气候舒适度的体感分级：季节锚点法与中国案例

气候舒适度对人居环境和人类活动具有深远影响,相关的评价模型/指数在建筑设计、城市规划、人体健康和旅游发展等领域有着广泛应用。体感分级标准作为气候舒适度评价模型不可或缺的关键环节,对模型效度有着重要的裁量权,也是实践应用中最终的度量衡工具。目前体感分级标准研究和应用中异地套用和局地实测的传统做法,在制定国家尺度普适性标准时遇到较大瓶颈。本文试图提出包含“定级—定名—定点—定宽”等基本环节的“季节锚点法”这一新的体感分级思路,并基于中国1981-2010年间814个基本（基准）气象站点的日值气象数据,以温湿指数和风效指数为例开展了实证研究。研究给出了“暑—热—暖—温—凉—冷—寒”这一针对中国区域的7级体感划分标准,并具体给出了温湿指数和风效指数在各体感等级上的阈值区间,进而在此基础计算评价了中国气候舒适期和不舒适期的时间长短、空间格局及其历时变化,得到一些有益发现。未来的研究可以进一步就细分人群、测试模型和区域差异等方面的体感分级标准开展更多深入探索。     

Indoor climate and thermal comfort in high-rise public housing in an equatorial climate: A field-study in Singapore

Urban residential development in Singapore has been focussed on clusters of high-rise public housing known locally as ‘new towns’. Indoor climatic conditions were assessed in a sample of 214 flats in the new towns. Also a sample of 583 occupants were interviewed about their experiences of thermal comfort. Separate body-environment heat-balances were estimated for each respondent and these data were input to the PMV (ISO 7730) mathematical model of thermal comfort. The operative temperature actually preferred by the respondents was about 1°C cooler than the mean value of 29.6°C recorded in their flats. However, their empirically derived temperature preference was about 2°C warmer than the value predicted by the PMV model and ISO standard. Processes of physiological acclimatization and perceptual habituation are put forward as possible explanations for the discrepancy between temperate climate comfort theory and actual human response in the tropics. The implications for energy conservation in tropical cities are also discussed.     

Aspects of the variation in some characteristics of radiation budget within the urban canopy of Ibadan

Inadvertent modification of climate is at various levels. The aspect of the effect of urbanization on climate is a crucial one. Cognizant of the direct effect of climatic modification on human health, human comfort and energy use, and the dearth of information on climatic parameters in urban areas of the tropical cities, this study was initiated to examine the variation of some aspects of radiation budget in Ibadan.Basic information is given about the state of the urban textural characteristics. The data were collected in two ways, guided by the nature of urban characteristics. Firstly, urban-rural comparison of the characteristics of global radiation, albedo and net radiation was carried out by comparing information from a rural station with those from two urban stations. Secondly, automobile traverse surveys were conducted on different days across the major land uses from suburban locations. Only data on net radiation were collected during the auto-traverses.Results of investigation revealed that global radiation and albedo were less at the urban centres by an average of about 9–15% and 12–20%, respectively, while the net radiation was higher at the urban centres than at the rural station, by about 8–20%.Factors of urbanization like reduction in sky view, atmospheric pollution, change in surface texture, modification of wind characteristics as caused by urban artifacts, amongst others, were postulated as the major causes of the urban-rural difference in radiation budget.     

The high climatic quality city of the future

In the future most of the world's population will live in urban areas and there also most economic activities will be concentrated. This will lead to enormous environmental and climatological problems, unless urban planners and architects develop a new urban planning strategy and building design methods, which will enable the continuation of the growth of urban areas and also enable its population to live and work in a good climatic environment. To achieve this goal this article presents a new comprehensive climatological and environmental urban planning concept. This concept includes the new term of “climate quality”, which is no less important in the urban space than is air quality. The combination of using alternative energy sources together with integrating climatological factors in all urban planning levels will lead to an expected improved climatic and environmental quality of the urban area.     

餐饮业建筑功能规划及设施建设的环保问题思考

在酒店厨房工程设计和施工的实践工作基础上,对目前城市餐饮建设项目现状与居民生活环境之间存在的矛盾加以归纳、分析,根据问题现状,分别从城市餐饮业建筑功能规划、餐饮业厨房建筑设施建设相关的环保问题及全民参与环境保护等方面提出具体的解决对策。     

香港及珠三角地区MODIS高分辨率气溶胶光学厚度的反演

为了有效解决地区性和城市范围内的气溶胶分布并反演陆地上气溶胶的性质,一种针对中分辨率成像光谱辐射计(MODIS)的气溶胶反演新算法应运而生.本文首先通过改良的最小反射率技术(MRT)来确定季节性的地表反射率和利用瑞利通道辐射率中解析出大气上气溶胶的反射率来估计气溶胶的反射系数.结果表明,MRT地表反射率的图像和MODIS地表反射系数的产品(MOD09)有很好的契合度.两者的相关系数高达0.9.此外,考虑到不同气溶胶的光学性质和太阳观测组合对计算辐射传输的影响,本研究还制定了全面广泛的差算表(LUT).由此产生的卫星500m分辨率的气溶胶光学厚度(AOT)和香港太阳光度计(AERONET)及MicrotopsⅡ观测资料的相关系数r分别为0.96和0.87(相伴概率值P<0.0001).该研究证明了城区高分辨率气溶胶反演的可行性,还能帮助研究气溶胶的分布和城区大气瞬态污染的影响.此外,MODIS 500m分辨率的气溶胶光学厚度图像还可用于研究跨境气溶胶,使定位珠江三角洲区域污染源变得可行.     

近60 a北方沿海城市人居环境气候舒适性评价——以辽宁省为例

我国北方沿海地区一直被认为是人居环境气候舒适性最佳区域之一。以辽宁沿海城市为例,利用1951-2010年气候资料,在分析区域气候变化特征的背景下,选用人体舒适度评价人居环境气候舒适性,并探讨其影响因素。结果表明:①近60 a来,该地区气候变化基本特征呈明显的升温趋势,降水、风速和相对湿度则为下降趋势,各气象要素在1960-1980年时段分别发生明显的突变;②一年中的4-10月属于感觉舒适状态,其中6-9月为最舒适月份,大连市是辽宁沿海人居环境气候舒适性最好的城市;③气温和风速是影响辽宁沿海城市气候舒适性的主要因素,R/S分析预测表明未来气温将继续升高,降水量和相对湿度及风速将延续现有的减少趋势,人体舒适度指数将继续升高,四季气候舒适性将发生改变。鉴于城市发展、气候变化和人居环境气候舒适性之间的相互作用关系,未来应当积极应对全球气候变化,并减少人类活动对气候的影响。     

基于气候调节的城市通风道探析

近年来,夏季炎热的气候和愈来愈强的热岛效应使城市饱受因挠,而城市设计策略中缺乏有效的生态规划方法来解决目前存在的问题,城市对炎热气候的适应性不足。论文在利用CFD(计算流体动力学)技术进行实例模拟分析的基础上,重点介绍了一种在城市尺度进行节能设计的新方法:在城市中建立多种形式的通风道,提高城市的通风和排热能力,以达到利用自然资源和有效的规划方式降低夏季城市“热岛”温度、节约能源的目的。文中详细论述了通风道的可行性和必要性、营建方式、注意原则等问题,并进行了一系列的计算机风场模拟研究。     

呼和浩特市空气污染潜势预报方法研究

利用1995～1997和2000年资料，统计分析了呼市边界层气象条件和影响呼市地区的天气系统，寻找出了城市污染与天气的关系，据此研究制定了有利和不利于污染物扩散的天气形势和气象要素指标，给出了不同污染物的空气质量等级判据，从而建立了呼市污染潜势预报方法。     

THE CLIMATO-ECOLOGICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF THE “MANMADE COMMUNITIES” OF TROPICAL PERENNIAL CROPS ON HAINAN ISLAND, CHINA

<正> According to the leading national classification of the climate of China, given by B. Huang (revised version 1986), Hainan falls into the tropical climatic realm, subdivided into a "peripheral tropical" type for the northern part and a "middle tropical" type for the southern part of the island. While all-year-round frost-free conditions define the tropics in general, the 20t-isotherm for the coldest month represents the boundary between the peripheral tropical and middle tropical types. Compared to the tropical climate in general, Hainan experiences distinctly lower winter temperatures which thus result in a larger annual temperature variation. In terms of precipitation, Hainan records a long rainy season through the southwest monsoon and typhoon seasons from May until October while winter precipitation is comparably lower. Representing two agroclimatic hazards, strong typhoon winds and cold waves seriously affect Hainan. Although to be defined as "marginal tropica-1", the climatic conditions on Hainan     

The International Boreal Forest Research Association: Understanding Boreal Forests and Forestry in a Changing World

Boreal forests represent a biome of the planet whose unique characteristics are changing rapidly under the influence of both human and natural pressures. These forests hold the key to current and future supply of coniferous industrial wood and at the same time play a significant role in regulating Earth's climatic system. Expected to be one of the most rapidly impacted regions of the world by future climate change, the boreal biome has already been substantially affected by global change. It is likely that if unabated, continued change will lead to impoverishment and degradation of boreal ecosystems, with consequent loss of vital services upon which human society depends. An improved systems understanding of the functioning of circumpolar boreal forests is a pressing challenge for boreal forest science and is needed in order to estimate their resilience to perturbations, to predict likely responses to the changing environment, and to design mitigation strategies. With such understanding, coordinated international efforts can be focused on developing anticipatory strategies for adaptation to, and mitigation of dangerous consequences of global change for boreal resources. The International Boreal Forest Research Association (IBFRA) provides a focus for international research on these issues and serves as a global window for boreal forest science and sustainable forest management in the boreal region.     

国内外雨水、污水和中水在城市绿地系统中的应用进展及发展现状

由于人口增加,城市化程度加快,水资源短缺日趋加剧,文章依据可持续发展理念,提出雨水、污水和中水在城市绿地系统中的应用,对指导城市供水、用水、节水、污水处理和水资源保护,促进城市水系统的良性循环有重要作用;指出它能充分发挥生产潜力,使资源最佳化,非常适合建设节约型城市,具有广阔的应用前景;并对国内外雨水、污水和中水在城市绿地系统中的应用方法及相关实例进行了综述,是环境保护中最具说服力的应用事例,旨在使人们形成节约资源、尊重自然的生态观念。     

Assessing potential future urban heat island patterns following climate scenarios,socio-economic developments and spatial planning strategies

Climate change and urban development will exacerbate current urban heat island effects. While most studies acknowledge the importance of projected temperature increases for raising urban temperatures, little attention is paid to the impacts of future changes in urbanisation patterns. Yet, steering urban development may be an effective strategy to further limit increases in the intensity and spreading of the urban heat island effect. We describe a method that allows exploring the impact of urban development scenarios on the urban heat island effect. This paper starts with a basic analysis of the strength of this effect in a temperate climate under relatively favourable conditions based on data from amateur weather stations and own observations. It explains local variation in observed temperatures and quantifies how the urban heat island effect may develop in the coming 30 years. Using the obtained relations, we assess potential future changes building on existing scenarios of climatic and socio-economic changes and a land use simulation model. Our measurements for the Amsterdam region in the Netherlands indicate that the urban heat island effect induces maximum temperature differences with the surrounding countryside of over 3 °C on moderately warm summer days. The simulations of potential future changes indicate that strong local temperature increases are likely due to urban development. Climate change will, on average, have a limited impact on these changes. Large impacts can, however, be expected from the combination of urban development and potentially more frequent occurrences of extreme climatic events such as heat waves. Spatial planning strategies that reduce the lateral spread of urban development will thus greatly help to limit a further increase in urban heat island values.     

强烈风化条件下玄武岩发育土壤的元素地球化学特征

海南岛地处热带,晚第三纪以来喷发的玄武岩上广泛发育铁铝土。土壤剖面的常量元素、微量元素、化学风化指标及元素迁移率的研究表明:(1)土壤Al2O3、Fe2O3、SiO2和TiO2元素富集,水溶型元素强烈淋失,高CIA值和低ba值均显示其经历强烈的化学风化作用;(2)元素含量和元素迁移率的计算结果显示,温带难迁移的Ti、Zr、Hf和Nb等元素在高温多雨的热带环境下也会发生强烈的淋失,究其原因主要受湿热环境下高有机质含量和强酸性条件影响;(3)Fe、Al、Cu和Ni等元素的迁移则反映了基岩发育土壤自下而上的风化渐进特征;(4)表层土壤K、Na和Sr元素的强烈富集则与大气沉降有关。     

离奇的城市人造风

通过对建筑的高层化影响定义了城市人造风的产生,从城市人造风的成因,评价与控制等多方面对城市人造风进行简要分析和讨论。并提出控制在城市总体规划、绿地的主要分量、街道走向等方面;利用这个通风渠道净化污染物,提高城市环境的舒适度。     

基于环境保护探讨城市公园设计研究

针对基于环境保护探讨城市公园设计,介绍了环境保护对城市公园设计的意义,探讨了基于环境保护的城市公园设计的流程:主要包括环境保护的分析——实证调查,使用者需求分析——确定目标,策略制定——满足需求.在这个基础上介绍了广东珠海公园景观设计,包括城市公园的设计原则和城市公园的功能定位,提出了城市公园的总体布局理念,最后提出基于环境保护的城市公园设计策略,包括城市公园生态保护设计和城市公园植物景观设计,为城市公园设计奠定了基础.     

The V-Cycle for system innovation translating a broad societal need into concrete product service solutions: the multifunctional centre Apeldoorn case

In this paper a system innovation project is presented in which a sustainable future vision with a long-term perspective was developed and translated into short-term commercial innovation opportunities, which in turn can benefit the longer-term vision of society.The case described is a three-year innovation project, in which TNO worked together with a local care organisation De Woonmensen, and a SME company My Bodyguard BV. Starting with the challenges related to the aging society, future visions were developed that focussed upon the need of elderly people to continue living independently for a longer time, instead of moving to an expensive in-house care facility. During the process, the long-term vision was translated into short-term innovation concepts or solution elements on the individual user level, which focussed on the problem of elderly patients wandering off and getting lost. On the micro technological level, this resulted in the development of a personal localization system to enable caregivers to know where a certain patient is, based on a combination of GPS and GSM technology, the ‘Guide Me’ system.The four challenges addressed in this analysis focus on the relation between the broad future vision and the separate solution elements, the detailed design of the solution elements, the distinction between the design, implementation and evaluation of the elements, and the changing role of actors during the system innovation process. To deal with these issues, the V-Cycle of system innovations model was introduced that distinguishes between the various complexity or abstraction levels of the system in combination with the time perspective needed for change. Introducing this model proved to be helpful to clarify the four issues mentioned and was found to be a useful tool to evaluate system innovation projects after they were implemented, as well as supporting the projects before and during their implementation.     

土地利用/覆被变化的水文效应研究进展

随着社会的不断进步和人口的迅速膨胀,土地利用/覆被变化对水文过程产生了重大影响,其研究已经成为国际热点问题和前沿领域。论文首先分析了LUCC水文效应的研究方法,然后从土地利用/覆被变化的驱动力方面:造林与毁林、城市化过程与农业开发活动以及水土保持等,概述了LUCC水文效应的研究进展。综合分析表明:关于城市化过程的水文影响研究,一般认为,在城市化快速发展的驱动下,不透水面积大量增加,改变了水量平衡状况,造成入渗减少,洪峰流量增大,但不同地区城市化发展程度的不同使得水文效应的表现也不相同;水土保持水文效应的研究一般认为,水土保持通过植树造林、种草、修建梯田、淤地坝等措施,使得区域/流域下垫面覆盖状况发生了很大的改变,造成年径流和洪峰流量减少,而使入渗和枯季径流增加,但因地理位置和气象条件等方面的差异,不同地区水土保持产生的水文影响也有所差别;造林与毁林、农业开发活动对水文过程的影响则因研究尺度、区域位置、气象条件、研究对象等因素的影响出现了较大的差异。因此,需考虑多方面因素的影响,正确评价土地利用/覆被变化的水文效应,为水土资源的合理配置和可持续利用提供科学依据。     

东莞市景观生态演化特征的分析

利用多时相遥感手段,对东莞市的景观演化特征进行了回顾性分析,重点研究不同景观要素从1986～1994年的变化情况,探讨景观结构和功能变化与东莞市社会经济发展之间的对应关系。研究表明,高强度土地资源开发利用是东莞市景观变化的直接驱动因素,生物过程在景观动态变化过程中,居于次要地位;景观演化的基本格局是城市要素迅速膨胀,农业和自然要素则不断减少;由于缺乏必要的景观结构和功能的相互适应设计,在东莞市景观演化过程中,存在一些潜在的生态问题。初步探讨了东莞市景观生态保护的基本途径     

建筑节能与气候条件分析

通过建筑采暖与气象条件、建筑通风气象条件及空调设计与气象条件等的分析,论述了建筑节能与气候条件的关系.分析了内蒙古不同地区冬夏季气候特征,给出冬季采暖度日和寒冷、炎热日数等气象要素参数,提出了不同气候区居住建筑节能设计措施和建议.