Reduction and characterization of bioaerosols in a wastewater treatment station via ventilation

Bioaerosols from wastewater treatment processes are a significant subgroup of atmospheric aerosols. In the present study,airborne microorganisms generated from a wastewater treatment station(WWTS) that uses an oxidation ditch process were diminished by ventilation.Conventional sampling and detection methods combined with cloning/sequencing techniques were applied to determine the groups,concentrations,size distributions,and species diversity of airborne microorganisms before and after ventilation. There were 3021 ± 537 CFU/m3 of airborne bacteria and 926 ± 132 CFU/m3 of airborne fungi present in the WWTS bioaerosol.Results showed that the ventilation reduced airborne microorganisms significantly compared to the air in the WWTS. Over 60% of airborne bacteria and airborne fungi could be reduced after4 hr of air exchange. The highest removal(92.1% for airborne bacteria and 89.1% for fungi) was achieved for 0.65–1.1 μm sized particles. The bioaerosol particles over 4.7 μm were also reduced effectively. Large particles tended to be lost by gravitational settling and small particles were generally carried away,which led to the relatively easy reduction of bioaerosol particles0.65–1.1 μm and over 4.7 μm in size. An obvious variation occurred in the structure of the bacterial communities when ventilation was applied to control the airborne microorganisms in enclosed spaces.     

新疆地区大气环境容量系数的气候特征及其在空气质量变化中的作用

新疆在我国属于冬半年大气环境容量系数(A值)显著偏低的区域.研究了1975—2019年新疆大气环境容量系数的时空变化特征.新疆的低A值区主要分布在塔里木盆地北部和新疆东部;研究期间新疆的大气环境容量系数在随机波动中整体呈下降趋势,这与新疆平均风速的变化较为一致,主要是由气候变化引起.新疆A值的季节差异大,春夏高、秋冬低;A值的冬季均值远小于年均值,说明新疆冬季的大气自净能力很弱.新疆4个地级市的月均A值与PM_2.5浓度具有显著的负相关,A值能够较好地反映当地空气污染的气象条件特征.南疆城市则由于沙尘天气的影响,大气颗粒物浓度很高,但A值与PM_2.5浓度的相关性较差.还基于A值,利用城市大气环境荷载指数对新疆4个地级市的大气污染排放变率进行了评估.     

高浓度聚硅氯化铝(PASC)中铝的水解-聚合特性研究

以铝酸钠为碱化剂,采用缓慢滴碱法合成了高浓度(2.0mol.L-1左右)具有不同Si/Al摩尔比的聚硅氯化铝复合混凝剂(PASC).采用Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法、碱式滴定法和红外光谱分析,研究了铝的形态分布、水解-聚合历程及铝硅间的相互作用.实验结果表明,Al-Ferron络合动力学符合At=A0+A1[1-exp(-kb1t]+A2[-exp(-kb2t)];在PASC中,硅酸钠和铝的水解产物间存在着相互作用,这种作用对铝的水解-聚合历程和形态分布有不同程度的影响.用铝酸钠制备PASC时有利于Al的形态由低聚物向中、高聚物转化,且随着PASC中Si/Al比的增加生成多核羟铝配合物的能力逐渐增强.     

Airborne Cladosporium and other fungi in damp versus reference residences

Our previous study (Nevalainen et al., 1991, Envir. Int.17, 299–302) showed that airborne counts of total viable fungal spores in damp residences did not remarkably differ from those in reference residences. The results of the present study confirmed this finding. Indoor air spore counts varied considerably from residence to residence and even within the same residence. Thus, the counts were only occasionally high in the damp residences. Counts of airborne Cladosporium spp. spores and yeast cells were significantly higher in the damp residences than in the reference ones. The difference of yeast cell counts between the residence groups was explained by the difference in outdoor air, whereas Cladosporium spp. spores were mainly derived from indoors. Prevalence of Aspergillus spp. spores was also slightly higher in the damp residences than in the reference ones.     

贵阳市春、冬季大气颗粒物中铂族元素的污染特征

本文在贵阳市市中心区和郊区设置两个采样点位,采集春季和冬季PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)样品,在封闭溶样装置中采用HF和王水消解,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定颗粒物中铂族元素的含量,研究了大气颗粒物中铂族元素的污染特征。结果表明,市中心区样品中铂族元素的浓度大于郊区,其含量与交通密度有关;与Pt和Rh相比,颗粒物中Pd的浓度更高,Pd具有较大的溶解性,可能会给人类健康带来更严重的危害;颗粒物中铂族元素的浓度呈现季节性变化,冬季大于春季。与国外其他城市相比,贵阳市大气颗粒物中铂族元素的污染程度较低,但这种潜在的重金属污染应引起重视。     

北京市居家空气微生物污染特征

在北京市选取31户有1岁至10岁儿童的家庭进行空气微生物取样,系统研究了室内家庭空气微生物污染特征.结果表明,北京市居家环境空气微生物总浓度变化范围为269～13066 CFU·m-3,均值为2658 CFU· m-3,空气细菌浓度变化范围为47 ～ 12341 CFU·m-3,均值为1821 CFU·m-3,空气真菌浓度变化范围为62～3498 CFU·m-3,均值为837 CFU·m-3.空气细菌和真菌浓度百分比分别为61.0％和39.0％,细菌浓度明显高于真菌浓度.居家环境优势细菌属依次为微球菌属(Micrococcus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)和库克菌属(Kocuria),4属细菌百分比约占63.1％ ～70.9％,优势真菌属为青霉属(Penicillium)、枝孢属(Cladosporium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、链格孢属(Alternaria)和茎点霉属(Phoma),分别约占总数的36.0％、17.8％、9.3％、5.3％和3.6％.文中最后针对北京市居家环境空气微生物污染的现状及其来源,从宠物饲养、空调清理、室内外优良环境的保持及垃圾处理、室内花卉种植等方面提出了治理建议.     

北京市典型区域夏季降水及其对大气污染物的影响

通过采集北京市典型区域2015年夏季大气降水样品,分析研究了大气降水的理化特性,典型降水过程化学组分的变化特征、成因以及对大气污染物的影响.结果表明,北京市典型区域夏季降水pH值范围为5.15~7.34,雨量加权平均值为6.21,酸雨率极低.降水中污染元素Cd、Ca和Mn呈现中度富集,Cu、Zn、Pb和S呈现严重富集;Ca和S是降水中主要污染元素,分别占总污染元素浓度的45.43%和43.93%,Zn、Mn、Cu、Pb和Cd是降水中主要重金属污染元素,占总污染元素浓度的1.32%.降水速率不同的降水对大气污染物的影响作用也有所不同.降水速率较大的降水对PM_(2.5)的清除作用较小,对SO_2、NO_2和O_3的清除作用较大,且影响机制表现为4个重要过程:大气污染物的清除、累积、累积和清除、清除.降水速率较小的降水主要以云内雨除为主,对PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO_2和O_3的云下清除作用较小,且影响机制表现为:污染物的清除、清除和累积、累积、以及清除为特征的4个重要过程.降水速率较大的降水对大气污染物的清除作用大于降水速率较小的降水.     

城市居家环境空气真菌群落结构特征研究

居室环境质量的优劣与人类健康密切相关.成年人约80%～90%的时间是在室内度过,而且现代人们的生活越来越离不开空调,由于人体、房间和空调机在室内会形成了一个封闭的循环系统,容易使细菌、病毒、霉菌等微生物大量繁衍.因此,百货商场、学校教室、办公室和现代住宅等近年来成为了室内环境空气质量的研究热点.在北京市5个方向(东南西北中)共选取31户具有小孩的家庭于2009年11月～2010年10月进行试验,研究了城市居家环境空气真菌的群落结构特征.结果表明,从分离的225株空气真菌中共鉴定出24属,从鉴定出现的次数来看,其优势真菌属依次为青霉属(Penicillium)、枝孢属(Cladosporium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、链格孢属(Alternaria)和茎点霉属(Phoma),其中青霉属出现的次数占分离菌株总数的36%.居家环境中青霉属、枝孢属、曲霉属、链格孢属、丛梗孢属(Monilia)的出现频率较高,其中青霉属的出现频率在90%以上;浓度百分比较高的真菌依次为青霉属、枝孢属、曲霉属、无孢菌和链格孢属,它们浓度总和约占总浓度的65.0%及以上,其中青霉属浓度百分比为32.2%.在北京市取样的31户家庭中,空气真菌浓度范围为62～3 498 CFU.m-3,平均值为837 CFU.m-3.空气真菌总浓度与枝孢属、曲霉属、链格孢属浓度的季节变化特征基本一致,夏季明显高于春季、秋季和冬季(P<0.05*),冬季浓度最低,而青霉属浓度的季节变化则表现为春季较高,夏季、秋季和冬季没有显著差异(P>0.05*).北京市居家环境空气真菌浓度男孩家庭明显高于女孩家庭(P<0.05*),并且家庭空气真菌浓度与人均居住面积呈显著负相关.     

Long-range atmospheric transport of trace elements to southern norway

Results from two investigations of air quality performed in 1978–1979 and 1985–1986 at Birkenes, southern Norway are presentes. The elements Na, Al, Cl, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Ag, Cd, Sb, La and Pb were determined in daily filter samples and data for SO₂ and aerosol sulfate were also collected. The levels in 1985–1986 were lower for most pollution-derived elements than in 1978–1979. This in particular concerned V, Ni, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Sb and Pb, while Br and Sb showed less reduced concentration levels. Sector analysis showed that the main contributing source areas for airborne trace elements in southernmost Norway are southeast to southwest of Birkenes. Comparison of the contributions from different source areas in the two sampling periods indicates that emissions in western Europe had decreased more between the two periods than in eastern Europe. Factor analysis was performed on the two datasets. A five-factor solution revealed the existence of a marine component, a soil component and a general pollution component in the aerosol.     

N,N’-二(2-羟丙基)哌嗪-H2SO4水溶液吸收SO2动力学

在鼓泡式反应器中,以N,N’-二(2-羟丙基)哌嗪(HPP)-硫酸水溶液为吸收剂,利用初始速率法探讨了SO2吸收反应动力学.结果表明:HPP-H2SO4水溶液吸收SO2为快速反应;吸收速率NA随着SO2进口体积浓度yA和吸收剂浓度CN的增大而增大,随着吸收温度T的升高而降低;吸收速率对CN是0.5级反应,对yA为0.85级反应.同时,建立了HPP-H2 SO4水溶液吸收SO2的吸收速率NA与CN、yA及T之间的经验关系式,发现该经验关系式的预测值与实验值符合较好,可用于工程设计计算.     

Microbial and size characterization of airborne particulate matter collected on sticky tapes along US–Mexico border

Particulate matter(PM) emissions from various sources can affect significantly human health and environmental quality especially in the Chihuahuan Desert region along US–Mexico border. The objective of this study was to use the low-cost sticky tape method to collect airborne PM for size characterization and identification of fungal spores. Sticky tape samplers were placed at 1.0 and 2.0 m above the ground surface at experimental sites in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico and at 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 m at New Mexico sites, USA. Soil samples were collected in both countries to determine fungal diversity, texture and moisture content Dust particles collected from all of the experimental sites had a dominant texture of clay( 0.002 mm). The dominant textures identified from soil samples collected from the US and Mexican sites were loam and sandy clay loam, respectively. Alternaria, Penicillium and Fusarium were frequently found funguses in the US sites while Alternaria and Aspergillus were commonly observed in the Mexican sites. The sticky tapes also showed a similar diversity of fungal microorganisms present in the airborne PM at both Mexico and US sites Alternaria, Penicillium and Aspergillus were the three groups of airborne fungal microorganisms consistently present in the US and Mexican sites. The low-cost sticky tape method has the potential to be used for characterizing different airborne microorganisms and dust particles.     

反硝化聚磷菌快速富集、培养及其荧光原位杂交技术鉴别

以污水处理厂A2/O厌氧段污泥为种泥,采用膜生物反应器(membrane bio-reactor,MBR)对反硝化聚磷菌(denitrifyingphosphate-removal bacteria,DPB)进行快速富集及培养,并提供一种鉴别方法.试验中以乙酸钠为碳源,并在缺氧段投加一定浓度的硝酸盐,结果表明,在膜组件的高效截留作用下,经过厌氧-好氧和厌氧-缺氧2个阶段的富集培养,35 d内反硝化聚磷菌占全部聚磷菌(phosphate-accumulating organisms)的比例从24%上升到93%.此时系统的脱氮、除磷效率均可保持在90%以上.通过荧光原位杂交技术(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)并结合常规测定手段对活性污泥进行鉴别,确定Pseudomonas sp.和Rhodocyclus sp.为主要的优势菌.     

Comparison of CH4 emission inventory data and emission estimates from atmospheric transport models and concentration measurements

CH₄ emissions from two sources of emission inventory data i.e. the National Communications and the EDGAR/GEIA database, are compared with emission estimates from six global and two regional atmospheric transport models. The emission inventories were compiled using emission process parameters to establish emission factors and statistical data to derive activity data. The emission estimates were derived from an evaluation of atmospheric transport modelling results and measured concentrations of CH₄. The comparison of emission inventories and the emissions derived from atmospheric transport models shows the largest differences on the global scale to occur in biogenic CH₄ emissions, i.e. by wetlands and biomass burning. Anthropogenic CH₄ emissions due to oil and gas production and distribution, also appear rather uncertain, especially with respect to the spatial distribution of the sources. A comparison of CH₄ emissions on a smaller scale (NW Europe) showed a fair amount of agreement between National Communications, EDGAR data and results of inverse atmospheric modelling. Because most of the CH₄ emissions in this area come from reasonably well-known CH₄ emission sources like ruminants and landfills, this is a good argument. CH₄ emission from some areas in the North Sea was underestimated by inventories. This could be due to CH₄ emissions of oil production platforms in the North Sea.     

Variations in stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in atmospheric water vapor in the marine boundary layer across a wide latitude range

The newly-developed cavity ring-down laser absorption spectroscopy analyzer with special calibration protocols has enabled the direct measurement of atmospheric vapor isotopes at high spatial and temporal resolution. This paper presents real-time hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope data for atmospheric water vapor above the sea surface, over a wide range of latitudes spanning from 38°N to 69°S. Our results showed relatively higher values of 8180 and 82H in the subtropical regions than those in the tropical and high latitude regions, and also a notable decreasing trend in the Antarctic coastal region. By combining the hydrogen and oxygen isotope data with meteoric water line and backward trajectory model analysis, we explored the kinetic fractionation caused by subsiding air masses and related saturated vapor pressure in the subtropics, and the evaporation-driven kinetic fractionation in the Antarctic region. Simultaneous observations of meteorological and marine variables were used to interpret the isotopic composition characteristics and influential factors, indicating that d-excess is negatively correlated with humidity across a wide range of latitudes and weather conditions worldwide. Coincident with previous studies, d-excess is also positively correlated with sea surface temperature and air temperature （Tair）, with greater sensitivity to Tair. Thus, atmospheric vapor isotopes measured with high accuracy and good spatial- temporal resolution could act as informative tracers for exploring the water cycle at different regional scales. Such monitoring efforts should be undertaken over a longer time period and in different regions of the world.     

Deposition of atmospheric ions to pine branches and surrogate surfaces in the vicinity of emerald lake watershed,Sequoia National Park

Atmospheric dry deposition of ions to branches of native Pinus contorta and Pinus monticola (natural surfaces), and nylon filters and Whatman paper filters (surrogate surfaces) were measured in the summer of 1987 in the vicinity of Emerald Lake Watershed (ELW) of the Sequoia National Park located on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada in California. Deposition fluxes of airborne NO⁻₃, NH⁺₄ and SO²⁻₄ to native pines at the ELW were much higher than in the eastern Sierra Nevada, but several times lower than deposition fluxes to natural and surrogate surfaces at the highly polluted site in the San Gabriel Mountains of southern California. Deposition fluxes of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ to the natural and surrogate surfaces at the ELW were much higher than deposition of SO₄²⁻, providing the importance of N compounds in atmospheric dry deposition in this part of the western U.S. A deficit of inorganic anions in materials deposited to various surfaces indicated a possibility of substantial participation of organic acids in atmospheric dry deposition processes. Nylon and paper filters proved to be poor surrogate surfaces for the estimation of ionic dry deposition to conifer branches.     

空气资源评估方法及其在城市环境总体规划中的应用

从空气污染气候学的角度,提出了空气资源禀赋的概念、评估方法、等级划分及分区管控的理念.同时,以宜昌城市环境总体规划为例,利用MM5耦合CALMET模式对大气环境系统进行解析,计算了宜昌市域范围高时空分辨率(1 km×1 km)通风系数A值分布,并作为空气资源禀赋等级分区的依据.在此基础上,将空气资源分区的结果与地理信息系统相结合,给出其空间分布,强化了分区管控政策的空间落地.评估结果表明,宜昌地区空气资源禀赋等级共分为4级,A值在8以上的空气资源禀赋充裕的地区,约占市域面积的30.3%;较好和一般的地区,A值分别在5~8和3~5之间,约占34.1%和34.8%;A值在1~3之间空气资源禀赋稀少的地区,仅占0.8%.本研究提出的空气资源禀赋分区方法具有较强的合理性,预期在城市中长期发展过程中的产业布局与分级调控中具有较好的应用前景.     

Mechanism and kinetics of aluminum dissolution during copper sorption by acidity paddy soil in South China

Soil aggregates were prepared from a bulk soil collected from paddy soil in the Taihu Lake region and aluminum (Al) dissolution, solution pH changes during copper (Cu^2 +) sorption were investigated with static sorption and magnetic stirring. Kinetics of Cu^2 + sorption and Al dissolution were also studied by magnetic stirring method. No Al dissolution was observed until Cu^2 + sorption was greater than a certain value, which was 632, 450, 601 and 674 mg/kg for sand, clay, silt, and coarse silt fractions, respectively. Aluminum dissolution increased with increasing Cu^2 + sorption and decreasing solution pH. An amount of dissolved Al showed a significant positive correlation with non-specific sorption of Cu^2 + (R² > 0.97), and it was still good under different pH values (R² > 0.95). Copper sorption significantly decreased solution pH. The magnitude of solution pH decline increased as Cu^2 + sorption and Al dissolution increased. The sand and clay fraction had a less Al dissolution and pH drop due to the higher ferric oxide, Al oxide and organic matter contents. After sorption reaction for half an hour, the Cu^2 + sorption progress reached more than 90% while the Al dissolution progress was only 40%, and lagged behind the Cu^2 + sorption. It indicated that aluminum dissolution is associated with non-specific sorption.     

4株外生菌根真菌对Al3+吸收与吸附的研究

本研究采用液体培养方法,分析了4株源自不同生境的外生菌根真菌[Pisolithus tinctorius(Pt 715)、Suillus luteus(Sl 08和Sl 14)、Gyroporus cyanescens(Gc 99)]细胞对铝的吸收与吸附,旨在探讨外生菌根真菌抗铝的机制,为减轻树木铝害、指导抗(耐)铝菌株的筛选和保持森林健康奠定理论基础.结果表明,Al3+对菌株Pt 715和Sl 08生长的影响不明显,但是可明显抑制Sl 14和Gc 99的生长;各供试菌株铝的吸附和吸收量均随培养液中Al3+浓度的升高而增加,可见环境中Al3+浓度是影响菌根真菌铝吸收量的关键因素;耐铝菌株(Pt 715和Sl 08)吸收的总铝及单位菌丝吸收的铝量较铝敏感菌株(Gc 99和Sl14)少,这可能是其对铝不敏感的原因之一.此外,增加对氮、磷、钾等营养元素的吸收亦可能是外生菌根真菌缓解铝毒的重要途径.     

应用多元统计研究城市河流沉积物孔隙水中DOM紫外光谱特征

应用紫外-可见光吸收光谱研究白塔堡河丰水期沉积物孔隙水中水溶性有机物(DOM)的来源、结构及腐殖化程度.采集白塔堡河干流13个沉积物孔隙水样品,分析DOM紫外光谱特性,推演出9个紫外光谱指数(SUVA254、E2/E4、E4/E6、E2/E3、S275~295、S350~400、A2/A1、A3/A1和A3/A2),研究DOM的组成与结构特征,评价DOM的腐殖化水平.白塔堡河沉积物孔隙水中DOM组成、机构及腐殖化水平呈现沿农村河段向城镇与城市河段递变,农村河段DOM分子量大于城镇与城市河段的,农村河段的DOM分子的聚合度、芳化度、腐殖化水平高于城镇与城市河段的,而DOM中富里酸的含量沿农村河段向城镇与城市河段增加.A2/A1、A3/A1和A3/A2和其它6个指标呈负相关,表明DOM的腐殖化水平随着A2/A1、A3/A1和A3/A2的值增大而升高,而随着其它指标的增大而降低.A2/A1、A3/A1和A3/A2更加精确地评价DOM腐殖化水平,辨识不同采样点DOM腐殖化进程.