples were collected. Analysis for pH, metal content and various ion species in the run off yields information on the total rate of corrosion as a function of dry and wet precipitation.