天津市老年人PM2.5暴露研究

为了解老年人PM2.5暴露特征并为流行病学研究提供数据支持,本研究选取天津市某社区101名老年人(平均年龄为67岁),在2011年夏季(6月13日~7月2日)和冬季(11月30日~12月12日)分别对其PM2.5暴露水平进行了监测,并对其时间活动模式进行了记录.结果显示,老年人平均85%以上的时间是在居室内度过的.夏季和冬季老年人PM2.5个体暴露浓度分别为 (124.2±75.2)μg/m3和(170.8±126.6)μg/m3.使用时间加权模型对老年人个体暴露浓度进行预测,夏季和冬季个体暴露实测浓度与预测浓度差值分别为0.6~220.9 μg/m3和0.6~416.8 μg/m3.吸烟活动会导致老年人个体暴露浓度升高.相关性分析表明PM2.5个体暴露浓度与环境浓度的相关性强于其与室内浓度的相关性,这为使用环境浓度替代或预测个体暴露浓度提供了支持.     

The personal,indoor and outdoor concentrations of PM-10 measured in an industrial community during the winter

The concentrations of PM-10 were measured for 2 weeks in the winter of 1988 as part of the Total Human Environmental Exposure Study (THEES). Samples were taken simultaneously in a small city, Phillipsburg, NJ for outdoor and indoor microenvironments, and with personal monitors on non-smokers. There were four outdoor sites, eight indoor sites and fourteen individuals wearing personal monitors. The mean concentrations were 66, 48 and 42 μg m⁻³ for the personal, outdoor and indoor sites, respectively, with the personal samplers having 8.8% of the 24h averages above 150 μg m⁻³. The higher outdoor averages with respect to indoors were suspected to be related to more prevalent outdoor sources of coarse particles < 10 μm in diameter, and the lack of residential smokers to contribute to the indoor respirable subfraction. There was one day during the period when all the outdoor sites exceeded the 24 h PM-10 standard. Increased outdoor levels were also reflected in elevated indoor samples and the personal samples on that day. These would be a result of direct outdoor exposures and the penetration of outdoor PM-10 to the indoors.     

Indoor and outdoor BTX levels in Barcelona City metropolitan area and Catalan rural areas

Five aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, and three isomeric xylenes) were monitored in indoor and outdoor air of 7 public buildings and 54 private homes, located in Barcelona City metropolitan area and in several rural areas of Catalonia. The sampling was carried out over four periods: spring-summer and winter of 2000, and summer and winter of 2001. Passive ORSA 5 Dra¨ger samplers were used for benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX) adsorption. BTX were extracted with carbon disulphide and analysed using ...     

贵州农村冬季不同燃料燃烧产生的室内外PM_(2.5)研究

为了解贵州农村家庭冬季不同燃料燃烧产生的室内外PM2.5污染状况及其产生与变化规律,2011年11月～2012年2月间选择燃煤村寨水城县A村、烧柴村寨从江县B村和沼气推广示范村寨贵阳市乌当区C村各1户,每户设置厨房、卧室和室外3个监测点,进行连续5天PM2.5小时浓度和日均浓度的监测。结果表明:贵州农村室内因冬季燃烧不同燃料,产生的PM2.5浓度水平差异较大,但3户室内外空气中PM2.5的浓度大部分高于GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》中PM2.5日均浓度限值75μg/m3,其中燃煤的A村室内PM2.5的浓度水平最高;厨房PM2.5的浓度,燃煤的家庭>燃柴的家庭>燃沼气的家庭,表明沼气是相对最为清洁的能源;而厨房与卧室相比,燃煤家庭和燃柴家庭厨房PM2.5平均小时浓度均高于卧室的PM2.5平均小时浓度,表明厨房应是室内主要的因燃料引起的环境空气污染区域;B村室外环境空气中PM2.5日均浓度高于其卧室中PM2.5日均浓度,表明除燃料燃烧本身引起的室内环境空气污染外,改善室外环境空气质量也是不容忽视的重要方面。     

珠海市大气环境中氡浓度的测定

采用固体径迹探测器累积氡测定方法对珠海市不同地质背景、不同的建筑风格的房室内室、外地面水平氡浓度进行了测定。结果表明,珠海市室内、外空气中氡浓度的平均值分别为：１６４。２Ｂｑ／ｍ＾３和７５．２Ｂｑ／ｍ＾３,居全国各大城市之首,仅次于我国的个旧地区,但大多数住房室内氡浓度都低２００Ｂｑ／ｍ＾３。研究发现秋冬季的室外氡浓度高于春夏季的室外氡浓度。而室内氡浓度的浓度的变化情况则相反,春夏季高于秋冬季,室     

Characteristics of indoor/outdoor PM2.5 and elemental components in generic urban, roadside and industrial plant areas of Guangzhou City, China

Quantitative information on mass concentrations and other characteristics, such as spatial distribution, seasonal variation, indoor/outdoor （I/O） ratio, correlations and sources, of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and elemental components in Guangzhou City were provided. Mass concentration of PM2.5 and elemental components were determined by standard weight method and proton-induced X-ray emission （PIXE） method. 18 elements were detected, the results showed positive results. Average indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations in nine sites were in the range of 67.7-74.5μg/m^3 for summer period, and 109.9-123.7 μg/m^3 for winter period, respectively. The sum of 18 elements average concentrations were 5362.6-5533.4 ng/m^3 for summer period, and 8416.8-8900.6 ng/m^3 for winter period, respectively. Average concentrations of PM2.5 and element components showed obvious spatial characteristic, that the concentrations in roadside area and in industrial plant area were higher than those in generic urban area. An obvious seasonal variation characteristic was found for PM2.5 and elemental components, that the concentrations in winter were higher than that in summer. The I/O ratio of PM2.5 and some elemental components presented larger than 1 sometimes. According to indoor/outdoor correlation of PM2.5 and element concentrations, it was found that there were often good relationships between indoor and outdoor concentrations. Enrichment factors were calculated to evaluate anthropogenic versus natural elements sources.     

南京市居室内SO2、HCHO和TVOCs污染的研究

于2005年夏季(8月)和冬季(12月)在南京市的市区和近郊区各选择了20家具有不同房屋特征的住户,分别对其室内空气中SO2、HCHO和TVOCs的浓度进行了监测研究结果表明,室内SO2、HCHO和TVOCs在温度高、相对湿度高、空气流通量大的夏季,浓度都会超出标准值,这3种物质的浓度在冬季会有所下降装饰和装修材料是室内HCHO和TVOCs的主要来源,同时厨房内的烹调活动对室内TVOCs的浓度也有一定的贡献.市区和近郊区室外空气中SO2的浓度都较高,且I/O值≤1,因此,可推断室外空气中的SO2是室内空气中SO2的主要来源.     

室内空气中多环芳烃(PAHs)的源及贡献率

采用因子分析及多元线性回归对杭州市室内外空气中PAHs的来源及其贡献率进行研究,求得PAHs总量与公共因子间的特征方程.结果表明,影响室内外空气中PAHs浓度的主要因子依次为烹调、卫生球的挥发、吸烟及加热、汽车尾气.在吸烟者家庭中,室内吸烟是影响室内空气中PAHs浓度的最重要的影响因子,其对室内空气中苯并(a)芘BaP的贡献率为25.8%.     

吸烟及吸二手烟对人体多环芳烃内暴露的影响

采用快速液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱仪对吸烟、吸二手烟和不吸烟的居民的尿样进行抽检,分析了10种多环芳烃羟基代谢物(OH-PAHs)的组成和含量,评估了吸烟及吸二手烟对人体OH-PAHs内暴露水平的影响.结果表明,吸烟及吸二手烟对居民尿液中OH-PAHs的浓度水平和组成特征均有影响,对萘和芴的代谢产物影响最为显著.OH-PAHs的浓度水平按照吸烟组>吸二手烟组>不吸烟组的顺序递减,吸烟组和吸二手烟组人群尿液中萘的代谢产物2-羟基萘和1-羟基萘所占的比例分别是不吸烟组人群的1.5、1.2倍和1.7、1.9倍;吸烟、吸二手烟和不吸烟人群体内各OH-PAHs之间的相关性分析表明,吸二手烟人群体内OH-PAHs来源最为复杂,受环境空气和香烟烟雾的双重影响.与同类研究结果相比,本研究吸二手烟人群体内OH-PAHs明显偏低,这可能与吸二手烟人群受到烟气的暴露时间和暴露量有关.     

人体呼出气中内源性挥发性有机物筛选研究

人体代谢产生的内源性挥发性有机物（VOCs）可用作健康状况的标志物.本研究选择17~26岁无呼吸系统疾病的高校学生（73人）作为观察对象,使用气相色谱-火焰离子化检测器/质谱联用仪（GC-FID/MS）分析收集到的呼出气样本,对呼出气中VOCs的种类、浓度进行研究,发现了其5种卤代物的浓度高于室内浓度,其次是室外浓度.其中,在人体呼出气中1,1-二氯乙烯的浓度为室内浓度的近20倍,是室外浓度的近300倍,人体呼出气是环境中1,1-二氯乙烯的一个重要源.定量分析健康人呼出气,对比其与环境空气样本的浓度差异,并进行统计学检验,共筛选出1,1二氯乙烯、丙酮、1-己烯、甲基环己烷、2-戊酮、反-2-戊烯、2,4-二甲基戊烷、3-戊酮、四氯乙烯、对二氯苯、间二氯苯11种特征性内源性VOCs.     

天津某老年社区夏冬季室内与个体暴露PM2.5对比

于2011年夏季(6月13日—7月2日)和冬季(11月30日—12月12日)在天津市某老年社区采集室内与老年人个体暴露PM_2.5样品,分析二者的质量浓度及化学组分特征. 结果表明:夏、冬季室内ρ(PM_2.5)分别为(138±103)和(173±136)μg/m3,二者差异显著(P<0.05);冬季室内ρ(PM_2.5)、ρ(SO₄2-)和ρ(OC)显著高于夏季(P<0.05),初步推断是由于冬季燃煤取暖排放的大量颗粒物渗透进入室内所致;冬季室内源(如清扫和吸烟)对某些室内PM_2.5组分(Al、Ca和Cd)的贡献较夏季显著. 对个体暴露与室内ρ(PM_2.5)的相关性分析发现,二者在夏、冬季均显著相关(P<0.05). 在受试老年人时间活动模式基础上,采用COD(分歧系数)评估室内和个体暴露PM_2.5化学组成的相似度,结果显示,室内与个体暴露PM_2.5的COD在夏、冬季分别为0.34±0.10和0.37±0.12;冬季受试老年人在交通微环境所处时间较长,致使COD大于0.5的样本数所占比例较夏季高. 室内和老年人个体暴露PM_2.5的ρ(OC)/ρ(EC)在夏、冬季均相近,说明二者的碳组分来源相似.      

Indoor-outdoor air pollution relations: particulate matter less than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) in homes of asthmatics

Concentrations of particulate matter are typically measured at fixed-site sampling locations selected to provide representative measurements of pollutant levelsin a given geographic area. These fixed-site monitors, however, may not adequately measure exposure of humans to particles; and among the major air pollutants, particles less than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) have received relatively little attention in indoor-outdoor and personal exposure studies. These particles reach the deepest airways and are also known to contain a number of compounds including sulfates, nitrates and carcinogens. In order to investigate the relationship between indoor and outdoor PM10 mass concentrations, a pilot investigation was conducted in 10 homes, 9 with resident asthmatics, in southern California. Sampling was conducted using PM10 and cyclone samplers inside and outside of each home with particle collection of Teflon filters. Mass was determined gravimetrically and mass concentrations were determined by pre- and post-sampling flow checks using a calibrated rotameter. PM10 and cyclone masses were reproducibly measured, as determined with paired field samples and laboratory pretesting. PM10 and cyclone masses were well correlated (R²=0.89, n=27) with slightly more mass found on the PM10 samplers, as expected. In the homes of non-smokers and asthmatics surveyed in this study, indoor concentrations were consistently lower than outdoor concentrations (ratio of PM10 indoor/outdoor medians=0.70; ratio of cyclone indoor/outdoor medians=0.79). Indoor cyclone concentrations were moderately correlated with outdoor concentrations (R²=0.56), indicating that much of the variation of indoor concentrationswas driven by variation in ambient concentration. The indoor concentrations of PM10 were less well correlated to outdoor PM10 (R²=0.34), presumably due to larger size particles or different chemical characteristics of PM10 compared to cyclone-collected particles. When data from the non-asthmatic's homes were removed, the correlations between indoor and outdoor concentrations were increased. The homes of these non-smokers and asthmatics afforded some protection from higher outdoor concentrations of particles less than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter.     

空气质量自动监测站房空调节能技术设计与实现

空气质量自动监测仪的正常使用温度为5℃~30℃,在中国北方地区使用要特别注意寒冷季节的防冻及酷热季节降温通风问题。为确保自动监测仪器的长期正常运转,发挥仪器的作用,在监测站房内冬季都配备取暖设施、夏季配备大功率空调。本研究充分利用自然环境资源,采用了引排风节能系统与空调联动控制技术,将室外的冷空气引入监测站房内给监测设备强制降温,排出室内热空气。有效地解决了冬季监测站房内温度过高的问题,减少了设备的故障率,使空调不必全年不停运行,每天可降低空调使用时间达10小时以上,节省了大量的电能。     

Rush-hour aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons in selected subway stations of Shanghai, China

Air samples were collected simultaneously at platform, mezzanine and outdoor in five typical stations of subway system in Shanghai, China using stainless steel canisters and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass selective detector (GC-MSD) after cryogenic preconcentration. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) at the platforms and mezzanines inside the stations averaged (10.3 ± 2.1), (38.7 ± 9.0), (19.4 ± 10.1) and (30.0 ± 11.1) μg/m³, respectively; while trichloroethylene (TrCE), tetrachloroethylene (TeCE) and para-dichlorobenzene (pDCB), vinyl chloride and carbon tetrachloride were the most abundant chlorinated hydrocarbons inside the stations with average levels of (3.6 ± 1.3), (1.3 ± 0.5), (4.1 ± 1.1), (2.2 ± 1.1) and (1.2 ± 0.3) μg/m³, respectively. Mean levels of major aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons were higher indoor (platforms and mezzanines) than outdoor with average indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios of 1.1-9.5, whereas no significant indoor/outdoor differences were found except for benzene and TrCE. The highly significant mutual correlations (p < 0.01) for BTEX between indoor and outdoor and their significant correlation (p < 0.05) with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), a marker of traffic-related emission without other indoor and outdoor sources, indicated that BTEX were introduced into the subway stations from indoor/outdoor air exchange and traffic emission should be their dominant source. TrCE and pDCB were mainly from indoor emission and TeCE might have both indoor emission sources and contribution from outdoor air, especially in the mezzanines.     

室内空气中多环芳烃的污染特征、来源及影响因素分析

采集并测定了杭州市8户家庭中具有代表性的多环芳烃，测得居民室内空气中12种PAHs平均浓度为1.91-29.08μg/m^3,BaP浓度为5－19ng/m^3，污染十分严重，受季节及通风条件等的影响，室内空气中PAHs浓度变化较大，居民室内空气中萘主要来源于卫生球的挥发，其余PAHs主要来自燃烧，而BaP主要来自室内吸烟。     

某地区室内挥发性有机物污染状况的调查研究

室内空气污染日益严重,它影响着居室人员的健康和工作效率。文章对所在地区10户典型住宅的室内空气污染状况进行调查研究。按夏冬两季分别连续检测了室内外常见的13类挥发性有机物(VOCs)和3种羟基化合物的浓度以及人员暴露浓度,通过不同住宅、不同污染物浓度测试结果的标准差S.D(.Standard Deviation)值,分析了其污染源特性,并结合问卷调查的方式了解了各污染物浓度的分布特性。     

公路收费亭内外空气污染特征及其影响因素

2003-06～2003-07对重庆市辖4个收费站中的收费亭内外一氧化碳(CO)、二氧化氮(NO₂)、总烃(THC)和可吸入颗粒物(PM₁₀)进行了采样监测,同时还观测了气温、大气压、风速和车流量等影响因素,通过二元相关和偏相关分析方法探讨了收费亭内外各空气污染指标与影响因素之间的关系.结果表明,收费亭外CO和PM₁₀小时平均浓度值比亭内高,亭内NO₂和THC的小时平均浓度值比亭外高.重庆站亭内外NO₂和茶园站亭内外CO的小时平均浓度值超过环境空气二级标准,其它各收费亭内外NO₂和CO的小时平均浓度均值未超过相关标准限值,其最高值均超过相关标准;各收费亭内外THC小时平均浓度均值分别达7.728 mg/m³和7.216　mg/m³,均超过标准限值10倍以上;收费亭内外PM₁₀变化幅度较大,亭外均值0.217　mg/m³,高于环境空气质量二级标准,亭内最高值达0.631　mg/m³,是室内空气标准日均值标准限值的4.2倍.在4个收费站的收费亭内外空气污染程度比较分析中,以重庆收费站为最严重,有3个指标的均值比其他收费站高.在污染指标与影响因素相关分析中,收费亭内外污染物之间的存在着一定的相关关系,CO、PM₁₀和NO₂呈极显著相关,亭内外THC呈显著性相关,车流量与NO₂、THC、PM₁₀均呈极显著（p<0.01）或显著相关(0.01<p<0.05),而与CO的污染程度相关性不显著;天气条件不同程度地影响各污染指标的浓度,分别以大气压和气温影响为主,风速影响不大.     

径迹法累积测定室内外氡浓度

使用ＣＲ－３９探测器和探杯型氡监测器,对本所办公楼地下室及办公室内外氡浓度进行了２－６个月春夏秋冬不同季节的累积测定。对收集后的ＣＲ－３９随机扫描读数方式对结果的影响做了比较。结果表明地下室氡浓度高于其他层,室内高于室外。除个别情况外,随机扫描的影响在统计涨落范围内。     

Activity patterns of Californians: Use of and proximity to indoor pollutant sources

The California Air Resources Board funded a statewide survey of activity patterns of Californians over 11 years of age in order to improve the accuracy of exposure assessments for air pollutants. Telephone interviews were conducted with 1762 respondents over the four seasons from fall 1987 through summer 1988. In addition to completing a 24-h recall diary of activities and locations, participants also responded to questions about their use of and proximity to potential pollutant sources. Results are presented regarding time spent by Californians in different activities and locations relevant to pollutant exposure, and their frequency of use of or proximity to pollutant sources including cigarettes, consumer products such as paints and deodorizers, combustion appliances and motor vehicles. The results show that Californians spend, on average, 87% of their time indoors, 7% in enclosed transit and 6% outdoors. At least 62% of the population over 11 years of age and 46% of nonsmokers are near others' tobacco smoke at some time during the day. Potential exposure to different pollutant sources appears to vary among different gender and age groups. For example, women are more likely to use or be near personal care products and household cleaning agents, while men are more likely to be exposed to environmental tobacco smoke, solvents and paints. Data from this study can be used to reduce significantly the uncertainty associated with risk assessments for many pollutants.     

Comparison of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution in Chinese and Japanese residential air

Comparative studies on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution in residential air of Hangzhou (China) and Shizuoka (Japan) were conducted in summer (August, 2006) and winter (January, 2007). Total concentrations of 8 PAHs ranged from 7.1 to 320 ng/m³ and 0.15 to 35 ng/m³ in residential air of Hangzhou and Shizuoka, respectively. Air PAH concentrations in smoking houses were higher than that in nonsmoking houses. In nonsmoking houses, mothball emission and cooking practice were the emission sources of 2- and 3-ring PAHs in Hangzhou, respectively. The 2- and 3-ring PAHs were from use of insect repellent, kerosene heating and outdoor environment in nonsmoking houses in Shizuoka. The 5- and 6-ring PAHs in residential air were mainly from outdoor environment in both cities. Toxicity potencies of PAHs in residential air of Hangzhou were much higher than that in Shizuoka.