城市生活垃圾产量影响因素的路径分析——以厦门市为例

城市生活垃圾产量日益剧增,已成为制约我国城市健康和可持续发展的瓶颈.深入开展城市生活垃圾产生量的影响因素研究有助于揭示垃圾产生机制,把握其动态变化趋势,从而指导生活垃圾可持续管理及调控.因此,以厦门市为例,基于1979-2010年生活垃圾清运量及经济、生活水平、城市发展水平、社会人口学特征、自然等方面的时间序列数据,运用路径分析方法,开展了城市生活垃圾产量影响因素研究.结果表明,所构建的路径分析模型拟合优度很高,相比较简单的相关分析,很好地解释了因素与垃圾产量的因果关系;城市规模、人均可支配收入、城市化率、GDP的直接影响系数分别为0.58(p ＜0.001)、0.55(p＜0.001)、0.52(p ＜0.001)、0.51(p ＜0.001),均大于0.5,说明正影响作用很大;家庭特征直接影响系数为-0.40(p ＜0.001),为较大负影响;GDP通过旅游人次、城市规模通过家庭特征对垃圾产量有间接作用,影响系数分别为0.13(p ＜0.001)、0.31(p＜0.001);各因素总影响系数排序为城市规模(0.89,p＜0.001)＞ GDP(0.64,p ＜0.001)＞人均可支配收入(0.55,p ＜0.001)＞城市化率(0.52,p ＜0.001)＞家庭特征(-0.40,p＜0.001)＞旅游人次(0.19,p＜0.001)＞年均温度(0.09,p ＜0.001);旅游人次影响作用为中等偏弱,温度只引起生活垃圾产量的年内变动而不影响年际变化.     

Government environmental control measures on CO2 emission during the 2014 Youth Olympic Games in Nanjing: Perspectives from a top-down approach

Strict air pollution control measures were conducted during the Youth Olympic Games（YOG） period at Nanjing city and surrounding areas in August 2014.This event provides a unique chance to evaluate the effect of government control measures on regional atmospheric pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.Many previous studies have observed significant reductions of atmospheric pollution species and improvement in air quality,while no study has quantified its synergism on anthropogenic CO₂...     

Monthly survey of N-nitrosamine yield in a conventional water treatment plant in North China

A sampling campaign was conducted monthly to investigate the occurrence of N-nitrosamines at a conventional water treatment plant in one city in North China. The yield of N-nitrosamines in the treated water indicated precursors changed greatly after the source water switching. Average concentrations of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR), and N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) in the finished water were 6.9, 3.3, and 3.1 ng/L, respectively, from June to October when the Luan River water was used as source water, while those of NDMA, N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA), and NPYR in the finished water were 10.1, 4.9, and 4.7 ng/L, respectively, from November to next April when the Yellow River was used. NDMA concentration in the finished water was frequently over the 10 ng/L, i.e., the notification level of California, USA, which indicated a considerable threat to public health. Weak correlations were observed between N-nitrosamine yield and typical water quality parameters except for the dissolved organic nitrogen.     

基于STIRPAT模型的重庆市能源消费碳排放影响因素研究

定量分析人类活动对环境的影响,对减少碳排放和建设环境友好型社会具有重要的指导意义.因此,本文采用重庆市1980-2010年能源消费碳排放时间序列数据,基于STIRPAT模型,通过岭回归拟合得到能源消费碳排放与人口数量、人均GDP及其二次项、能源强度、第三产业比重、城镇化水平的多元线性模型.结果表明,人口数量、人均GDP、能源强度、城市化水平每增加1％,将引起重庆市能源消费碳排放相应增加0.963％、(0.398 +0.463lnA)％、0.059％、0.266％,其中,A为人均GDP.可以看出,人口数量对重庆市能源消费碳排放量影响最大.第三产业比重每增加1％,能源消费碳排放将会减少0.093％.     

长春城市水体夏秋季温室气体排放特征

为掌握我国东北地区城市湖泊水体温室气体的释放/吸收特征,本研究分别于夏季和秋季,对位于吉林省长春市的7个城市湖泊(南湖、北湖、雁鸣湖、胜利公园、地理所内湖、天嘉公园和长春公园)表层水中的CO_2和CH_4分压[p(CO_2)和p(CH_4)]进行了监测,并对影响p(CO_2)和p(CH_4)季节变化的相关环境和水质参数进行了分析.研究结果表明在夏季和秋季这7个城市湖泊表层水体中CH_4都处于过饱和状态;除夏季的南湖和胜利公园内湖,其它湖泊CO_2也都处于过饱和状态,且不同湖泊间的温室气体分压具有显著性差异(P0.05),通量也同样具有显著性差异(P0.05).除了南湖和胜利公园内湖外,其它各湖泊在夏秋季节都是大气CO_2和CH_4的"源",且对大气中温室气体的贡献都以CO_2为主.环境参数与p(CO_2)或p(CH_4)之间的相关性分析表明,在夏季,城市湖泊表层水体中p(CO_2)和p(CH_4)都与日照时数呈显著负相关(r_(p(CO_2))=-0.48,P0.05;r_(p(CH_4))=-0.63,P0.01),日照时数通过影响水生植物的光合作用进而影响水体中CO_2和溶解氧浓度,p(CH_4)还与降水量呈显著正相关(r_(p(CH_4))=0.44,P0.05);在秋季,p(CO_2)与气温呈显著负相关(r_(p(CO_2))=-0.39,P0.05).另外,水质参数与p(CO_2)和p(CH_4)的相关性分析表明,这些城市湖泊表层水体的p(CO_2)和p(CH_4)都与水体pH显著负相关(r_(p(CO_2))=-0.51,r_(p(CH_4))=-0.82,P0.01),与盐度显著正相关(r_(p(CO_2))=0.38,P0.05;r_(p(CH_4))=0.75,P0.01),p(CH_4)还与水体DOC、TN和TP均具有显著相关性(P0.01).从研究结果可以推测在这7个富营养城市湖泊中,水体的营养物水平及其所决定的浮游植物生物量并不是影响表层水体p(CO_2)的最主要因素,而日照时数、水体pH和盐度与夏秋季表层水体中的p(CO_2)和p(CH_4)有较大关联.     

Implications of a changing climate on food security and smallholders’ livelihoods in Bogotá, Colombia

Small farmers who supply the city of Bogotá with food are facing many challenges that are jeopardizing their livelihoods and by extension, the food security of Colombia’s capital. We expect future changes in climatic conditions to exacerbate the plight of the small farmers and this is expected to compromise Bogota’s food security even further. This paper specifically seeks to assess the impact of climate change (CC) on the livelihoods of smallholders who supply Bogota with most of its food. In our multidisciplinary methodology, we translated the exposure to CC into direct impact on crops and assessed sensitivity and adaptive capacity using the sustainable rural livelihoods framework. The results show that rainfall (by average of 100 mm) and temperature (by average of 2.1 °C) will increase over the study area, while the future climate suitability of the most important crops such as mango (Mangifera indica), papaya (Carica papaya), corn (Zea mays) and plantain (Musa balbisiana) shows a decrease of 19 % to 47 % climate suitability by the year 2050. The assessment of sensitivity and adaptive capacity demonstrates that farmers participating in a farmers’ market, initiated by several local and international non-governmental organizations (NGOs), are less vulnerable to CC than farmers who sell through intermediaries. Those farmers selling directly to consumers in the farmers’ market have a higher adaptive capacity (3 on a scale of 3) in social and financial capital than those selling to intermediaries with less adaptive capacity (1 on a scale of 3). In light of the reduction in overall climatic suitability of some of the major crops and the change of geographic location of suitability for others, there are likely to be serious threats for Bogotá’s food security, the ecological landscape around the city, and farmers’ livelihoods. We further conclude that unless proper adaptation measures are implemented, the geographical shift in climate suitability may also force farmers to shift their crops to higher elevations including remaining forests and páramos (the Colombian alpine tundra ecosystems), which may be threatened in the near future.     

贾鲁河梯级河滩湿地冬季植被构建及净化效果研究

在地处黄河之滨的河南郑州建设运行梯级河滩湿地净化贾鲁河水,技术示范工程在2009年夏、秋季节取得了良好的水质净化效果,为了验证冬季沉水植物对水质净化的效果,用菹草、伊乐藻、西伯利亚鸢尾等耐低温植物组建冬季湿地植被,研究了冬季植被的发育情况和水质净化效果.结果表明,菹草和伊乐藻这两种沉水植物能够在冬季湿地中成活并发育形成...     

广州城市污泥燃烧性能综合评价及其燃烧动力学模型

采集了广州5种不同来源城市污泥(分别为KFQ、DTS、LJ、LD和ZZ)及肇庆市1种污水污泥(ZQ),利用热重法对6种干污泥的单一样及两种干污泥的混合样在不同条件下进行了热重实验研究,并通过TG-DTG曲线计算了污泥燃烧的4个综合燃烧指数.研究发现,广州当前城市污泥具有高挥发分、低固定碳和低热值的特点.整个污泥燃烧可以分为水分析出、挥发分析出、挥发分燃烧和焦炭燃烧4个阶段,并且不同来源污泥这4个燃烧阶段差别较大,其中,挥发分的析出和燃烧制约着污泥的整个燃烧过程.不同来源污泥的燃烧性能与污水处理厂水处理工艺、污泥种类及其理化性质有关.从挥发分释放特性指数D、可燃性指数C、综合燃烧特性指数S来看,6种污泥中,LJ污泥燃烧性能最好,而LD污泥的燃烧性能最差.KFQ与ZZ污泥混合后,除D指数外,其他指数都变小,而升温速率过快,并不能显著提高污泥的综合燃烧性能.采用积分法(Coats-Redfern方程)计算得到各燃烧阶段的反应的机理方程及相应的活化能参数,发现活化能大小与污泥的燃烧阶段是相对应的.     

Measured components in total suspended particulate matter in a Kenyan urban area

Nairobi city has a population of over 1.5 million and is growing at a rate of about 70 persons per day. Various activities in the city such as construction work, industrial processes, use of unroadworthy cars, and dust blown off unpaved roads contribute enormously to suspended particulate matter in the air. In this paper, analysis by gravimetric and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) of the suspended particulate matter in the air in the city centre, an industrial area and one residential area was carried out. The total suspended particulate matter (TSP) mean levels ranged from 69.983 to 397.903 μg m⁻³. The following components were measured from the TSP, mean values in μg m⁻³: iron 6.014–7.547, potassium 1.252–6.432, titanium 0.286–1.698, manganese 0.158–1.683, lead 0.395–1.321, bromine 0.122–0.707, zinc 0.159–0.678 and zirconium 0.017–0.245. The values of lead obtained (0.395–1.321 μg m⁻³) fall within the WHO recommendations, but compared to the values reported in some European countries, they are high. Most of the elements had low enrichment factors except for lead (104–353), bromine (429–1533) and zinc (14–79). Bromine and lead were highly correlated to the number of light vehicles (p=0.874 and 0.942, respectively). In addition the ratio of Br:Pb by weight was in the range 0.309–0.535, while the correlation factor for Br:Pb was 0.951, leading to the conclusion that both elements came from leaded gasoline.     

基于模糊综合评判模型的污水管道缺陷定量化评价方法

利用模糊综合评判模型,从污水管道的密封性、稳定性和功能性三方面分别考虑不同缺陷类型的影响,利用层次分析法确定权重,建立定量化的污水管道缺陷状况评价方法模型.对南方某市一段污水管道进行评判,得到污水管道缺陷综合评价指数H=1.09,其中密封性指数Ht=0.44,稳定性指数Hs=0.78,功能性指数Hf=1.79,判定结果...     

给水管网中耐氯分枝杆菌的灭活特性及机制研究

近年来,在饮用水管网中检测到耐受消毒剂的微生物,对于饮用水安全造成威胁.课题组由南方某城市自来水管网中分离出1株耐氯的产黏液分枝杆菌(Mycobacteria mucogenicum),并对其灭活特性和耐氯机制进行了研究.使用自由氯、一氯胺和二氧化氯对其进行消毒实验,测定CT值.99.9%灭活产黏液分枝杆菌时,自由氯的CT值为(76.25±47.55)mg·min·L-1,一氯胺为(1 396±382)mg·min·L-1,二氧化氯为(13.5±4.9)mg·min·L-1.采用透射电镜对产黏液分枝杆菌的消毒过程进行观察,发现消毒后细菌结构疏松,细胞器层次变得不清晰,核心肿胀溶解.产黏液分枝杆菌具有较好的疏水性,测定其表面疏水率为37.2%,远高于其他细菌,使得亲水性消毒剂不易进入细菌内部,是其耐受含氯消毒剂的原因之一.     

闽江福州段与城市内河表层沉积物重金属污染特征研究

为了探讨城市内河对闽江福州段重金属污染的影响特征,本文对闽江福州段和福州城市主要内河表层沉积物中的Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As和Pb 6种重金属元素进行了系统的分析,并采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险评价法进行污染情况和潜在危险评估.研究结果表明,表层沉积物中重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As和Pb含量范围分别为:5.55~131.35、0.74~138.82、2.45~95.84、24.24~609.72、2.82~95.90、13.91~108.45mg·kg~(-1),各重金属含量平均值明显高于福建省土壤环境背景值,但低于国家土壤环境质量Ⅱ类标准值(除As略高于Ⅱ类标准).地累积指数法评价结果表明,表层沉积物中重金属大多为无污染或中污染程度,受人类活动影响强烈.潜在生态风险评价法表明,表层沉积物中重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb和Zn存在轻微潜在风险,As以中等潜在风险为主,总体存在轻微潜在风险.重金属污染物的空间分布与福州市的发展格局相适应,人类活动集中的老城区和工业密集区,是闽江与内河重金属污染物含量相对较高的区域.城市内河汇入闽江后,携带的大量重金属污染物加剧了闽江重金属污染.建议加强对闽江重金属含量较高的晋安河段、光明港段-磨溪河段的污水排放监控.     

Presence of Torque Teno Virus (TTV) in Tap Water in Public Schools from Southern Brazil

Torque teno virus (TTV) was surveyed in tap water collected in schools from three municipalities located in the south of Brazil. TTV genomes were found in 11.7 % (4/34) of the samples. TTV DNA was detected in 10.5 % (2/19) of the samples collected at the city of Caxias do Sul and in 25 % (2/8) of the samples from Pelotas. Those cities have a low rate of sewage treatment. All samples from Santa Cruz do Sul, which has nearly 92 % of its sewage treated, were negative. These results suggest that the amount of sewage treated may have an effect on the detection rates of TTV DNA in drinking water in a given urban area, showing a mild negative correlation (r = ?0.76), when comparing the percentage of sewage treatment to the detection of TTV genomes. The detection rate of TTV was also compared with Escherichia coli, showing a strong correlation (r = 0.97), indicating that TTV may be a suitable marker of fecal contamination.     

城市污水处理厂氧化沟工艺微生物种群分析

应用荧光原位杂交技术(fluorescent in situ hybridization,FISH)对我国北方某城市污水处理厂氧化沟工艺中的微生物进行种群分析,考察系统活性污泥中聚磷菌(phosphorus accumulating organisms,PAOs)和聚糖原菌(glycogen accumulatingorganisms,GAOs)的种群结构特点及其空间分布变化关系.结果表明,厌氧池、氧化沟缺氧区和好氧区中PAOs占全菌百分比分别为2.0%±0.6%、3.4%±0.6%和3.5%±1.2%;GAOs所占全菌百分比分别为25.3%±8.7%、30.3%±7.1%和24.4%±6.1%.该厂氧化沟工艺PAOs含量低于已报道其他脱氮除磷系统水平(7%～22%),其除磷性能较差.数据统计分析显示,氧化沟缺氧、好氧区中PAOs含量相对于厌氧池有显著上升,而GAOs含量沿程变化不大.     

城市交通干道降雨径流中PAHs的污染特征

以上海、温州市典型交通干道地表径流为研究对象,分析了样品中16种溶解态和颗粒态PAHs浓度,了解了城市交通干道降雨径流中PAHs污染特征及其动态变化过程.结果表明,径流中∑PAHs(包括溶解相、颗粒相)浓度范围为919.8～16711.6ng·L-1,溶解相中PAHs浓度要远低于颗粒相(分别为4.9～1558.0ng·L-1,635.4～16624.0ng·L-1).通过对3场降雨事件中PAHs浓度随降雨过程变化的研究,可以发现并不是所有道路径流都有初期冲刷效应,初期冲刷的产生受雨前干期、降雨强度以及径流量等因素共同作用,因此简单拦截初期径流并不能十分有效地降低PAHs污染负荷.径流中PAHs在颗粒相-水相间的分配系数Kp值为2.3×104～2.5×106L·kg-1,随着悬浮颗粒物含量增加而减少,这可能跟径流过程中颗粒物粒径组成有关.     

Evaluating the influence of air pollution on solar radiation observations over the coastal region of Alicante (Southeastern Spain)

The present study evaluates ground-based downward surface shortwave radiation (R_s) over the coastal region of Alicante (Southeastern Spain). Hourly measurements collected over the eleven-year period 2010-2020 are used. Two weather stations located over the region capital, Alicante, have been selected as representative of urban and suburban typologies. Two additional weather stations far from the city have been selected representing rural typologies. R_s is significantly reduced over the urban station during the morning hours within the winter season compared to the observations recorded over the suburban and rural stations, with a global mean difference of -81 and -120 W/m² at 10 LT, respectively. However, no significant differences are obtained during the midday sun, with a global mean difference of -20 W/m² between the urban and rural stations. With the aim of explaining these differences, the current paper investigates the relationship between R_s and different air pollutants: NO_x, SO₂, and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) as well as the wind field measured at the urban and suburban stations. The results found in this work point towards a close relationship between R_s and NO_x concentrations annual cycles, which are also influenced by the prevailing wind circulations observed over the study area. A global mean NO_x concentration of 107 µg/m³ is observed over the urban station at 10 LT during the winter season. In contrast, these high concentrations are significantly reduced over the suburban station, with global mean value of 40 µg/m³ at 10 LT, for this period of the year.     

奥运前期与奥运期间北京市大气细颗粒物特征比较分析

利用城市生态系统研究站对北京市奥运前后(2008年6～9月)大气中细颗粒物(PM2.5)进行连续监测,获得不同阶段PM2.5日平均浓度的动态特征,分析气象因素、人为控制管理措施对颗粒物浓度的影响.结果表明,近北五环的生态中心站点(RCEES)颗粒物日均浓度平均值为0.067 mg.m-3,奥运期间的颗粒物浓度(0.060 mg.m-3)比奥运前期(0.081 mg.m-3)减少了约26%.而位于南二环市中心的教学植物园站点(JX)颗粒物浓度平均含量为0.078 mg.m-3.JX站点奥运期间的颗粒物浓度(0.069 mg.m-3)比奥运前期(0.095 mg.m-3)减少了约27%.各个阶段PM2.5的日变化都基本呈现双峰态势.第一个峰值出现在08:00～10:00左右,RCEES站点颗粒物浓度为0.068 mg.m-3,JX站点浓度值为0.089 mg.m-3;另一个峰值出现在晚20:00～22:00左右,RCEES和JX站点颗粒物浓度为0.079 mg.m-3和0.083 mg.m-3,这主要与上班交通高峰导致的尾气排放污染和道路扬尘污染等有关.研究气象参数发现奥运期间与奥运前期气象条件无显著差异,属于高温高湿风力不大的典型北京夏季天气条件.奥运期间颗粒物浓度与温度呈显著正相关(P<0.01),而与风速、相对湿度及降水相关性不显著(P>0.05).而连续多年大气污染综合治理措施和奥运空气质量保障措施的实施,产生了显著环境效益.在自然因素相差不大的条件下,人为控制因素对奥运期间颗粒物的下降起到主导作用.     

The urban climate of Shanghai

Shanghai is the most important industrial and commercial city in China in terms of population and building density, consumption of energy and development rate. Meteorological data from the urban Shanghai Central Observatory over the last 100 years are combined with similar 20-year data sets from 10 nearby suburban and rural stations to analyse climatic impacts from Shanghai's urbanization.Results show its urban heat island effect is large and has enhanced with time. The effect is more obvious in urban-rural differences of annual mean minimum temperatures than in annual mean temperatures. During recent decades, the urban centre of Shanghai has experienced lower wind speeds, lower humidity, fewer fog days, fewer sunny days, increased low cloudiness and increased overcast days. Concurrent variations at nearby rural stations were dissimilar. Solar radiation in urban Shanghai shows accelerating decreases of both direct solar radiation (S) and global radiation, but increase of both diffuse radiation (D) and average turbidity (D/S).     

Trace elements and rare earth elements in wet deposition of Lijiang, Mt. Yulong region, southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau

In order to investigate the compositions and wet deposition fluxes of trace elements and rare earth elements (REEs) in the precipitation of the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, 38 precipitation samples were collected from March to August in 2012 in an urban site of Lijiang city in the Mt. Yulong region. The concentrations of most trace elements and REEs were higher during the non-monsoon season than during the monsoon season, indicating that the lower concentrations of trace elements and REEs observed during monsoon had been influenced by the dilution effect of increased precipitation. The concentrations of trace elements in the precipitation of Lijiang city were slightly higher than those observed in remote sites of the Tibetan Plateau but much lower than those observed in the metropolises of China, indicating that the atmospheric environment of Lijiang city was less influenced by anthropogenic emissions, and, as a consequence, the air quality was still relatively good. However, the results of enrichment factor and principal component analysis revealed that some anthropogenic activities (e.g., the increasing traffic emissions from the rapid development of tourism) were most likely important contributors to trace elements, while the regional/local crustal sources rather than anthropogenic activities were the predominant contributors to the REEs in the wet deposition of Lijiang city. Our study was relevant not only for assessing the current status of the atmospheric environment in the Mt. Yulong region, but also for specific management actions to be implemented for the control of atmospheric inputs and the health of the environment for the future.     

Gaseous emissions from compressed natural gas buses in urban road and highway tests in China

The natural gas vehicle market is rapidly developing throughout the world, and the majority of such vehicles operate on compressed natural gas(CNG). However, most studies on the emission characteristics of CNG vehicles rely on laboratory chassis dynamometer measurements, which do not accurately represent actual road driving conditions. To further investigate the emission characteristics of CNG vehicles, two CNG city buses and two CNG coaches were tested on public urban roads and highway sections. Our results show that when speeds of 0–10 km/hr were increased to 10–20 km/hr, the CO_2, CO, nitrogen oxide(NO_x), and total hydrocarbon(THC) emission factors decreased by(71.6 ± 4.3)%,(65.6 ± 9.5)%,(64.9 ± 9.2)% and(67.8 ± 0.3)%, respectively. In this study, The Beijing city buses with stricter emission standards(Euro Ⅳ) did not have lower emission factors than the Chongqing coaches with Euro Ⅱ emission standards. Both the higher emission factors at 0–10 km/hr speeds and the higher percentage of driving in the low-speed regime during the entire road cycle may have contributed to the higher CO_2 and CO emission factors of these city buses. Additionally, compared with the emission factors produced in the urban road tests, the CO emission factors of the CNG buses in highway tests decreased the most(by 83.2%), followed by the THC emission factors, which decreased by 67.1%.