Estimation of PM_(10) in the trafc-related atmosphere for three road types in Beijing and Guangzhou,China

The levels of roadside PM10in Beijing, China, were investigated in 2011 and 2012 on a seasonal basis to estimate the population exposure to particulates for three road types. The measurements of PM10 were also conducted in the southern Chinese megacity of Guangzhou for comparison purposes. The results showed that roadside PM10in Beijing correlated strongly with the PM10background in the urban atmosphere. The levels of PM10in street canyons were markedly higher than those along the open roads and in crossroad areas because of limited ventilation. An elevation of PM10was observed in April, which was possibly due to the sand storms that frequently occur in the spring. Based on these observations, roadside PM10in Beijing could have multiple origins and was to some extent dispersiongoverned. In Guangzhou, the roadside PM10did not closely relate to the background values. The PM10 pollution was greatly afected by local trafc conditions. The simulation of PM10 for diferent road types was completed during the study period using the Motor Vehicle Emissions Factor Model(MOBILE6.2) as an emission model and the California Line Source Dispersion Model(CALINE4) and Operational Street Pollution Model(OSPM) as dispersion models. The MOBILE6.2/CALINE4 software package was demonstrated to be sufcient for the simulation of PM10in the open roads and crossroad areas in both Beijing and Guangzhou, and the simulation results of roadside PM10 in the street canyons by the MOBILE6.2/OSPM package were in close agreement with those of the measurements.     

长春市城市道路交通CO污染的空间分布模拟研究

在对CALINE4模式进行参数修正和模型验证的基础上,对长春市主要街路的日均ρ(CO)进行了模拟,得出了长春市机动车线源污染的空间分布特征.结果表明,长春市道路交通CO污染严重的区域主要集中在一环路以内.      

Estimation of PM10 in the traffic-related atmosphere for three road types in Beijing and Guangzhou, China

The levels of roadside PM10 in Beijing, China, were investigated in 2011 and 2012 on a seasonal basis to estimate the population exposure to particulates for three road types. The measurements of PM10 were also conducted in the southern Chinese megacity of Guangzhou for comparison purposes. The results showed that roadside PMlo in Beijing correlated strongly with the PM10 background in the urban atmosphere. The levels of PM10 in street canyons were markedly higher than those along the open roads and in crossroad areas because of limited ventilation. An elevation of PM10 was observed in April, which was possibly due to the sand storms that frequently occur in the spring. Based on these observations, roadside PM10 in Beijing could have multiple origins and was to some extent dispersion- governed. In Guangzhou, the roadside PM10 did not closely relate to the background values. The PM10 pollution was greatly affected by local traffic conditions. The simulation of PM10 for different road types was completed during the study period using the Motor Vehicle Emissions Factor Model （MOBILE6.2） as an emission model and the California Line Source Dispersion Model （CALINE4） and Operational Street Pollution Model （OSPM） as dispersion models. The MOBILE6.2/CALINE4 software package was demonstrated to be sufficient for the simulation of PM10 in the open roads and crossroad areas in both Beijing and Guangzhou, and the simulation results of roadside PM10 in the street canyons by the MOBILE6.2/OSPM package were in close agreement with those of the measurements.     

沈阳市冬季一次严重污染天气过程成因分析

为探讨沈阳市冬季重污染天气的初步成因。以2013年1月11日~16日沈阳市发生的一次严重污染天气为例,利用中国气象局的MICAPS系统和美国的HYSPLT模式,从污染形成的天气背景、污染物扩散受地形的影响情况以及外来污染物输送的气流轨迹等几方面综合分析,从而探讨此次严重污染过程的成因:长白山小高压和西部倒槽双重系统的控制下,地面吹东北风,风速较小,湿度大,不利于污染物的水平扩散;有较强接地逆温存在时,不利于污染物的垂直扩散,导致近地面污染物累积;受来自于北部和东北部低层气流的影响,将内蒙古、辽宁东北部的污染物携带到沈阳地区汇聚。     

沙尘天气过程对北京空气质量的影响

利用气象、沙尘暴特种观测以及环境监测等多种资料,对2010年3月19─22日沙尘天气过程的大气结构、沙尘源地和垂直水平输送条件以及北京近地层气象要素、空气质量的变化特征进行了分析. 结果表明:这次强沙尘暴天气过程是由冷空气短波槽快速东移南下、地面冷锋明显发展东移造成的;前期沙尘源地土壤湿度的减小为起沙提供了有利条件,同时低层存在的较强西北气流将从源地卷起的沙尘输送到下游地区;沙尘发生时,20 m气层内风速迅速增大,气层内垂直方向风速梯度也逐渐增大,相对湿度急剧降至20%～30%之间;受这次沙尘天气影响,北京地区ρ(TSP)以及10个区县的ρ(PM10)均迅速增加,空气质量达到重污染.      

Endosulfan in the Chinese environment: monitoring and modeling

This paper reviews the usage and emissions of endosulfan, the newest member of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs), in China, and its fate and behavior in Chinese environment. Endosulfan usage in China has been estimated to be approximately 25700 t between 1994 and 2004. Concentrations of endosulfan in different environmental compartments in China, such as air, soil, water, and biota, but focusing at air and surface soil, have been summarized. Concentrations of total endosulfan in surface soil across China were ranged from below detection limit (BDL) to 19000 pg·g⁻¹ dry weight (dw), with geometric mean of 120 pg·g⁻¹dw. The results indicated that endosulfan sulfate had highest concentration in Chinese soil, followed by β- and α-endosulfan. Air concentrations of endosulfan in China were ranged 0–340 pg·m⁻³ for α-endosulfan and 0–121 pg·m⁻³ for β-endosulfan, with high concentrations occurred in the cotton production areas. Gridded usage inventories of endosulfan on a fine gridded system with a 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution were compiled, from which, emission to air and residues in soil of endosulfan were calculated in each grid by using a modified simplified gridded pesticide emission and residue model (SGPERM), an integrated modeling system combining mathematical model, database management system, and geographic information system. Total emissions were around 10800 t from 1994 to 2004. Based on the emission and residue inventories, concentrations of α- and β-endosulfan in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were also calculated for each grid cell, which are in general consistent with the published monitoring data.     

地下水曝气修复过程的三维数值模拟

地下水曝气法是去除挥发性有机污染物的重要原位修复方法之一,目前已得到广泛应用,但其现场设计主要依据经验,缺乏系统的设计标准.为深入了解曝气去除污染物过程,并为现场设计提供重要参考依据,针对地下水曝气过程开展了数值模拟研究.水气两相渗流数值模型以水压力和气压力作为基本未知量,利用达西定律和质量守恒原理可以建立水气两相渗流过程的控制方程.利用Van Genuchten(VG)模型及Mualem公式,建立渗透系数-饱和度-基质吸力(K-S-P)三者之间的关系.污染物的去除过程则是在水气两相渗流的基础上,引入污染物的溶质运移、相间交换及生物降解模型.采用开发的有限元数值模型,对地下水曝气过程及污染物去除过程进行三维数值模拟,并将三维数值模拟的结果与二维数值模拟的结果进行对比.结果表明,三维模型的曝气影响区域偏小,在曝气口附近,水有效饱和度最小;在曝气口上方,水饱和度先增大后减小.考虑气体所受的浮力作用或不考虑气体可压缩性均会使计算得到的曝气影响区域偏小.污染物去除边界与曝气影响区域的边界基本一致,在曝气区域内,溶质交换过程大大促进了污染物的去除速率;在曝气区域外,污染物的去除主要通过生物降解作用,去除较慢.结果表明实际工程地下水曝气修复系统设计时,应使得曝气影响区域覆盖污染区域以得到较好的修复效果.研究结果表明,两相渗流模型结合污染物迁移转化模型的三维有限元数值模拟可以较好地模拟地下水曝气法去除污染物的全过程,对地下水曝气的设计、应用与效果评价具有重要指导意义.     

Development and case study of a science-based software platform to support policy making on air quality

This article describes the development and implementations of a novel software platform that supports real-time, science-based policy making on air quality through a user-friendly interface. The software, RSM-VAT, uses a response surface modeling(RSM) methodology and serves as a visualization and analysis tool(VAT) for three-dimensional air quality data obtained by atmospheric models. The software features a number of powerful and intuitive data visualization functions for illustrating the complex nonlinear relationship between emission reductions and air quality benefits. The case study of contiguous U.S.demonstrates that the enhanced RSM-VAT is capable of reproducing the air quality model results with Normalized Mean Bias 2% and assisting in air quality policy making in near real time.     

Physical and chemical processes of wintertime secondary nitrate aerosol formation

The UCD/CIT model was modified to include a process analysis (PA) scheme for gas and particulate matter (PM) to study the formation of secondary nitrate aerosol during a stagnant wintertime air pollution episode during the California Regional PM_2.5/PM₁₀ Air Quality Study (CRPAQS) where detailed measurements of PM components are available at a few sites. Secondary nitrate is formed in the urban areas from near the ground to a few hundred meters above the surface during the day with a maximum modeled net increase rate of 4 μg·m⁻³·d⁻¹ during the study episode. The secondary nitrate formation rate in rural areas is lower due to lower NO₂. In the afternoon hours, near-surface temperature can be high enough to evaporate the particulate nitrate. In the nighttime hours, both the gas phase N₂O₅ reactions with water vapor and the N₂O₅ heterogeneous reactions with particle-bound water are important for secondary nitrate formation. The N₂O₅ reactions are most import near the surface to a few hundred meters above surface with a maximum modeled net secondary nitrate increase rate of 1 μg·m⁻³·d⁻¹ and are more significant in the rural areas where the O₃ concentrations are high at night. In general, vertical transport during the day moves the nitrate formed near the surface to higher elevations. During the stagnant days, process analysis indicates that the nitrate concentration in the upper air builds up and leads to a net downward flux of nitrate through vertical diffusion and a rapid increase of surface nitrate concentration.     

Development and case study of a science-based software platform to support policy making on air quality

This article describes the development and implementations of a novel software platform that supports real-time, science-based policy making on air quality through a user-friendly interface. The software, RSM-VAT, uses a response surface modeling (RSM) methodology and serves as a visualization and analysis tool (VAT) for three-dimensional air quality data obtained by atmospheric models. The software features a number of powerful and intuitive data visualization functions for illustrating the complex nonlinear relationship between emission reductions and air quality benefits. The case study of contiguous U.S. demonstrates that the enhanced RSM-VAT is capable of reproducing the air quality model results with Normalized Mean Bias < 2% and assisting in air quality policy making in near real time.     

城市空气质量数值预报方法研究

城市空气质量数值预报,在时空分辨率和预报客观性方面具有明显优势,是未来城市空气质量预报的主要发展方向。以济南市为例,探索建立了一套较为成熟的城市空气质量数值预报方法。该方法采用高分辨率对流层化学模式系统为预报模式基础,同时根据济南市特点对模式系统进行修正,取得了较好的预报效果。此外,该模式系统由于能够较为准确地模拟城市范围内污染物的时空分布,在城市空气污染防治规划方面具有较为广泛的应用前景。     

Analytical model of metalworking fluid penetration into the flank contact zone in orthogonal cutting

Metalworking fluids (MWFs) are used widely in machining process to dissipate heat, lubricate moving surfaces, and clear chips. They have also been linked to a number of environmental and worker health problems. To reduce these impacts, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) sprays of MWF delivered in air or CO₂ have been proposed. MQL sprays can achieve performance comparable with conventional water-based or straight oil MWFs while only delivering a small fraction of the fluid. This performance advantage could be explained by the enhanced penetration into the cutting zone that results from delivering MWF in high pressure and precise sprays. To explore this hypothesis, an analytical model of MWF penetration into the flank face of the cutting zone is developed and validated using experimental data. The model is based on a derivation of the Navier–Stokes equation and the Reynolds equation for lubrication and applied to an orthogonal cutting geometry under steady-state conditions. A solution to the model is obtained using a numerical strategy of discretizing the analytical scheme with two-dimensional centered finite difference method. Penetration into the cutting zone is estimated for MQL sprays delivered in air, CO₂ and N₂ as well as two conventional MWFs, straight oil and semi-synthetic emulsion. The model suggests that conventional MWFs, do not penetrate the cutting zone fully and fail to provide direct cooling to the flank zone where wear is most likely to occur. MQL sprays do penetrate the cutting zone completely. Using convective heat transfer coefficients from a previous study, a finite element heat balance is carried out on the tool to understand how each fluid impacts temperature near the flank tip of the tool. The results of the modeling effort are consistent with experimental measurements of tool temperature during turning of titanium (6AL4V) using a K313 carbide tool. The prediction of temperature near the flank indicates that MQL sprays do suppress temperatures near the flank effectively. These results help explain the low levels of tool wear observed for some MQL sprays, particularly those based on high pressure CO₂. This modeling framework provides valuable insight into how lubricant delivery characteristics such as speed, viscosity, and cutting zone geometry can impact lubricant penetration.     

Modeling of air pollution from the power plant ash dumps

A simple model of air pollution from power plant ash dumps is presented, with emission rates calculated from the Bagnold formula and transport simulated by the ATDL type model. Moisture effects are accounted for by assumption that there is no pollution on rain days.Annual mean daily sedimentation rates, calculated for the area around the ‘Nikola Tesla’ power plants near Belgrade for 1987, show reasonably good agreement with observations.     

The investigation of air quality and acid rain over the Gulf of Mexico

A research cruise was conducted in the summer of 1986 by a group of scientist from the U.S.A. and Mexico to investigate air chemistry over the Gulf of Mexico. Chemical, physical, meteorological and oceanographic measurements were carried out to survey temporal and spatial variations of diverse parameters throughout the Gulf. Emphases were placed on air-sea-land exchange of gases and aerosols, natural air quality, transport of anthropogenic air pollution, and acid rain deposition to the Gulf. Although the prevailing winds were easterly from the sea during the cruise, the air was highly polluted with continental aerosols, probably caused by local shifting winds and the oscillation between sea breeze and land breeze. Aerosol number concentrations were measured from 10⁵ cm⁻³ at ports to 10³ cm⁻³ in the open Gulf. The average aerosol mass concentration was ∼25μg M⁻³, consisting of 60% insoluble crustal particles that contained Si, Al, Fe; 30% seasalt particles that contained Na⁺ and Cl⁻; and 10% anthropogenic sulfate and nitrate particles. Samples of rain water collected near the coast were acidic (pH ∼4). The concentrations of dimethyl sulfide correlated with bio-particle concentrations in surface seawater and could be a significant precursor of atmospheric SO₄²⁻ particles. The life cycles of the aerosols in the Gulf, including sources, transport, transformation, and wet and dry deposition are discussed.     

IrO2/Ta2O5-石墨电Fenton降解对硝基酚的研究

采用最高的电化学稳定性钛基镀IrO2/Ta2O5为阳极,以石墨为阴极,通过外加Fe2+,构成一种新的高效电Fenton体系对难降解有机物对硝基酚(4NP)废水进行了降解研究。在最佳工艺条件:恒电流0.3A,Na2SO4浓度3g/L,Fe2+浓度为1mmoL/L,曝气量40mL/min,初始pH为5.30对100mg/L的4NP电解2h,COD去除率达84%。并且钛基镀IrO2/Ta2O5阳极相对于目前常用的Pt、PbO2等阳极具有特有的优势,为废水处理中选择新型阳极材料和新的反应体系提供了新思路。     

Removal of reactive gases at indoor surfaces: Combining mass transport and surface kinetics

The rate of deposition of reactive gaseous pollutants onto indoor surfaces is examined, taking into account mass transport processes and the kinetics of gas-surface interactions. A conceptual model for predicting indoor deposition velocities is proposed, and approximate analysis based on this model is used to obtain algebraic expressions for the deposition velocity of reactive gases under three model airflow conditions: (1) forced laminar convection parallel to a flat plate, (2) laminar natural convection flow along an isothermal vertical plate, and (3) homogeneous turbulence in an enclosure. Numerical simulations are used to refine the approximate analysis results and to predict reactive gas deposition under laminar natural convection flow in an enclosure. The kinetics of gas-surface interactions are modeled in terms of the reaction probability γ, defined as the fraction of pollutant molecular collisions with a surface that result in irreversible removal. Values of γ for the reaction of ozone with surfaces are obtained from published reaction chamber and tube penetration experiments. For common indoor materials, values range from as low as O(10⁻⁷) for glass and aluminium to O(10⁻⁵–10⁻⁴) for materials such as bricks, concrete and latex paint. Our results indicate that ozone deposition occurs at the transport-limited rate when γ > − 3 × 10⁻⁴ for typical indoor air flow conditions, and that ozone deposition can be predicted by surface kinetics alone if γ < ∼ 5 × 10⁻⁷.     

通风管道内负离子传输的数值模拟及试验验证

为能有效去除通风管道系统内颗粒及气溶胶微生物,解决通风空调系统因长期使用而缺少维护和清洁,造成气溶胶微生物在系统里滋生进而形成对人体有害的生物气溶胶病原体细菌等问题,采用欧拉方法建立模拟通风管道内负离子输运过程及分布的数值模型.通过数值模拟和试验测量VI-2500型负离子发生器安装在0.2 m×0.2 m通风管道内送风速度为3～6 m/s时的负离子浓度,验证数值模型的准确性并分析负离子在通风管道内的分布规律.结果表明,负离子的模拟预测值与试验测量值误差很小.送风速度为3 m/s时,风管内负离子浓度的最低值和平均值分别为9.15×109和2.39×109 ions/m3,送风速度为6 m/s时,相应为2.37×1010和6.83×109 ions/m3.通风管道内负离子浓度随送风速度的增加而升高,送风速度一定时,通风管道内负离子浓度沿风速方向逐渐降低.当送风速度低至3 m/s时,风管内负离子浓度最低或平均值仍然可以达到有效净化细菌的负离子浓度最低数量级的推荐值(108～1010 ions/m3).研究显示,负离子数值模型能准确预测VI-2500型负离子发生器在0.2 m×0.2 m风管中产生的负离子浓度,并且发生器产生的负离子浓度能满足4.5 m长风管的净化要求.      

Evaluating cost and benefit of air pollution control policies in China: A systematic review

China has put great efforts into air pollution control over the past years and recently committed to its most ambitious climate target. Cost and benefit analysis has been widely used to evaluate the control policies in terms of past performance, future reduction potential,and direct and indirect impacts. To understand the cost and benefit analysis for air pollution control in China, we conducted a bibliometric review of more than 100 studies published over the past two decades, including the cur...     

ISC3模式对高架点源输入参数的探讨

为分析ISC3模式中参变量的相对重要性及各参变量对模式预测结果的影响程度,采用2000年北京市全年气象统计资料,利用ISC3模拟火电厂高架点源排放,对应用广泛的ISC3空气质量模式进行了误差和灵敏度分析,结果表明:高架点源预测过程中,源强、风速、混合层高度和稳定度类型对模拟结果影响较显著,且为全程影响;排放温度、排放速度和环境温度在近距离影响较显著,对于远距离影响较小。     

The characterization and comparison of ozone exposure indices used in assessing the response of loblolly pine to ozone

Using the 1988 and 1989 experimental results obtained for two loblolly pine half-sibling families (GAKR 15–23 and GAKR 15–91) at the Auburn University intensive field research site, we: (1) explored the performance of a set of exposure indices; (2) characterized the ambient air and charcoal-filtered air treatments at Auburn and compared the values of the O₃ exposure indices with those values calculated for ambient O₃ monitors for a select set of sites; (3) identified and characterized O₃ treatments in the Auburn open-top exposure chambers where an adverse effect was noted; and (4) identified where such experimental exposure regimes occurred under ambient conditions. We found that the SUMO exposure index did not perform adequately. We were unable to distinguish among the performances of the SUM06, W126, and SUM08 exposure indices. The results of the analyses of six estimated logistic parameters for a model of diameter² × height (d²h) vs time indicated O₃ effects for both families. At pH 4.3 (near ambient conditions), a response to O₃ was detected in the NF × 2.5 treatments for both families for t₂, the approximate time of maximum growth during the second year. Using ln (final d²h), family 23 did not show O₃ effects. A comparison of the exposures experienced in the NF × 2.5 treatments with those occurring under ambient conditions at other locations showed that in 1983 and 1986, the San Bernardino County (CA) site experienced O₃ exposures similar to those values experienced at the NF × 2.5 treatments in 1989.