Comparison of some atmospheric chemical modeling schemes

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Accurate prediction of air quality response to emissions for effective control policy design

Designing effective control policy requires accurate quantification of the relationship between the ambient concentrations of O₃and PM_2.5and the emissions of their precursors.However,the challenge is that precursor reduction does not necessarily lead to decreases in the concentrations of O₃and PM_2.5,which are formed by multiple precursors under complex physical and chemical processes;this calls for the development of advanced model technologies to prov...     

A multiscale finite element pollutant transport scheme for urban and regional modeling

Accurately describing the transport from urban to regional areas, and vice versa, is necessary for effective emission control strategies. However, this task is complicated by the need to use a fine spatial scale in cities to resolve the steep concentration gradients, and the desire to use a coarser scale in rural areas for computational efficiency. A multiscale transport scheme is developed for use in multiscale air quality models. This Petrov-Galerkin finite element scheme accommodates a fine-grid mesh within a coarse-grid mesh. Spurious waves are eliminated locally, without loss of high-order accuracy, by applying a mass-conservative smoothing filter. Some aliasing errors are observed due to the changes in the mesh size. Nevertheless, the scheme performs bettern than others used for following the transport of pollutants in regional models and has the added advantage of accurately describing the transition from urban to rural areas, and vice versa.     

典型耦合优化算法在源项反演中的对比研究

突发大气污染事故中,污染源的快速、准确确定是应急处置的基础.为研究有效的源项评估方法,本文基于美国草原外场SO₂释放实验,利用GA-PSO、GA-NM、PSO-NM 3种耦合算法,分别与高斯点源烟羽扩散模型结合,对源强和位置等污染源参数进行反演与对比,并从算法结构与大气扩散条件方面进行反演效果差异分析.结果表明,从源强反演角度看,PSO-NM反演结果的准确性最高、稳定性最强,平均误差（11.3%）与平均标准偏差（0.7g/s）明显低于GA-NM（16.4%、13.3g/s）与GA-PSO（29.0%、26.6g/s）.从位置反演角度看,PSO-NM的反演结果最为稳定,反演的平均标准偏差（0.29m）明显低于GA-NM（3.20m）与GA-PSO（3.03m）算法;在不稳定和中性扩散条件下,PSO-NM算法的位置反演准确性最高,误差为4.97m;但在稳定扩散条件下,GA-NM的位置反演误差（7.69m）最小.从反演效率角度看,PSO-NM与GA-NM反演时间最短,更适用于污染源的快速确定.     

集对分析法在大气环境质量评价中的应用

在集对分析原理的基础上,建立集对分析方法评价大气环境质量的新模型。通过实例研究,与模糊综合评判法、属性识别法以及改性属性识别法比较,集对分析方法评价模型严谨,计算简便,评价结果更合理、精细、稳定,为大气环境质量综合评价提供了一种简单而适用的评价方法。     

A numerical scheme for the integration of the gas-phase chemical rate equations in three-dimensional atmospheric models

A numerical integration scheme, designed for the gas-phase chemistry module in a 3D regional tropospheric chemistry model, is presented. Species in the chemical system are partitioned into “slow” and “fast” species, according to their lifetime under typical atmospheric conditions. A Newton-Raphson iterative scheme (implicit) is used for the fast species, while an explicit scheme is used for the slow ones. The hybrid implicit/explicit approach is tested against the Gear integration scheme for several rural and urban conditions (with and without emission/deposition). Comparisons with an exponential approximation scheme are also presented. The present integration scheme is shown to be accurate and efficient. With a 30 min integration step, the implicit/explicit scheme is at least 10-times faster than the Gear integration (with an equivalent integration step).     

WRF模式最优参数化方案在不同空气质量模式的应用

精准的气象场和适用的空气质量模式是优化大气污染模拟的重要途径.为提升四川盆地冬季大气污染模拟效果,利用WRF模式25组参数化方案组合,进行气象场模拟试验,基于最优方案数据,以四川盆地某大型钢铁厂为例,分别驱动AERMOD模式和CALPUFF模式,通过研究区域4个国控站数据对模拟结果进行对比验证.结果表明,WRF模式参数化方案选取对地面风场、高空风场和地面湿度场模拟效果影响较大,对地面温度场、高空温度场和高空湿度场模拟效果影响较小,SLAB陆面过程方案、 Dudhia短波辐射方案分别与YSU、 ACM2、 BouLac和MRF边界层方案的组合,均能较好地模拟四川盆地冬季地面风场、温度场和湿度场的变化趋势,结合高空风温湿统计参数综合分析可知,第1组方案适用于达州气象场模拟,第13组和第17组方案分别适用于成都白天和夜间时段气象场模拟.CALPUFF模拟结果与监测值的相关性整体优于AERMOD,从站点角度分析,CALPUFF在国控站3号的模拟效果相较AERMOD提升较大,在国控站2号的模拟效果提升较小,从大气污染物角度分析,4个国控站CALPUFF对NO_x和PM     

区域空气质量模拟中查表法的应用研究

在自行开发完善的区域空气质量模式系统RegSRRMS中应用查表法,模拟中国典型城市群对流层大气主要污染物的浓度变化,评估该方法在大气复合污染事件预测和控制中的有效性.首先,利用具有国际先进水平的空气质量模式WRF-CHEM中的化学模块建立了包含完善气相化学、气溶胶过程的箱模式WRFBOX.其次,利用WRFBOX进行化学反应敏感性分析,基于影响污染物的重要因子分别建立了臭氧(O3)及其前体物、无机盐气溶胶和二次有机气溶胶(SOA)查算表数据库,并检验其有效性.最后,将此查算表数据库引入RegSRRMS,建立简化的查表算法.利用直接耦合机制法和查表法对2000年3月珠三角地区污染个例中主要大气污染物浓度进行模拟.通过比较2种方法的模拟结果,显示查表法计算效率提高了57%,能够反映大气光化学反应的非线性特征、气溶胶及其前体物的平衡关系,具有高分辨率、高时效性,能够方便快捷地给出源和受体之间的响应关系,结果可靠.在区域空气质量模式中应用查表法有利于大气污染事件的快速预测以及大气污染控制的快速决策.     

基于组合赋权集对分析的空气质量评价——以长沙市为例

空气质量评价是大气环境综合治理的重要基础,合理、科学地对空气质量进行评价,才能做出精确的治理规划和制定有效的治理措施,为大气环境管理提供依据.提出一种基于组合赋权集对分析的空气质量评价方法.该方法首先采用超标倍数法和熵值法分别确定空气质量各评价指标的权重,然后根据离差平方和最小原理建立优化模型确定各评价指标最终的组合权...     

基于PM2.5监测点空间聚类的关中五市空气污染区域识别

区域大气污染联防联控是空气质量管理的重要举措,准确识别空气污染区域对联防联控措施有重大意义.本研究采用陕西省关中五市（西安、咸阳、宝鸡、渭南、铜川）国控和省控全部90个监测点的小时级PM_2.5浓度监测数据,运用邻接约束层次聚类方法对监测点进行空间聚类,并利用泰森多边形和曲线平滑等技术识别空气污染区域.结果表明：1关中五市空气污染存在跨行政区划的区域性特征,本研究识别出2个特征显著不同的空气污染区域（区域1和区域2）;2区域2的PM_2.5浓度在统计上显著高于区域1,且重度和严重污染天数也显著高于区域1;3空气污染区域与地形特征关系密切,区域1均为高海拔区县,而区域2均为低海拔区县.依据空气污染区域的不同特征,在区域污染程度存在显著差异时,应当采取不同等级的污染防控措施,以减少对关中五市43%的国土面积、23个区县、639万人及3355亿元国内生产总值的影响,使区域空气污染防控措施更加科学、合理与精准.同时,空气污染区域的划分对缺失数据和不同空气污染等级表现稳健.     

应用模糊数学评价南充市大气环境质量

运用模糊数学方法,选用SO2、PM10、NO2、作为评价因子,参照大气环境质量标准,通过计算污染因子权重分配系数和隶属度对南充市各个城区,以及南充市总体大气环境质量给出客观的评价,结果为:南充市各个城区以及南克市总体大气环境质量均在安全级水平(三级),均未达到国家二级标准.并对模糊数学评价方法和大气污染防治措施进行讨论,认为模糊数学评价方法更为客观准确,提出了大气污染的区域性、整体性的特点以及大气污染防治的综合治理方法.     

Numerical simulation study on air quality in aircraft cabins

Air pollution is one of the main factors that affect the air quality in aircraft cabins, and the use of different air supply modes could influence the distribution of air pollutants in cabins. Based on the traditional ceiling air supply mode used on the B737NG, this study investigated another 3 different kinds of air supply modes for comparison: luggage rack air supply mode, joint mode combining ceiling and luggage rack air supply, and joint mode combining ceiling and individual air supply. Under the above 4 air supply modes, the air velocity, temperature and distribution of air pollutants in a cabin full of passengers were studied using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) and formaldehyde were selected as 2 kinds of representative air pollutants. The simulation results show that the joint mode combining ceiling and individual air supply can create a more uniform distribution of air velocity and temperature, has a better effect on the removal of CO₂ and formaldehyde, and can provide better air quality in cabins than the other 3 modes.     

城市环境PM2.5空间分布监测方法研究进展

随着城市化和工业化的发展,城市环境中日益增多的PM_(2.5)对人类健康造成了严重威胁。本文旨在分析总结目前PM_(2.5)空间分布的相关监测方法以及空气质量预测模型。当下,PM_(2.5)浓度的监测不仅涉及大气化学、污染物的源解析、大气化学运输模型、线性及非线性空气质量模拟等方面,还涉及地理信息系统与卫星遥感等新技术的运用。本文在比较传统PM_(2.5)监测与新型监测方法不同的基础上,分析了各自的优劣,为空气质量监测提供建议和指导。     

济南市大气污染物时空变化及预测分析

大气污染影响生产生活和人体健康,了解大气污染物时空分布特征及污染源是大气污染治理的基础和前提。基于济南市2014-2018年空气质量实时监测数据,主要污染物浓度数据和气象要素数据,运用相关分析法和BP神经网络预测模型,分析了济南市大气污染物时空分布特征及污染物来源,并对济南市6种主要污染物进行预测。结果表明:在时间维度上,空气质量呈逐年好转趋势,季节上则表现出冬季污染最严重,夏季最轻,采暖期污染物浓度远远高于非采暖期的特点;从日变化看,上下班高峰段是污染最严重时段。在空间维度上,城市外围污染较为严重,市区污染相对较轻。在污染物成分上,PM₁₀逐渐成为颗粒物污染的主体。通过济南市污染物浓度预测结果,分析未来3年内污染物浓度变化情况,进一步提出合理优化的污染治理方案来改善济南市大气污染状况。     

环境空气质量综合指数评价方法探讨

目前,空气质量评价方法通常用指标评价法和综合指数评价法,与指标评价法相比指数评价法使评价结果更为客观。本文试图通过对综合污染指数法做一定修正,探讨一种更加科学客观的评价方法,结果表明：评价结果与环境空气质量实际情况能较好吻合。     

A nonlinear filtering algorithm for multi-dimensional finite element pollutant advection schemes

A nonlinear filter is developed for use with finite element methods in solving the atmospheric diffusion equation. Usually, high-order accurate finite element methods lead to ripples near sharp gradients. This is an undesirable feature in air quality modeling. The filter eliminates these ripples by adding artificial diffusion along the direction of the streamlines. Since it is applied only in regions where the ripples are located, the accuracy of the solution is maintained. Here, the filter was used with the streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin method. It displayed good performance characteristics in the standard rotating puff test, and in a new test where the angular velocity profile is parabolic. It did not cause excessive crosswind diffusion that was present in a previously developed two-dimensional filter, or Forester filters applied to one-dimensional, spatially split algorithms. The new test problem was designed specifically to show that the rotating puff test may not always be the appropriate test to evaluate the performance of transport schemes, especially those that split the horizontal transport into one-dimensional operators. As expected, a one-dimensional splitting scheme (Chapeau function) displayed worse performance than fully two-dimensional schemes under more severe conditions of the new test problem.     

Stochastic simulation of diurnal variations of CO,NO and NO2 concentrations in occupied residences

A stochastic approach to the problem of incorporating variable emission events in indoor air quality models is proposed. A nonstationary Poisson process is used to account for the occurrence of range-top burner use. The combination of this emission event sequence with a simple one-compartment mass-balance model results in output that qualitatively agrees with measured concentrations in two occupied townhouses. Improved monitoring of stove usage times, gas flow rates and emission factors under field conditions would allow more effective estimation of model input parameters and more accurate prediction of concentration distributions.     

An overview of emissions trading and its prospects in Hong Kong

With the approval of the Chinese central government, the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) decided to participate in a regional emissions trading (ET) pilot scheme in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. This scheme, instead of aiming to curb global warming, is geared mostly toward reducing air pollutant (that is, SO₂, NO_x, RSP, and VOCs) emissions by 20–55% by 2010, thus improving air quality in the region. Both the HKSAR and the Guangdong Provincial Governments will impose emission caps on their respective power plants in the region and allocate emissions credits to them. This study explores the background of this regional ET scheme and correlates it with the emissions reduction scenario to provide more details for assessing its applicability to Hong Kong and Guangdong Province. Although practicing ET in the PRD region presents many challenges, establishing an appropriate ET scheme is of paramount importance for Hong Kong, as well as other cities in the PRD region, to achieve a sustainable air quality.     

边界层方案对山西冬季一次静稳天气PM_(2.5)浓度模拟的影响

准确的空气质量数值预报模式依赖于精确的气象条件模拟,尤其依赖于大气边界层的准确模拟.为理解边界层过程如何影响空气污染物的传输与混合,利用WRF-Chem模式不同边界层方案(YSU和MYJ)进行敏感性试验,针对山西冬季典型静稳天气,对地面温度场、地面风场、PM_(2.5)浓度及边界层内部的动力和热力层结进行模拟分析,并与观测资料进行对比,分析不同PBL方案对于气象要素和PM_(2.5)浓度分布的模拟能力,探讨边界层内部热力层结和湍流输送差异对PM_(2.5)浓度模拟的影响.结果表明:2种边界层方案均能较好模拟出冬季静稳天气背景下地面温度、风速及PM_(2.5)浓度的空间分布和日变化特征,气温模拟的较大误差主要出现在夜间,而地面风速和PM_(2.5)浓度的模拟结果在午后误差较大;相对于YSU方案,局地MYJ方案模拟的温度、风场和PM_(2.5)浓度的误差更小,模拟结果更接近于实况观测.地面PM_(2.5)浓度的模拟误差可能与近地面逆温层、混合层及地面风速等的模拟误差有关;不同边界层参数化方案导致的边界层内热力层结和湍流输送的模拟差异,可能是影响近地面PM_(2.5)浓度模拟差异的主要原因;夜间MYJ方案逆温层厚度较厚,地面PM_(2.5)模拟浓度较低;午后MYJ方案混合层高度较低,加之地面风速较弱,导致地面PM_(2.5)模拟浓度较高.     

大型气候环境实验室空气处理系统方案探讨

目的探讨适用于大型气候环境实验室的空气处理系统方案。方法从大型气候环境实验室空气处理系统的功能出发,探讨循环风系统、新风系统和空气补偿系统方案,并对各系统的工作流程和优劣进行分析,在此基础上提出优化的集成空气处理系统方案。结果循环风系统采用串联风道比并联风道能更好地保证极限温湿度指标和均匀性指标,循环风系统与空气补偿系统集成方案优于两个个独立系统方案、具备可行性。结论该空气处理系统方案适用于大型气候环境实验室。