恶臭污染评价方法及来源识别研究

随着经济的发展,人们的环境意识不断增强,恶臭作为一种环境污染已越来越受到人们的重视.文章概述了恶臭评价的主要影响因素,以及目前常用的评价方法如臭气强度评价法、臭气浓度(或臭气指数)评价法、臭气扩散模型预测评价法,同时从谱图恶臭污染源识别和源解析模型识别技术两方面介绍了恶臭污染物源解析技术,为恶臭污染事故诊断分析、定性恶臭污染物来源提供了一种新的途径和方法.最后通过分析目前尚未解决的科学问题,指出了今后的研究方向.     

异味混合物中组分浓度与其强度贡献关系研究

由挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)等引起的恶臭污染已经成为一个严重的环境问题,而污染物种类繁多,浓度差异大和物质间相互作用规律复杂等因素,对异味强度等感官评价研究造成极大困难.本研究针对室内环境,选取典型挥发性有机污染物组成多种异味混合物,6名专业嗅辨员组成嗅觉评价小组,分别评价异味混合物和相应各组分物质单独存在时的异味强度,分析混合物中各组分含量与混合物整体异味强度之间的联系.结果表明,当混合物中某物质异味活度(odor activity value,OAV)的自然对数值占混合物总量的比例小于20%时,其对混合物的异味强度贡献基本为零.利用该方法预先忽略多组分异味混合物中的部分物质,可以在异味物质相互作用规律和异味感官评价等研究中起到重要简化作用.     

密闭化填埋作业条件下的场内恶臭污染分布情况与分析

随着城市化进程的加剧,填埋场恶臭逐渐成为影响城市生活的重要污染.对于场界范围内的恶臭发生源通常要依靠经验确定,难以对填埋场界范围内的恶臭污染强度分布及变化规律进行科学的描述.利用电子鼻与GPS定位仪对生活垃圾填埋场内的恶臭污染情况进行检测,通过GIS软件作图绘制恶臭污染等强度曲线,对场内强污染源释放点进行确定,发现覆盖膜破损及焚烧火炬尾气排放是造成场内恶臭污染的主要原因.对填埋气产量估算分析表明提高填埋气处理能力是控制恶臭污染的关键.     

农村恶臭污染源分析及防治措施探讨

由于人口分散、经济以粗放型为主、环境缺乏管理,近年来农村环境问题日益凸显,农村恶臭污染尤为严重。农村恶臭污染源具有分散性、区域性、隐蔽性的特点,且污染物排放量小、排污随机、扩散性强、不易监测,这给研究农村恶臭污染源问题带来了一定的困难。目前,对农村恶臭污染源分析研究还处于探索阶段,没有形成完整的体系。针对农村恶臭污染的特点,对农村恶臭污染源进行了初步的分析和探讨,以期对治理农村恶臭污染及改善农村环境有所帮助。     

VOCs released from municipal solid waste at the initial decomposition stage: Emission characteristics and an odor impact assessment

The nuisance from odor caused by municipal solid waste (MSW) is resulting in a growing number of public complaints and concerns. Odor pollution occurs in the initial decomposition stage of MSW, including waste collection, transportation and early pre-treatment. Furthermore, decomposition takes place in waste facilities that are often close to living areas, which can result in odor impacts on local inhabitants. However, this aspect of odor impact from MSW has not been well studied. In the current study, lab-scale waste cells were designed to simulate MSW storage conditions in the early stage. The characteristics of VOCs emissions with different waste compositions were analyzed. The odor concentration (C_O, non-dimensional) method and odor intensity were used for the assessment of odor. Ethanol was the substance with highest emission rate. The release rate of VOCs increased with the growth easily biodegradable waste (EBW). VOCs emissions was reduced by 25% when the proportion of EBW decreased from 60% to 45%. Methyl sulfide, ethanol, dimethyl disulfide and ethyl acetate were identified as typical odorants. The EBW proportion in waste is the main factor significantly influencing odor pollution. The C_O was 244.51 for the 60% EBW condition, which was only 61.46 for 15% EBW condition. These study results provide important information for the implementation of a garbage sorting policy and the monitoring of odor pollution from waste management.     

三点比较式臭袋法测定恶臭浓度的方法探讨

我国GB14554—1993《恶臭污染物排放标准》中规定恶臭浓度的标准方法为三点比较式臭袋法。本文就其采样分析的过程、步骤中存在的干扰因素进行了一些探讨。     

恶臭的测定

恶臭作为一种扰民污染,其测定方法与常规的大气污染物相比,有其独特性。除采用分光光度法、色谱法等分析仪器进行恶臭物质的定性定量分析外,还需以人的鼻子为检测器对恶臭样品进行嗅觉测定,以评价恶臭对人的感官影响。本文比较全面地介绍了恶臭的测定方法和仪器,客观地评价各种测试技术。     

AUSTAL2000在恶臭污染环境影响评估中的应用研究

运用德国AUSTAL2000模型对某化工项目周边400 km2的矩形区域和36个环境敏感点NH3、H2 S浓度和恶臭发生频率进行了模拟计算,分析了该项目恶臭污染的影响程度和范围,并对各排放源的计算结果进行了对比分析.结果表明,预测范围内NH3、H2 S只有小时浓度最大值超标,占标率分别为139%和120%,超标面积分别为0.16 km2和0.13 km2,但恶臭发生频率超标较严重,最大值达到了86.7%,超标面积达40.8 km2;环境敏感点NH3、H2 S浓度均未超标,恶臭发生频率也仅有两个点位的最大值略高于标准限值;与面源的无组织排放相比,采取排气筒的排放方式可以明显降低周边区域污染物浓度和恶臭发生频率,减少恶臭污染面积.     

基于恶臭气体扩散数值模拟的垃圾中转站选址

城市垃圾中转站恶臭气体扩散问题是居民非常关注的焦点。采用计算流体力学方法对某拟建垃圾中转站和周围建筑物附近的流场和可能泄漏的恶臭气体的扩散进行了数值模拟,分析了不同风速和风向对流场结构和恶臭气体扩散特性的影响规律。结果表明:在相同风向不同风速下,无因次化流场结构基本相同;风速高时恶臭气体迅速扩散,不影响周围建筑物;接近静风时,恶臭气体能够扩散至垃圾中转站的连体建筑和南侧学生宿舍,但浓度已降低约3个数量级;风速接近静风的东风和南风条件下,恶臭气体扩散快,影响区域有限。总体上,该拟建垃圾中转站的选址合理。该研究过程可为类似项目选址的合理性评判提供科学参考。     

厨余垃圾堆肥过程中恶臭物质分析

恶臭污染已成为生活垃圾堆肥过程中的主要环境问题.以大类粗分后的厨余垃圾作为研究对象,利用嗅觉测定法和GC-MS分析了不同阶段堆肥尾气的臭气浓度和恶臭化合物的种类及其排放浓度,并对不同堆肥阶段臭气浓度和恶臭物质排放浓度的相关性进行分析.结果表明,厨余垃圾堆肥过程中共检测到43种挥发性有机物,其中含硫臭气物质5种,烃类化合物22种,芳香烃类化合物11种,其它物质5种.通过相关性分析,发现硫化氢、甲硫醇、1,3-二甲基苯和邻二甲苯与臭气浓度极显著相关(P<0.01),二甲二硫和对二甲苯与臭气浓度显著相关(P<0.05),因此在厨余垃圾堆肥过程中要对这6种臭气物质进行重点监测和控制.     

天津市环境空气恶臭污染状况与典型气态污染物识别

以天津市中心城区和典型工业区为重点调查区域,通过网格法布设40个采样点,共采集不同季节的环境空气样品近1 300个. 采用嗅觉测定法、分光光度法和GC-MS分别测定恶臭感官浓度、NH₃和其他气态污染物的组成及浓度. 结果表明:①天津市环境臭气浓度介于0~90之间,中心城区和工业区臭气浓度水平相当. 夏季臭气浓度<10的样品最多,占总样品量的42%,春季超过85%的样品臭气浓度>20,秋季超过70%的样品臭气浓度>20,说明春、秋两季环境恶臭污染较为严重. ②NH₃是检出率最高的恶臭物质. 天津市夏、秋、春三季ρ(NH₃)平均值分别为0.070、0.058和0.060 mg/m3,各类功能区中居住区和混合区的ρ(NH₃)较高. ③秋季H₂S的检出较为普遍,ρ(H₂S)在0.006 4~0.220 0 mg/m3之间,中心城区和工业区的ρ(H₂S)平均值分别为0.014 0和 0.023 0 mg/m3,最高值出现在工业区. 以物质浓度、嗅阈值和检出率为评估参数,通过分级赋值和多参数综合评分筛选出10种典型气态污染物,分别为NH₃、CS₂、苯、甲苯、间二甲苯、乙苯、1,2,4-三甲苯、乙醇、丙酮和异戊二烯;建立了臭气浓度与这10种污染物浓度的多元线性回归方程,该方程具有良好的统计学意义和相关性(P<0.05,R=0.78),表明这些气态化合物是影响城市空气恶臭感官污染的重要因素.      

国外恶臭污染管理办法对我国管理体系构建的启示

GB 14554-1993《恶臭污染物排放标准》是当前我国控制恶臭污染的主要手段,该标准的制定虽然在一定程度上减少了恶臭污染造成的不利影响,但随着投诉情况的逐年增加,已无法满足当前复杂严重污染形势的需要.为了全面系统地控制恶臭污染、提高恶臭污染管理工作能力、改善整体恶臭污染形势,需要掌握我国恶臭污染情况,并借鉴国外管理经验建立我国的恶臭污染管理体系.从法律法规、控制标准和评价方法3个方面,深入研究公害法、无组织源排放标准、有组织源排放标准和技术标准、安全防护距离、气味强度范围、气味指数、投诉标准和综合因素评价法等10种国外常用的恶臭污染管理方法,分析我国恶臭污染情况和恶臭污染管理现状,并结合国内外对比分析结果指出我国恶臭污染管理存在的问题.结果表明,我国恶臭污染管理存在起步晚、法规标准体系不完善、环境监管手段缺乏、恶臭污染防治系统缺失以及公共宣传、教育不到位等问题.建议将恶臭污染防治与管理纳入相关法律法规,完善法规体系;筛选、开发有效的检测技术,建立科学的标准化监测技术体系,提升监管能力;构建科学、合理的恶臭污染评价体系,形成企业积极采取措施开展控制技术升级改造的良性循环;加强与受控方、高校等科研单位和机构的交流合作,提高制订政策的有效性和执行性;加大公共宣传和教育力度,推动恶臭污染知识普及和建立民众监督机制.      

天津市恶臭投诉现状与对策建议

随着人民环保意识的逐渐增强,恶臭污染作为一种扰民污染近些年已越来越引起人们的关注,针对恶臭污染的投诉时有发生。本文针对天津市2006年6月至2007年5月期间的恶臭投诉进行统计、分析,反映了天津市恶臭投诉的时间和空间分布,恶臭污染投诉主要集中在6月-10月,投诉的对象主要是化工、石化、喷漆涂料等工厂以及餐饮业、野外焚烧等,投诉的区域与城市的发展规划和工业布局有关,针对以上特征提出了相应的管理对策与建议。     

生物滴滤法处理低浓度混合恶臭气体的研究

实验采用生物滴滤法处理化工厂污水恶臭气体.研究表明在处理较低浓度H2S,NH3,VOCs的恶臭气体时,该方法能取得很好的处理效果,并具有一定的抗冲击负荷能力,能达到《恶臭污染物排放标准》(GB 14554-93)厂界标准的要求.     

室内多环芳烃污染源的化学组成特征研究

运用环境舱模拟源排放的方法采集了烹调油烟与环境烟草烟雾的样本,对18种PAHs进行了定量分析.比较了不同食用油与不同品牌香烟产生PAHs组成特征的差异,初步建立了2类室内PAHs来源的化学成分谱.结果表明:烹调油烟中3环以下的PAHs为主体,Fluo,Pyr和Flu相对含量较为稳定;香烟烟雾以3～4环组分为主体,Flu,Phe,InP和BaA较为稳定,Cor含量较烹调油烟而言显著增加.2类源的ρ(BaA)/ρ(Chy),ρ(BeP)/ρ(BaP)与ρ(InP)/ρ(BghiP)稳定且存在显著差异,可以用来解析室内PAHs以及PAHs暴露的来源.运用等效毒理学因子估算了其危害程度,结果表明:每100 g食用油在烹调过程(60 min)中释放产生PAHs的毒理学效应仅为吸烟过程中每g烟草所产生PAHs毒理效应的一半.      

Determination of urine-derived odorous compounds in a source separation sanitation system

Source separation sanitation systems have attracted more and more attention recently.However, separate urine collection and treatment could induce odor issues, especially in large scale application. In order to avoid such issues, it is necessary to monitor the odor related compounds that might be generated during urine storage. This study investigated the odorous compounds that emitted from source-separated human urine under different hydrolysis conditions. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of temperature, stale/fresh urine ratio and urine dilution on odor emissions. It was found that ammonia, dimethyl disulfide, allyl methyl sulfide and 4-heptanone were the main odorous compounds generated from human urine, with headspace concentrations hundreds of times higher than their respective odor thresholds. Furthermore, the high temperature accelerated urine hydrolysis and liquid–gas mass transfer, resulting a remarkable increase of odor emissions from the urine solution. The addition of stale urine enhanced urine hydrolysis and expedited odor emissions. On the contrary, diluted urine emitted less odorous compounds ascribed to reduced concentrations of odorant precursors. In addition,this study quantified the odor emissions and revealed the constraints of urine source separation in real-world applications. To address the odor issue, several control strategies are recommended for odor mitigation or elimination from an engineering perspective.     

The impact of tobacco chemicals and nicotine on placental development

Despite decades of messages warning about the dangers of tobacco use in pregnancy, 10% to 15% of pregnant women continue to smoke. Furthermore, an increased popularity of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) over the past decade in women of childbearing age raises parallel concerns regarding the effects of vaporized nicotine use in pregnancy. While research using animal models which mimic tobacco smoke and nicotine exposure in pregnancy have largely replicated findings in humans, few studies focus directly on the effects of these exposures on the placenta. Because the placenta is a fetal derived tissue, and nicotine and other components of tobacco smoke are either processed by or transported directly through the placenta, such studies help us understand the risks of these exposures on the developing fetus. In this review, we summarize research on the placenta and placental-derived cells examining either tobacco smoke or nicotine exposure, including both histologic and subcellular (ie, epigenetic and molecular) modifications. Collectively, these studies reveal that tobacco and nicotine exposure are accompanied by some common and several unique molecular and epigenomic placental modifications. Consideration of the nature and sequelae of these molecular mediators of risk may help to better inform the public and more effectively curtail modifiable behavior.     

Identification of odorous compounds in reclaimed water using FPA combined with sensory GC-MS

Odorous compounds in the influent of a reclaimed water treatment plant (RWTP), consisting of coagulation, sedimentation, continuous micro-filtration (CMF), and chlorination in succession, in a north China city, were identified by combining flavor profile analysis (FPA) with sensory gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The sewery/swampy/septic odor with an odor intensity of 6.4 was found to be the major odor group in the RWTP influent, and the existence of well-known odorant including dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, indole and skatole were confirmed using GC-MS. The result of a spiking test showed that the intensity (3.6) of the sewery/swampy/septic odor caused by these four chemicals contributed to over 50% of the odor intensity of the influent. The FPA intensity for sewery/swampy/septic odor in the RWTP effluent was 3.8, showing that the treatment process was not efficient for the removal of odorants, particularly indole and skatole.     

污泥直接干化尾气中恶臭污染物质重要性评价:以指标权重评分法为例

利用水泥窑协同处置污泥可同时实现污泥的无害化、减量化和资源化.水泥回转窑处置污泥时须先对污泥进行干化使其含水率达到要求.污泥受热干化时会释放恶臭物质,易引发恶臭污染,对周围环境和居民生活造成影响.以污泥直接干化产生的尾气为对象,基于目前国内外恶臭污染相关规定,综合考虑污泥直接干化产生的尾气中物质浓度、嗅阈值、阈限值、气味安全级别以及饱和蒸气压,通过指标权重评分方法筛选出污泥直接干化产生尾气中的主要恶臭污染物.以恶臭污染潜力为评价目标,风险指标和臭气排放强度为评价指标,通过韦伯-费希纳定律构建污泥直接干化产生尾气的恶臭污染潜力分级评价模型,形成适合污泥直接干化产生尾气的恶臭污染潜力分级评价方法.     

有机垃圾处理机排放臭气的生物脱臭研究

文章利用生物滴滤塔对有机垃圾处理机排放的恶臭气体进行了脱臭研究。考察了生物滴滤塔的启动情况:装置启动7d后,NH_3排放浓度达到城市恶臭气体排放标准,11d后,H_2S排放浓度达到标准;在此基础上,研究了气体表面负荷、喷淋密度和pH值对净化效率的影响,发现实验条件下的适宜参数是:气体表面负荷≤300m~3/m~2·h,喷淋密度为0.1～0.2m~3/m~2·h,pH值维持在6.0～7.0。研究结果对于有机垃圾生物处理排放恶臭气体的净化具有一定的应用价值。