Sources of nitrous and nitric oxides in paddy soils：Nitrification and denitrification

Rice-paddies are regarded as one of the main agricultural sources of N 2O and NO emissions. To date, however, specific N2O and NO production pathways are poorly understood in paddy soils. ^15N-tracing experiments were carded out to investigate the processes responsible for N2O and NO production in two paddy soils with substantially different soil properties. Laboratory incubation experiments were carried out under aerobic conditions at moisture contents corresponding to 60% of water holding capacity. The relative importance of nitrification and denitrification to the flux of NaO was quantified by periodically measuring and comparing the enrichments of the N2O, NH~-N and NO3-N pools. The results showed that both N2O and NO emission rates in an alkaline paddy soil with clayey texture were substantially higher than those in a neutral paddy soil with silty loamy texture. In accordance with most published results, the ammonium N pool was the main source of N2O emission across the soil profiles of the two paddy soils, being responsible for 59.7% to 97.7% of total N2O emissions. The NO3-N pool of N2O emission was relatively less important under the given aerobic conditions. The rates of N2O emission from nitrification （N2On） among different soil layers were significantly different, which could be attributed to both the differences in gross N nitrification rates and to the ratios of nitrified N emitted as NzO among soil layers. Furthermore, NO fluxes were positively correlated with the changes in gross nitrification rates and the ratios of NO/N2O in the two paddy soils were always greater than one （from 1.26 to 6.47）. We therefore deduce that, similar to N2O, nitrification was also the dominant source of NO in the tested paddy soils at water contents below 60% water holding capacity.     

NOx在长江三角洲地区冬小麦农田与大气间的交换

利用4动态箱体系测定了NOx(NO NO2)在长江三角洲平原地区典型冬小麦农田与大气间的交换通量.NO和NO2的平均交换通量分别为169.7ng·m-2·s-1和-18.5ng·m-2·s-1,表明该地区麦田是大气中NO的一个重要源,是NO2的汇.在冬小麦主要生长期(拔节-抽穗期),NO的交换通量与地表土壤温度呈指数关系.NO2的交换通量与其在环境中的浓度存在明显的负线性关系,其在农田与大气间交换的补偿点(交换通量为0时环境大气中NO2浓度)为11.9μg·m-3.正常耕作的小麦农田以NO-N方式排放的N占施肥总N的2.3%,表明NO挥发为农田氮肥损失的重要形式.追加尿素木质素混合肥料虽然提高了小麦产量,但也显著刺激了农田对NO的排放.     

盐度水平对不同盐渍化程度土壤氧化亚氮排放的影响

选取内蒙古河套灌区3种不同盐渍化程度土壤(盐土、重度盐渍化土壤和轻度盐渍化土壤),采用室内培养方法,用不同浓度KCl溶液调节不同盐渍化程度土壤盐含量分别为原土壤盐含量(对照)的2倍和3倍,研究盐分对不同盐渍化程度土壤氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放的影响.结果表明,盐分含量显著影响不同盐渍化程度土壤N_2O排放.无外源盐分加入时,不同盐碱程度土壤中盐土N_2O排放量最高,重度盐渍化土壤次之,轻度盐渍化土壤最低.外源盐加入后,随盐度梯度升高,与其对照相比,盐土N_2O排放量降低;重度盐渍化土壤N_2O排放量呈现先增加后降低趋势;轻度盐渍化土壤N_2O排放量升高.与其对照相比,土壤的盐分含量增加2倍时,盐土N_2O排放量减少90%;轻度盐渍化土壤N_2O排放量增加9倍.外源盐加入不同盐渍化程度土壤对N_2O排放的影响程度取决于土壤培养前后铵态氮含量差值,加入外源盐后,N_2O累积排放变化量的94.6%由土壤NH_4~+-N含量差值解释(R2=0.95,p0.01).     

Effects of temperature change and tree species composition on N2O and NO emissions in acidic forest soils of subtropical China

Tree species and temperature change arising from seasonal variation or global warming are two important factors influencing N2O and NO emissions from forest soils. However, few studies have examined the effects of temperatures(5–35℃) on the emissions of forest soil N2O and NO in typical subtropical region. A short-term laboratory experiment was carried out to investigate the influence of temperature changes(5–35℃) on soil N2O and NO emissions under aerobic conditions in two contrasting(broad-leaved and coniferous) subtropical acidic forest types in China. The results showed that the temporal pattern of N2O and NO emissions between the three lower temperatures(5℃, 15℃, and 25℃) and 35℃ was significantly different for both broad-leaved and coniferous forest soils. The effects of temperature on soil N2O and NO emission rates varied between broad-leaved and coniferous forest soils. Both N2O and NO emissions increased exponentially with an increase in temperature in the broad-leaved forest soil. However, N2O and NO emissions in the coniferous forest soil were not sensitive to temperature change between 5℃ and 25℃. N2O and NO emission rates were significantly higher in the broad-leaved forest soil as compared with the coniferous forest soil at all incubation temperatures except 5℃. These results suggest that the broad-leaved forest could contribute more N2O and NO emissions than the coniferous forest for most of the year in the subtropical region of China.     

Nitrous oxide emissions from black soils with different pH

N₂O fluxes as a function of incubation time from soil with different available N contents and pH were determined. Cumulative carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions were measured to indicate soil respiration. A 144-hr incubation experiment was conducted in a slightly acidic agricultural soil (pH_H2O 5.33) after the pH was adjusted to four different values (3.65, 5.00, 6.90 and 8.55). The experiments consisted of a control without added N, and with NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N fertilization. The results showed that soil pH contributed significantly to N₂O flux from the soils. There were higher N₂O emissions in the period 0-12 hr in the four pH treatments, especially those enhanced with N-fertilization. The cumulative N₂O-N emission reached a maximum at pH 8.55 and was stimulated by NO₃^--N fertilization (70.4 μg/kg). The minimum emissions appeared at pH 3.65 and were not stimulated by NO₃^--N or NH₄⁺-N fertilization. Soil respiration increased significantly due to N-fertilization. Soil respiration increased positively with soil pH (R² = 0.98, P < 0.01). The lowest CO₂-C emission (30.2 mg/kg) was presented in pH 3.65 soils without N-fertilization. The highest CO₂-C emissions appeared in the pH 8.55 soils for NH₄⁺-N fertilization (199 mg/kg). These findings suggested that N₂O emissions and soil respiration were significantly influenced by low pH, which strongly inhibits soil microbial nitrification and denitrification activities. The content of NO₃^--N in soil significantly and positively affected the N₂O emissions through denitrification.     

碳底物含量对厌氧条件下水稻土N2、N2O、NO、CO2和CH4排放的影响

理解底物碳氮对厌氧条件下水稻土排放氮素气体——氮气(N2)、氧化亚氮(N2O)和一氧化氮(NO)以及二氧化碳(CO2)和甲烷(CH4)的影响,有助于制定合理的温室气体减排措施,定量了解反硝化产物组成对碳底物水平的依赖性,也有助于氮转化过程模型研发中制定正确的关键过程参数选取方法或参数化方案.本研究采用粉砂壤质水稻土为研究对象,设置对照(CK)和加碳(C+)两个处理,前者的初始硝态氮和可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量分别为~50 mg·kg-1和~28 mg·kg-1,后者的分别为~50 mg·kg-1和~300 mg·kg-1.采用氦环境培养-气体及碳氮底物直接同步测定系统,研究了完全厌氧条件下碳底物水平对上述气体排放的影响.结果表明,CK处理无CH4排放,而C+处理可观测到CH4排放;C+处理的综合增温潜势显著高于CK处理(P<0.01);NO、N2O和N2排放量占这3种氮素气体排放总量的比重,在CK处理分别约为9%、35%和56%,在C+处理分别约为31%、50%和19%,处理间差异显著(P<0.01).由此表明,碳底物水平可显著改变所排放氮素气体的组成;对于旱地阶段硝态氮比较丰富的水稻土,避免在淹水前或淹水期间施用有机肥,有利于削减温室气体排放.     

以甲醇为碳源生物反硝化过程释放一氧化二氮的试验研究

污水生物反硝化脱氮过程是一氧化二氮(N2O)的重要释放源之一.试验采用序批式反应器以甲醇为碳源(电子供体),硝酸盐(NO3--N)为电子受体驯化反硝化菌,并采用批处理试验研究不同电子受体、不同碳氮(C/N)比和不同初始亚硝酸盐(NO2--N)质量浓度条件下N2O释放情况.在典型周期试验和批处理试验中均能检测到N2O的释放.以NO2--N为电子受体时会释放较多的N2O,而以NO3--N为电子受体时释放的N2O相对较少.不同C/N比通过影响反硝化菌的活性进而影响N2O的释放,反硝化菌的活性和N2O的释放量均随着C/N比的降低而降低.N2O的释放量随着初始NO2--N质量浓度的增加而增加,一定浓度范围内的NO2--N会增强反硝化菌的活性.初始NO2--N质量浓度与N2O的释放量具有较好的指数相关性.     

厌氧条件下砂壤水稻土N2、N2O、NO、CO2和CH4排放特征

了解厌氧条件土壤反硝化气体(N2、N2O和NO)、CO2和CH4排放特征,是认识反硝化过程机制的基础,并有助于制定合理的温室气体减排措施.定量反硝化产物组成,可为氮转化过程模型研发制定正确的关键过程参数选取方法或参数化方案.本研究选取质地相同(砂壤土)的两个水稻土为研究对象,通过添加KNO3和葡萄糖的混合溶液,将培养土壤的初始NO-3和DOC含量分别调节到50 mg·kg-1和300 mg·kg-1,采用氦环境培养-气体及碳氮底物直接同步测定方法,研究完全厌氧条件下土壤N2、N2O、NO、CO2和CH4的排放特征,并获得反硝化气态产物中各组分的比率.结果表明,在整个培养过程中,两个供试土壤的N2、N2O和NO累积排放量分别为6~8、20和15~18 mg·kg-1,这些气体排放量测定结果可回收土壤NO-3变化量的95%~98%,反硝化气态产物以N2O和NO为主,其中3种组分的比率分别为15%~19%(N2)、47%~49%(N2O)和34%~36%(NO);但反硝化气体产物组成的逐日动态均显现为从以NO为主逐渐过渡到以N2O为主,最后才发展到以N2为主.以上结果说明,反硝化气体产物组成是随反硝化进程而变化的,在以气体产物组成比率作为关键参数计算各种反硝化气体产生率或排放率的模型中,很有必要重视这一点.     

昼夜增温对大豆田土壤N2O排放的影响

通过田间试验,用静态箱-气相色谱法测定N2O排放通量,研究昼夜增温对大豆田土壤N2O排放的影响.结果表明,增温没有改变大豆田土壤N2O排放通量的季节性变化规律.整个生长季,与对照相比,增温土壤N2O平均排放通量增加了17.31%(P=0.019),累积排放量显著增加了20.27%(P=0.005).对照与增温处理土壤N2O排放通量与土壤温湿度均呈显著性相关关系,对照与增温土壤的N2O排放温度敏感系数分别为3.75和4.10.整个生育期,增温显著增加了植株地上和总生物量、叶片硝酸还原酶活性和全氮含量,显著降低了叶片NO3--N含量;显著增加了土壤NO3--N含量,但对土壤有机碳及全氮含量没有显著影响.本研究表明,昼夜增温显著增加了大豆田土壤N2O的排放.     

Influence of organic ley–arable management and afforestation in sandy loam to clay loam soils on fluxes of N2O and CH4 in Scotland

Assessment of the sustainability of alternatives to conventional uses of agricultural land, viz. organic systems and afforestation should include consideration of any effects on trace gas budgets. Nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄) fluxes and controlling soil properties were measured in an organic ley–arable rotation in north-east Scotland on a sandy loam. N₂O fluxes were monitored in the ley and arable phases and in organic permanent grass (Lolium perenne) located nearby throughout the 3-year phase duration. Gas fluxes in woodland that had been converted from arable for 1 or 6 years were also measured in both north-east and south-east Scotland on sandy loam to clay loam soils. The climate is maritime and variable with annual rainfall between 800 and 900 mm. Within the organic rotation, differences in N₂O fluxes between the ley and arable phases were less marked than in conventional agriculture. Although this was mainly because grassland emissions were low, some losses from the arable component were also relatively high. Seasonal rainfall had a major influence on cumulative emissions of N₂O, including the first year after conversion from ley to arable. In the short term, changing land use from arable to woodland increased CH₄ oxidation rates and decreased N₂O emissions, though both these rates were also influenced by seasonal weather. Afforestation of agricultural land appears to be more beneficial to trace gas exchange than conversion to organic production.     

Nitrous oxide emissions from organic and conventional crop rotations in five European countries

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agriculture are currently estimated from N inputs using emission factors, and little is known about the importance of regional or management-related differences. This paper summarizes the results of a study in which N₂O emission rates were recorded on 15–26 occasions during a 12-month period in organic and conventional dairy crop rotations in five European countries (Austria, Denmark, Finland, Italy, UK). A common methodology based on static chambers was used for N₂O flux measurements, and N₂O data were compiled together with information about N inputs (from fertilizers, N₂ fixation, atmospheric deposition and excretal returns), crop rotations and soil properties. Organic rotations received only manure as N fertilizer, while manure accounted for 0–100% of fertilizer N in conventional rotations. A linear regression model was used to examine effects of location, system and crop category on N₂O emissions, while a second model examined effects of soil properties. Nitrous oxide emissions were higher from conventional than from organic crop rotations except in Austria and, according to the statistical analysis, the differences between locations and crop categories were significant. Ammonium was significantly related to N₂O emissions, although this effect was dominated by observations from a grazing system. Despite the limited number of samplings, annual emissions were estimated by interpolation. Across the two systems and five locations there was a significant relationship between total N inputs and N₂O emissions at the crop rotation level which indicated that annually 1.6 ± 0.2% (mean ± standard error) of total N inputs were lost as N₂O, while there was a background emission of 1.4 ± 0.3 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Although this measurement program emphasized system effects at the expense of high temporal resolution, the results indicate that N input is a significant determinant for N₂O emissions from agricultural soils.     

控释尿素对黄河故道沙性潮土N2O排放的影响

建立田间原位试验,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了常规尿素及其与硫包膜和聚氨酯包膜控释尿素配施(比例分别为30%∶70%、 50%∶50%和70%∶30%)对黄河故道沙性潮土玉米生长季氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放的影响.研究发现:常规尿素处理N_2O排放量(以N计,下同)为1.78 kg·hm~(-2),排放系数为0.38%;与之相比,配施30%、 50%和70%硫包膜尿素处理的N_2O排放量分别降低了1.12%、 22.5%和11.2%,排放系数下降2.63%～26.3%.相反,配施聚氨酯包膜尿素处理增加N_2O排放量0.02～0.41 kg·hm~(-2),其中70%聚氨酯包膜尿素处理增幅最大,达到23.0%.回归分析表明,各处理N_2O排放通量与10 cm处土温、土壤NH~+_4-N和NO~-_3-N含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),而与土壤孔隙含水量和溶解性有机碳含量无显著关系.与常规尿素相比, 50%常规尿素+50%硫包膜控释尿素处理玉米产量略有增加,而30%常规尿素+70%硫包膜尿素处理稍微降低了玉米产量,但不显著(P0.05).因此,控释肥减缓土壤N_2O排放以及对作物产量的影响主要受控于包衣材料.     

Soil emissions of NO, N2O and CO2 from croplands in the savanna region of central Brazil

In the last 40 years, a large area of savanna vegetation in Central Brazil (Cerrado) has been converted to agriculture, with intensive use of fertilizers, irrigation and management practices. Currently, the Cerrado is the main region for beef and grain production in Brazil. However, the consequences of these agricultural practices on NO, N₂O and CO₂ emissions from soil to atmosphere are still poorly investigated. The objectives of this study were to quantify soil emissions of NO-N, N₂O-N and CO₂-C in different no-till cultivation systems in comparison with native savanna vegetation. The agricultural areas included: (a) the maize and Brachiaria ruzizienses intercropping system followed by irrigated bean in rotation; (b) soybean followed by natural fallow; and (c) cotton planting over B. ruzizienses straw. The study was performed from August 2003 to October 2005 and fluxes were measured before and after planting, after fertilizations, during the growing season, before and after harvesting. NO-N fluxes in the soybean field were similar to those measured in the native vegetation. In the cornfield, higher NO-N fluxes were measured before planting than after planting and pulses were observed after broadcast fertilizations. During Brachiaria cultivation NO-N fluxes were lower than in native vegetation. In the irrigated area (bean cultivation), NO-N fluxes were also significantly higher after broadcast fertilizations. Most of the soil N₂O-N fluxes measured under cultivated and native vegetation were very low (<0.6 ng N₂O-N cm⁻² h⁻¹) except during bean cultivation when N₂O-N fluxes increased after the first and second broadcast fertilization with irrigation and during nodule senescence in the soybean field. Soil respiration values from the soybean field were similar to those in native vegetation. The CO₂-C fluxes during cultivation of maize and irrigated bean were twice as high as in the native vegetation. During bean cultivation with irrigation, an increase in CO₂-C fluxes was observed after broadcast fertilization followed by a decrease after the harvest. Significantly lower soil C stocks (0-30 cm depth) were determined under no-tillage agricultural systems in comparison with the stocks under savanna vegetation. Fertilizer-induced emission factors of N oxides calculated from the data were lower than those indicated by the IPCC as default.     

污水处理过程N2O排放：过程机制与控制策略

污水处理生物脱氮过程中氧化亚氮(N₂O)作为直接碳排放源,其大气升温效应较CO₂高出265倍.因此,国际上对N₂O排放机制与控制策略的研究层出不穷.N₂O产生源于硝化与反硝化过程,主要涉及亚硝化(AOB)及其同步反硝化、常规异养反硝化(HDN)、同步异养硝化-好氧反硝化(HN-AD)和全程氨氧化(COMAMMOX)等生物途径,以及硝化过程中间产物NH₂OH与NOH之非生物化学途径.常规硝化与反硝化(AOB+HDN)途径在正常运行工况下N₂O排放量并不是很大,约只占进水TN负荷的1.3%;即使是HN-AD与COMAMMOX代谢过程,两者N₂O产生量也不足TN负荷的0.5%.不可忽视的是AOB亚硝化及其同步反硝化,它们已被确认为是污水处理生物脱氮过程中N₂O排放的首要途径;AOB过程中间产物(NH₂OH与NOH)非生物化学过程以及AOB反硝化生物过程(主途径)共同导致的N₂...     

化感物质对土壤N2O释放影响的研究

选用来自作物秸杆腐解过程中产生的化感物质（苯甲酸和对叔丁基苯甲酸），在不同浓度和水分条件下对其减少施用尿素土壤中Ｎ２Ｏ释放的影响进行了研究。结果表明，化感物质对土壤Ｎ２Ｏ释放的明显的抑制作用，且随着浓度的增大，其抑制效果越显。在土壤水分为１６．５％的状态下，１００ｐｐｍ、２５０ｐｐｍ和５００ｐｐｍ浓度的苯甲酸处理（培养温度２５－３０℃）可减少４７．４％－７５．３％Ｎ２Ｏ从土壤中释放；而当土壤水分     

不同污水处理工艺非二氧化碳温室气体的释放

甲烷和氧化亚氮是两种重要的非二氧化碳温室气体.城市污水处理厂是甲烷和氧化亚氮的重要释放源.因此,为探究不同污水处理工艺甲烷和氧化亚氮的释放现状和变化规律,通过浮流式表面集气罩对西安市第三污水处理厂（Orbal氧化沟工艺）和第四污水处理厂（A/A/O工艺）生物处理过程中甲烷和氧化亚氮的排放情况进行测定,比较不同污水处理工艺中非二氧化碳温室气体的释放情况,并以第四污水处理厂为例研究溶解氧、温度对非二氧化碳温室气体释放量的影响.结果表明,西安市第三污水处理厂每m³进水释放甲烷1181 mg（以CH₄计）、氧化亚氮36.20 mg（以N₂O计）,西安市第四污水处理厂每m³进水释放甲烷209 mg（以CH₄计）、氧化亚氮54.64 mg（以N₂O计）.温度、曝气方式、溶解氧浓度、亚硝酸盐氧化速率和最大产甲烷活性是甲烷和氧化亚氮释放量的重要影响因素.     

咸水滴灌对棉田土壤N2O排放和反硝化细菌群落结构的影响

淡水资源短缺是干旱区农业可持续发展所面临的严峻问题,合理利用咸水灌溉是缓解淡水资源不足的重要手段.长期咸水灌溉会导致土壤盐分积累,进而影响氮素的转化和N_2O的排放.本研究通过10 a咸水灌溉试验,探究咸水灌溉对棉田土壤N_2O排放、反硝化细菌丰度和群落结构组成的影响.试验采用灌溉水盐度和施氮量两因子2×2随机区组设计,其中灌溉水盐度(以电导率表示)设置2个水平:0.35 dS·m~(-1)和8.04 dS·m~(-1),施氮量设2个水平:0 kg·hm~(-2)和360 kg·hm~(-2)(分别用SFN0、SHN0、SFN360和SHN360表示).结果表明,长期咸水滴灌棉田土壤盐分、含水量和NH~+_4-N含量显著增加,pH值、NO~-_3-N、有机质和全氮含量显著降低.咸水灌溉处理显著抑制N_2O排放,不施氮肥和施氮肥处理下分别较淡水灌溉降低45.19%和43.50%.氮肥施用显著增加N_2O排放,施肥处理N_2O排放较不施肥处理增加161%.不施肥条件下,咸水灌溉显著降低反硝化酶活性、nirK、nirS和nosZ基因丰度,α多样性.施肥条件下,咸水灌溉对nosZ型反硝化细菌的丰度无显著影响,但显著降低反硝化酶活性和nirK、nirS基因丰度.咸水灌溉和氮肥施用共同改变nirK、nirS和nosZ型反硝化细菌群落结构,灌溉水盐度对于反硝化细菌群落结构的影响要大于施肥.Lefse分析显示nirK、nirS和nsoZ型反硝化细菌差异物种随着灌溉水盐度的增加而增加,咸水灌溉显著改变反硝化细菌群落结构,导致优势种群数量增加.上述结果表明,长期咸水灌溉降低土壤N_2O排放,但会导致土壤盐分的持续上升,nosZ、nirK和nirS丰度的增加会促进N_2O排放.     

不同施氮处理下旱作农田土壤CH_4、N_2O气体排放特征研究

依托甘肃农业大学布设在定西市李家堡镇的长期施氮定位实验,对不同施氮农田CH4和N2O气体通量,采用静态箱-气相色谱法进行小麦生育期的连续观测,并对影响通量变化的环境因子同期观测.结果表明:5个施氮处理下(0、52.5、105、157.5、210 kg·hm-2),旱作农田土壤在小麦全生育期内表现为CH4累积通量的汇和N2O累积通量的源;且不施氮处理时,CH4累积吸收通量最大;施氮量为210 kg·hm-2时,土壤CH4的累积吸收通量所受抑制最大,即土壤CH4累积吸收通量随施氮量升高而降低.相反,不施氮处理时,土壤N2O的累积排放通量最小,施氮量为210 kg·hm-2时,土壤N2O的累积排放通量最大,土壤N2O累积排放通量随施氮量的增加而增大.综合分析,施氮量增大会抑制全生育期旱作春小麦田土壤CH4吸收通量,提高土壤N2O的排放通量.因此,合理控制施氮量有利于生育期旱作农田土壤减排.CH4平均吸收通量随土壤温度的升高而降低,随土壤水分的升高而升高;相反,N2O平均排放通量随土壤温度的升高而升高,随土壤水分的升高而降低.5~10 cm层次的土壤温度与CH4平均吸收通量呈极显著线性负相关,与N2O平均排放通量呈显著正相关.5~10 cm层次的土壤水分与CH4平均吸收通量呈极显著线性正相关,与N2O平均排放通量呈显著负相关.     

不同施肥方式下紫色土N2O与NOx的排放特征

利用紫色土长期施肥试验平台,采用静态箱-气相色谱法开展紫色土"冬小麦-夏玉米"轮作系统N_2O和NO_x排放的连续两周年(2014年11月~2016年9月)定位观测.研究了氮肥总量相同条件下的常规氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、猪厩肥(OM)、秸秆还田配施氮磷钾化肥(RSDNPK)、猪厩肥配施氮磷钾化肥(OMNPK)和氮磷钾化肥配合硝化抑制剂(DCDNPK)等施肥方式对N_2O和NO_x排放的影响,短期不施肥处理(CK)作为排放系数计算的对照.结果表明,所有施肥方式下紫色土N_2O排放峰均出现在施肥初期和大降雨过程期;NO_x排放过程与N_2O类似,排放峰出现在施肥初期,但强降雨期未出现明显排放峰.NPK、OM、RSDNPK、OMNPK和DCDNPK处理的N_2O年均累积排放量分别为:1.35、4.38、1.43、2.46、0.92 kg·hm~(-2),排放系数分别为:0.33%、1.41%、0.36%、0.73%、0.18%;相应处理的NO_x年均累积排放量分别为:0.11、0.38、0.10、0.27、0.04kg·hm~(-2),排放系数分别为:0.03%、0.13%、0.03%、0.09%、0.01%.较常规化肥,增加有机物料如施用猪厩肥和猪厩肥配施氮磷钾肥分别显著增加226%和83%的N_2O排放(P0.01),同时NO_x排放分别显著增加262%和157%(P0.01);常规化肥配合硝化抑制剂(DCDNPK)使用减少32%的N_2O排放和62%的NO_x排放(P0.01),秸秆还田配施氮磷钾肥对N_2O排放略有增加(P0.05),NO_x排放略有减少(P0.05).统计分析进一步表明,土壤无机氮含量是N_2O和NO_x二者排放的主控因子,而土壤孔隙充水率与温度分别作为N_2O与NO_x各自排放的主控因子之一.     

黑河中游边缘荒漠-绿洲非饱和带土壤质地对土壤氮积累与地下水氮污染的影响

在灌溉农田生态系统,土壤剖面中硝态氮(NO-3-N)的积累、分布、运移及地下水氮污染不仅受灌溉、施肥的影响,也与土壤质地有密切联系.本研究在黑河流域中游临泽平川绿洲设置了黑河河漫滩-老绿洲农田-新垦绿洲农田-绿洲外围固沙带一个监测断面10个观测井,对地下水NO-3-N含量进行连续监测,并对不同景观单元非饱和带土壤质地和NO-3-N含量进行了分析,对不同质地土壤NO-3-N在剖面的运移变化和氮淋溶损失进行监测.结果表明老绿洲农田,0~300 cm土层土壤质地的垂向分布为上层砂壤土,下层为壤土和黏壤土;而新垦沙地农田在土壤剖面中也有洪积黏土层出现,但0~300 cm不同土层砂粒含量均在80%以上;绿洲外围固沙带土壤在160 cm以下出现黏土层分布;土壤NO-3-N含量与黏粉粒含量呈显著相关,显著程度固沙带>新垦绿洲农田>老绿洲农田.土壤黏粉粒含量显著影响氮的淋溶.老绿洲农田区域,地下水NO-3-N含量变动在1.01~5.17 mg·L-1,平均2.65 mg·L-1;新垦沙地农田区域地下水NO-3-N含量变动在6.6~29.5 mg·L-1,平均20.8mg·L-1,2013年5~10月平均含量为26.5 mg·L-1,较2012年同期平均值上升了9.5 mg·L-1;绿洲外围固沙带地下水NO-3-N含量呈明显的增加趋势.地下水浅埋区非饱和带土壤质地是土壤NO-3-N淋溶损失和地下水NO-3-N污染的关键控制因子.边缘绿洲新垦沙地农田是地下水氮污染的脆弱带和高风险区域,实施有效降低地下水氮污染的种植模式及施肥和灌溉管理是区域生态农业需考虑的问题.