A micro-scale dispersion model for motor vehicle exhaust gas in urban areas—OMG volume-source model

A micro-scale dispersion model is presented for estimating the concentration of pollutants from motor vehicle exhaust gas within an area extending 200 m from the side of the road in an urban area. The initial mixing of pollutants in a street canyon is modeled as a volume source employing an analytical solution to the Fickian diffusion equation.Parameters for the model were determined based on data from experiments performed at five locations in Osaka. In the experiments, SF₆ was released as a tracer gas. The height for wind speed measurements for use as the advection speed of the plume was determined from an analysis of the flux of SF₆. The eddy diffusivities in the vertical and lateral directions were derived from statistics of the turbulent velocity fluctuations of the air. The sensitivity analysis of the model revealed that proper characterization of the thickness of the volume source is essential for proper estimation of the concentration of pollutants.     

上海宝山钢铁总厂大气环境影响预断评价

上海宝山钢铁总厂是我国最大的建设项目。由于地处上海市这样工业集中,人口密集的大城市北部,距市中心25km,要判明宝钢在偏北风条件下对市区及附近地区的影响程度,必须进行预断评价。根据宝钢建设具体情况,这次预评价以大气评价为主。经讨论确定了五个课题和承担单位: 1.大气污染输送规律的研究(上海市气象科学研究所); 2.大气污染现状(上海市卫生防疫站); 3.评价区大气中SO_2污染源调查(上海     

基于K-means聚类分析法的肇庆市干季PM2.5污染天气分型研究

通过分析肇庆市2013—2018年国控大气环境监测站的PM_(2.5)连续监测数据,发现肇庆市区PM_(2.5)浓度在干季(10月—次年4月)明显高于其余月份,轻度以上污染基本发生在干季,且PM_(2.5)浓度对年总浓度贡献达70.8%.基于Era-interim再分析资料采用K-means聚类分析法对2013—2018年干季逐日的海平面气压和10 m水平风进行分型,揭示了肇庆市易出现PM_(2.5)污染的6种大气环流形势,包括冷锋前部(CF)、变性高压脊(THR)、脊后槽前型(BRFT)、高压底后部(HSW)、弱冷高压脊(HR)和台风外围型(TP).2013—2016年易污染天气型影响天数呈明显减少趋势,2017—2018年呈增加趋势.不同天气型PM_(2.5)浓度与局地气象要素相关性不一致,其中CF、HR、HSW、TP天气型与湿度相关性最好,THR与风速、BRFT与气压相关性最好.PM_(2.5)污染除BRFT天气型主要以本地排放累积影响为主,其余易污染天气型存在不同尺度的外来输送影响,HSW、HR主要来自广州、清远、韶关, CF主要来自佛山、中山,THR来自广州、清远、佛山.同一污染天气型在不同月份的污染影响差异较大,其中HSW、THR污染型主要影响1月和10月,CF为1月和12月,HR为2月和12月,TP为10月,BRFT为1月和10—11月.不同年份的同一月份造成不同程度的PM_(2.5)污染除了排放影响,还与天气环流类型和同一天气型下的局地气象要素密切相关.     

Process analysis of characteristics of the boundary layer during a heavy haze pollution episode in an inland megacity, China

Ground observation data from 8 meteorological stations in Xi'an, air mass concentration data from 13 environmental quality monitoring sites in Xi'an, as well as radiosonde observation and wind profile radar data, were used in this study. Thereby, the process, causes and boundary layer meteorological characteristics of a heavy haze episode occurring from 16 to 25 December 2013 in Xi'an were analyzed. Principal component analysis showed that this haze pollution was mainly caused by the high-intensity emission and formation of gaseous pollutants (NO₂, CO and SO₂) and atmospheric particles (PM_2.5 (fine particles) and PM₁₀ (respirable suspended particle). The second cause was the relative humidity and continuous low temperature. The third cause was the allocation of the surface pressure field. The presence of a near-surface temperature inversion at the boundary layer formed favorable stratification conditions for the formation and maintenance of heavy haze pollution. The persistent thick haze layer weakened the solar radiation. Meanwhile, a warming effect in the urban canopy layer and in the transition zone from the urban friction sublayer to the urban canopy was indicated. All these conditions facilitated the maintenance and reinforcement of temperature inversion. The stable atmospheric stratification finally acted on the wind field in the boundary layer, and further weakened the exchange capacity of vertical turbulence. The superposition of a wind field with the horizontal gentle wind induced the typical air stagnation and finally caused the deterioration of air quality during this haze event.     

2013年10月长株潭城市群一次持续性空气污染过程特征分析

2013年10月21~31日长株潭城市群经历了一次持续性空气污染过程.利用地面空气质量监测资料、地面气象资料及探空资料综合分析了此次污染过程与大气环流、边界层气象条件之间的相互关系,并利用卫星遥感火点监测资料和HYSPLIT4模式,分析了此次过程大气污染物的来源及输送路径.结果表明,过程前期(21~26日),污染物缓慢积累,过程后期(27~31日),PM2.5、CO、NO2等焚烧特征污染物浓度急剧升高,秸秆焚烧污染物的长距离输送是后期空气污染加重的主要原因.火点监测和后向轨迹分析表明,过程前期气流主要流经长株潭城市群东北方向的安徽、湖北等地,流经地区火点分布较少,后期气流主要流经长株潭城市群东南方向的江西等地,流经地区火点分布较多.高压均压场背景环流导致的稳定大气层结、南北冷暖气流对峙造成的地面静小风,是长株潭城市群污染过程发展、维持和加强的重要条件,污染物长距离输送对长株潭城市群区域空气质量有重要影响.     

Effects of air pollution on Pinus halepensis (Mill.): pollution levels in Attica,Greece

Air quality in the Athens basin is well known to be poor, damaging building materials and human health, but there is no information available on concentrations or the impact of oxidants on ecosystems in rural areas outside the basin. A short-term monitoring campaign, coupled with a survey using the O₃ bioindicator Bel-W3 tobacco demonstrated that phytotoxic concentrations of O₃ occurred throughout Attica, within a 75 km radius of the city. There was relatively little injury produced in the industrial centre of the city and maximum injury was found about 40 km to the SE. Visible lesions identical to those of O₃ injury were found on Aleppo pine at all sites in the cooler months. In the summer the needles were very chlorotic, possibly due to photo-oxidation of chlorophylls mediated by heat or drought. This chlorosis may mask oxidant symptoms in the summer. NO₂ diffusion tube data and needle analysis suggested that the effects of sulphur and NO₂ are probably confined to the Athens basin.     

Distinct potential aerosol masses under different scenarios of transport at a suburban site of Beijing

In order to evaluate the secondary aerosol formation potential at a suburban site of Beijing,in situ perturbation experiments in a potential aerosol mass(PAM) reactor were carried out in the winter of 2014.The variations of secondary aerosol formation as a function of time,OH exposure,and the concentrations of gas phase pollutants and particles were reported in this study.Two periods with distinct secondary aerosol formation potentials,marked as Period Ⅰ and Period Ⅱ,were identified during the observation.In Period Ⅰ,the secondary aerosol formation potential was high,and correlated well to the air pollutants,i.e.,SO_2,NO_2,and CO.The maximal secondary aerosol formation was observed with an aging time equivalent to about 3 days of atmospheric oxidation.In period Ⅱ,the secondary aerosol formation potential was low,with no obvious correlation with the air pollutants.Meanwhile,the aerosol mass decreased,instead of showing a peak,with increasing aging time.Backward trajectory analysis during the two periods confirmed that the air mass in Period Ⅰwas mainly from local sources,while it was attributed mostly to long distance transport in Period Ⅱ.The air lost its reactivity during the long transport and the particles became highly aged,resulting in a low secondary aerosol formation potential.Our experimental results indicated that the in situ measurement of the secondary aerosol formation potential could provide important information for evaluating the contributions of local emission and long distance transport to the aerosol pollution.     

沈阳地区一次颗粒物重污染天气过程的气象成因分析

为探究沈阳地区重污染天气成因,文章利用地面、高空气象观测资料、风廓线雷达资料、NECP再分析资料以及大气污染物监测资料,对2019年3月1～6日沈阳地区出现的一次持续性重污染天气过程,探讨了大气污染物质量浓度、地面气象要素变化特征、大气环流配置与外来输送等特征.结果表明,均压场、地面风场弱及辐合、高温高湿是本次重污染天...     

汾渭平原复杂地形影响下冬季PM2.5污染分布特征、来源及成因分析

汾渭平原受其复杂地形特征及产业结构影响,和京津冀、长三角地区一起被列为大气污染重点防治区域.本研究应用2014—2019年冬季中国环境监测总站汾渭平原各城市的六大空气污染物逐小时数据,结合欧洲中心ERA-5数据,利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模型及T-model斜交旋转主成分分析法（PCT）,揭示过去6年汾渭平原冬季颗粒物浓度演变规律,厘清汾渭平原复杂地形影响下大气污染来源特征、潜在源区及成因,识别影响汾渭平原冬季空气污染的主要天气系统类型.HYSPLIT模拟结果表明,冬季喇叭口地形城市主要受本地和邻近区域污染源影响;山区盆地地形城市更易受到100~300 km距离以内污染源的传输影响,其中,来自陕北的气团对其影响最大;峡谷地形城市更易受到300~600 km范围内污染源的传输影响;平原地形城市的污染物浓度受区域传输的影响较大.影响汾渭平原冬季颗粒物重污染的天气系统可分为高压前部型、高压后部型、均压场型及低压倒槽型,其中,高压前部型是汾渭平原冬季重污染时段最易出现的天气形势.     

基于天气背景天津大气污染输送特征分析

区域输送是大气污染防治中需要考虑的重要因素,本文利用大气化学模式定量估算2016年10月～2017年9月区域输送对天津的影响,重点基于天气背景分析区域输送影响和气象条件的关系,为京津冀地区大气污染联防联控提供支撑.结果表明,京津冀地区各城市区域输送贡献百分率平原城市显著高于沿山城市,天津一次PM_2.5本地贡献62.9%,区域输送贡献37.1%,主要受沧州、廊坊、河北中南部、北京、唐山和山东等地输送影响,每年4～6月区域输送最显著, 7～8月区域输送最弱.区域输送与天气形势、风场和降水等气象条件密切相关,高压后和锋前低压是区域输送占比最高的两种污染天气类型,西南风、西风和南风3个风向下天津大气污染输送影响最为明显,风速2～3 m·s^-1时最有利于PM_2.5区域传输,降水超过5 mm以上将降低大气污染物区域传输效率.对于不同污染类型和重污染阶段,轻度污染天气时区域输送贡献最为明显,比均值偏高20.5%,重污染天气虽受静稳气团控制,但由于周边区域高浓度的PM_2.5,污染气团迁移对区域内污染聚集传输有显著影...     

Denitrification: its importance in a river draining an intensively cropped watershed

Nitrogen transport was studied during summer low flows in a 20-km reach of the Nottawasaga River which drains an intensively cropped sand plain which has an underlying shallow water-table aquifer. Nitrogen inputs to the river were measured on days in May to October of 1977-81. These data indicated that about 38% of the daily nitrate input entered the river through ground water. The magnitude of this input is a consequence of widespread contamination of the shallow aquifer by nitrogen fertilizer. Ground water entering the river from springs and seeps near fertilized fields frequently contained more than 10 mg 1^?1 of NO₃-N. Mass balance studies of nitrogen transport in the river revealed an average daily nitraof 46 ± 23 kg N. This rate of nitrate removal represented about 40% of the ground water input to the river from the sand plain. Analysis of a mass balance for total Kjeldahl nitrogen revealed an essentially balanced budget, whereas chloride showed a small daily gain of about 5%. Laboratory experiments involving the incubation of stream sediment cores and the use of the acetylene block technique suggested that the bulk of the nitrate loss during river transport was caused by denitrification in bottom sediments.     

Atmospheric sulfur hexafluoride in-situ measurements at the Shangdianzi regional background station in China

We present in-situ measurements of atmospheric sulfur hexafluoride（SF6） conducted by an automated gas chromatograph–electron capture detector system and a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry system at a regional background site, Shangdianzi,in China, from June 2009 to May 2011, using the System for Observation of Greenhouse gases in Europe and Asia and Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment（AGAGE）techniques. The mean background and polluted mixing ratios for SF6 during the study period were 7.22 × 10-12（mol/mol, hereinafter） and 8.66 × 10-12, respectively. The averaged SF6 background mixing ratios at Shangdianzi were consistent with those obtained at other AGAGE stations located at similar latitudes（Trinidad Head and Mace Head）, but larger than AGAGE stations in the Southern Hemisphere（Cape Grim and Cape Matatula）. SF6 background mixing ratios increased rapidly during our study period, with a positive growth rate at 0.30 × 10-12year-1. The peak to peak amplitude of the seasonal cycle for SF6 background conditions was 0.07 × 10-12, while the seasonal fluctuation of polluted conditions was 2.16 × 10-12. During the study period, peak values of SF6 mixing ratios occurred in autumn when local surface horizontal winds originated from W/WSW/SW/SWS/S sectors, while lower levels of SF6 mixing ratios appeared as winds originated from N/NNE/NE/ENE/E sectors.     

2013年1月宁波市PM_(2.5)污染的形成过程与传输规律

为了深入认识宁波市冬季细颗粒物(PM2.5)的污染特征和主要影响因素的作用规律,利用Models-3/CMAQ模式系统对2013年1月宁波市的PM2.5污染形成过程进行了模拟分析.结果表明,宁波市PM2.5的重点污染区主要分布在市区、北部地区及东部沿海,除了受到局地污染源排放的影响外,对比非污染的情况,大气输入和气溶胶生成作用的增强是引起PM2.5污染的主导因素,其中水平传输过程对PM2.5浓度升高的贡献最为突出.气溶胶过程的贡献在近地面(0~80 m)最显著,随着高度升高而逐渐减弱.硝酸盐在局地二次生产的细颗粒物中占主要份额(~70%).对于硫酸盐,局地二次生成所占的比例很低,主要来自宁波局地排放和宁波以外地区的大气传输(贡献比例分别为44%和40%).宁波市的PM2.5污染主要受到来自北向沿岸气团(占比54%)、西北向大陆气团(占比21%)和西向局地气团(占比25%)的传输影响.在西北方向短距离区域传输的作用下PM2.5浓度最高;在我国中东部大范围灰霾天气的影响下,西北向和北向的长距离传输作用也会导致宁波地区的PM2.5污染.     

泰山大气卤代烃的长期变化趋势与来源

卤代烃是大气环境与气候变化研究的热点问题.基于2003 ～2018年在泰山山顶(36.25°N,117.10°E,海拔1534 m)的6期强化观测数据,结合气流轨迹模型与受体源解析模型,分析了华北平原区域背景大气中卤代烃的长期变化趋势和主要来源.结果 表明,《蒙特利尔议定书》已淘汰物种(CFC-12、CFC-11、CF...     

放电条件下SF5CF3的分解反应

SF₅CF₃是近年被发现的具有强红外辐射强迫、长寿命的新温室气体.本文利用火花放电技术模拟研究了放电条件下SF₅CF₃的去除机理.结果表明,SF₅CF₃在放电过程中将被分解并生成多种含硫、氟、氧和碳的化合物.H₂O的存在能够降低SF₅CF₃的分解速率,但降低的量与H₂O的分压无关. 在有H₂O存在的条件下,当体系总压约为31kPa时,闪电过程中SF₅CF₃的分解速率常数分别为0.011s^-.同时,SF₅CF₃的分解率随着体系的总压上升而呈指数下降.基于实验结果,对SF₅CF₃在放电过程中的反应途径作了探讨,并估算实际大气中放电的一种形式--闪电所引起的SF₅CF₃的分解量为53.6 kg·a^-.     

Photochemical formation of particulate dicarboxylic acids under long-range transport in central Japan

Long-range transport (LRT) of photochemical air pollution from the coastal area with large emission sources to the inland mountainous region occurs very frequently in the central Japan region on clear summer days. It is caused by local winds and the transport route is almost-fixed geographically. Along this route, behavior of dicarboxylic acids in the airborne aerosols was investigated in the cooperative field observation of meteorology and chemistry. Measurements were made every 3-h at inland sites.The concentrations of dicarboxylic acids as well as NO₃⁻ and total organic C increased in the daytime and decreased at night. The maximum are attained when the transported air mass was arrived at the sampling sites. These diurnal variations were similar to that of O₃.In the daytime, although the phthalates (di-n-butyl and dioctyl), n-alkanes (C₂₁C₃₂) and pinon aldehyde were abundant in the airborne aerosols, the dicarboxylic acids (C₂C₁₀) were the most abundant species and the total concentrations attained from 30 to 50% of the total organic particulate matter. In addition, of the dicarboxylic acids, more than 70% were estimated to be produced by photochemical reactions in the daytime. Thus, it was concluded that most of the dicarboxylic acids were produced by the photochemical oxidation of anthropogenic compounds during LRT.     

基于无人机探空和数值模拟天津一次重污染过程分析

污染发生在边界层中,边界层热力和动力垂直结构对重污染天气形成有显著影响.本文基于无人机探空、地基遥感观测和数值模式,开展天津地区2019年1月10~15日重污染过程期间边界层垂直结构及污染成因分析,以期加强北方沿海城市边界层过程对重污染影响规律认知,提升重污染天气预报预警准确率.结果表明：大气温度层结对重污染天气形成、持续和消散有显著影响,此次过程伴随逆温层的发展和消散,PM_2.5高浓度区白天向大气上层发展,高度可达300 m以上,夜间向近地面压缩,高度在100 m左右;雾天气出现并在白天维持,改变了边界层垂直结构特征,雾顶逆温的持续存在抑制了污染物向大气上层扩散,使得白天湍流垂直混合过程贡献明显下降,导致近地面重污染天气维持和发展;过程期间区域输送贡献率为66.6%,边界层垂直结构与重污染天气区域输送密切相关,区域污染物输送高度主要出现在边界层顶部以及雾顶逆温层以上的大风速层处,且随着边界层和雾顶抬升高度的变化,通过下沉运动影响地面,形成北部弱高压天气控制下静稳天气区域输送;边界层垂直结构影响冷空气对空气质量的改善效果,S3阶段雾顶的强逆温导致冷空气无法通过湍流切应力传导到地面,在高低空存在明显的风速差,冷空气影响地面时间延后,作用减弱,重污染天气无法彻底缓解.     

WRF模式最优参数化方案在不同空气质量模式的应用

精准的气象场和适用的空气质量模式是优化大气污染模拟的重要途径.为提升四川盆地冬季大气污染模拟效果,利用WRF模式25组参数化方案组合,进行气象场模拟试验,基于最优方案数据,以四川盆地某大型钢铁厂为例,分别驱动AERMOD模式和CALPUFF模式,通过研究区域4个国控站数据对模拟结果进行对比验证.结果表明,WRF模式参数化方案选取对地面风场、高空风场和地面湿度场模拟效果影响较大,对地面温度场、高空温度场和高空湿度场模拟效果影响较小,SLAB陆面过程方案、 Dudhia短波辐射方案分别与YSU、 ACM2、 BouLac和MRF边界层方案的组合,均能较好地模拟四川盆地冬季地面风场、温度场和湿度场的变化趋势,结合高空风温湿统计参数综合分析可知,第1组方案适用于达州气象场模拟,第13组和第17组方案分别适用于成都白天和夜间时段气象场模拟.CALPUFF模拟结果与监测值的相关性整体优于AERMOD,从站点角度分析,CALPUFF在国控站3号的模拟效果相较AERMOD提升较大,在国控站2号的模拟效果提升较小,从大气污染物角度分析,4个国控站CALPUFF对NO_x和PM     

不同气温层结条件下地面加热对街谷扩散能力的影响

利用CFD数值模拟方法研究了气温层结与地面加热作用对街谷环流和污染物扩散的影响.针对高宽比为0.5和1.0的两种街谷,总共进行了18组敏感性数值试验,结果表明相对于气温层结,地表加热是决定街谷附近污染物扩散能力的更为重要的因素,地表加热作用可显著提高街谷的扩散能力.在地表存在加热的情况下,流场结构、空气交换系数、湍流强度总体上均朝着有利于清除街谷内污染物的方向发展,即使是在稳定层结下,地表加热作用所产生的热力环流也会使得污染物能够被有效地输送和扩散到街谷之外,从而使得近地面的污染物浓度下降.     

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from magnesium die casting

The U.S. magnesium industry uses sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) as a cover gas to prevent the rapid and hazardous oxidation of molten magnesium. While this gas is considered to be safe and effective in this application, it is one of the most potent and persistent greenhouse gases (GHG) found in the atmosphere. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) launched a collaborative initiative called the SF₆ Emission Reduction Partnership for the Magnesium Industry in 1999 to identify and implement practical technologies for improving the industry's environmental profile. EPA's Partners, joined by the International Magnesium Association (IMA), have voluntarily committed to eliminate the use of SF₆ by 2010. The Partnership and IMA's commitment sent a clear signal to industry suppliers and has precipitated the exploration of alternate cover gases that are just as effective as SF₆ but greatly reduce the process's climate impact. The focus of this study is to assess byproducts, degradation levels, and GHG emission factors for three different fluorinated cover gases (SF₆, AM-cover™, and Novec™ 612) in cold chamber die casting applications. The results of this study are used to describe two approaches that modify current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Good Practice Guidance for estimating cover gas emissions from the magnesium industry.