青岛大气降水中微量元素的浓度及溶解度

利用2016年6月~2017年5月在青岛采集的35个降水样品,分析其中8种微量元素的总态和溶解态浓度,讨论了大气降水中微量元素的浓度及其溶解度的变化特征,并探讨了影响大气降水中微量元素溶解度的因素.结果表明,青岛降水中微量元素的总态浓度以Al和Fe的最高,其次是Zn、Mn、Ba、Pb、Sr、V的较低;溶解态浓度以Zn的最高,其次是Al、Mn、Fe、Ba、Sr、Pb和V的较低;溶解度以地壳元素Al和Fe的最低,为5%左右,受到人为源影响的元素溶解度相对较高,Pb和Ba的为10%~40%,Mn和Sr的为20%~60%,Zn和V溶解度最高,平均约为55%.季节变化显示不同元素总态和溶解态浓度基本呈现冬、春季明显高于夏、秋季,溶解度基本表现为春季最高.持续降雨的前后期微量元素的总态和溶解态浓度均呈现明显降低,但溶解度的变化趋势在不同降雨过程中不一致,pH变化是控制降水中微量元素溶解度的主要因子.     

温榆河水体中重金属含量分布及赋存状态解析

利用错流超滤技术对采集的温榆河水样中Fe、Mn、Al、Zn、Cu、Cr和Pb等金属元素进行了分离,研究温榆河重金属分布及赋存状态变化.研究发现,温榆河沿程重金属含量多数超出了《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)的Ⅰ类水标准,Pb超过了Ⅱ类水标准;其中Fe、Al、Cu、Pb等元素主要以颗粒态存在,Mn、Zn则主要以溶解态存在,而Cr在颗粒态和溶解态中含量相当.温榆河沿程各点金属元素在胶体态和真溶解态中均有分布,Mn、Al、Zn、Pb等元素以真溶解态存在量较多,而Fe、Cr、Cu等元素则以胶体态存在量较多,其中,河流中的Cu元素分布状态受外界影响严重,Cr和Mn的分布状态不易受外界因素影响,Fe的分布状态易受总含量的影响,Al和Zn的分布状态易受pH值的影响,Pb的分布状态易受河流富氧状态的影响.通过胶体态重金属与胶体态有机碳的相关性分析发现,温榆河中胶体态Fe、Mn、Zn及Al主要以无机胶体态存在;而胶体态Cu、Cr和Pb则主要以有机胶体态存在.     

中药三七中5种微量元素的含量及健康风险

为了解三七中Fe、Mn、Al、Zn、Se人体微量元素的含量,并客观评价这5种微量元素对长期服用三七药品的患者的健康风险,在三七的产区及周边市县进行采样,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对三七中这5种微量元素的含量进行测定,并采用点推定和概率推定对各元素的非致癌风险危害商值(HQ)值进行评估,结果发现三七中5种微量元素的平均含量分别为1375.84,108.31,1213.62, 0.16,21.99mg/kg,表现出Al > Fe > Mn > Zn > Se的高低顺序,HQ值大小顺序为Fe > Al > Mn > Zn > Se. HQ值均小于1,提示针对各元素,一般消费者不存在非致癌健康风险.然而,Fe,Al,Mn的日摄入量分别为0.09573,0.10759,0.00832mg/(kg·d),超出了来源于药物的微量元素的经口允许摄入量,应该加以控制.对危害指数(HI)的概率推定结果显示,5.19%的三七服用者对这5种微量元素的暴露具有非致癌健康风险.     

Chemical characteristics of aerosols at coastal station in Hong Kong.Ⅱ.Environmental behavior of trace elements during the April 1995 to April 1996

An one-year of sampling aerosol program was carried out during the period of April 1995 to April 1996 at coastal region, Cape D‘Aguilar, in Hong Kong. The trace element composition of aerosol particles(TSP and PM10) were measured and analyzed by using the Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis(INAA) and Inductive Couple Plasma-Mass Spectrometry(ICP-MS) techniques. The results showed that the polluted elements such as: V, Zn, As, Pb, Cd, Sb, I, Se, Bi, with high enrichment factor( E. F) values, are derived from anthropogenic sources ,while Sc, AI, Fe, Mn, Sm, La, Sr are less than 10 in E. F, these elements are related the crust and soil. The concentration of the trace elements are present seasonal variation i.e. summer low and winter high, whereas the V or noncrustal V(V^* ) present summer high and winter low, this phenomenon might be explained by local or regional oil combustion sources. Use three type of elemental ratio, e.g. La/Sm, Mn^*/V^* and Bi/Al indicate that both TSP and PM10 of La/Sm ratios are mainly related to soil and dust, Mn^*/V^* are probably represent fossil combustion and Bi/Al are possibly associated with refuse incineration, ferromanganese alloys and aluminum production. The varimax rotation factor analysis for trace elements was performed. By means of the absolute principal component analysis (APCA) and multiple regression, the contribution of trace elements to possible sources and overall means of trace elements were estimated. The results showed that the present station is impacted by the anthropogenic species, although the quantities are different during the summertime and wintertime.     

夏季青岛大气粗细粒子中微量元素的浓度、溶解度及干沉降通量

利用2016年6~7月在青岛采集的PM_(2.5)和总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品,分析其中12种微量元素总态和溶解态浓度,讨论了微量元素在粗、细粒子中的浓度及溶解度的分布特征,并估算了微量元素的沉降通量.结果表明,青岛气溶胶中地壳元素Al、Fe、Sr、Mn、Ba总态浓度的55%~60%集中在粗粒子中,人为元素Cr、Ni、V、Zn、Pb、As、Cd的65%~85%集中在细粒子中.但无论是地壳元素还是人为元素其溶解态浓度均主要分布在细粒子中,Al、Fe、Mn、Ba在细粒子中的占比为50%~80%,Cr、Ni、V、Zn、Pb、As、Cd的为70%~90%.微量元素溶解度在细粒子中的高于粗粒子中的,细粒子中微量元素的溶解态浓度与酸组分呈显著正相关,溶解度与p H呈显著负相关,表明酸化作用可能是影响细粒子中微量元素溶解度的主控因子.不同微量元素的总沉降通量中溶解态部分的贡献不同,Al和Fe溶解态部分的贡献仅为1%~2%,Sr、Ba、Cr、Pb的约为30%~40%,Mn、Ni、V、Zn、As、Cd的约为50%~60%.大气沉降的溶解态Fe可支持(194±150)mg·(m2·d)-1浮游植物碳的生产,对黄海初级生产力的贡献约为10%.     

Long-range atmospheric transport of trace elements to southern norway

Results from two investigations of air quality performed in 1978–1979 and 1985–1986 at Birkenes, southern Norway are presentes. The elements Na, Al, Cl, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Ag, Cd, Sb, La and Pb were determined in daily filter samples and data for SO₂ and aerosol sulfate were also collected. The levels in 1985–1986 were lower for most pollution-derived elements than in 1978–1979. This in particular concerned V, Ni, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Sb and Pb, while Br and Sb showed less reduced concentration levels. Sector analysis showed that the main contributing source areas for airborne trace elements in southernmost Norway are southeast to southwest of Birkenes. Comparison of the contributions from different source areas in the two sampling periods indicates that emissions in western Europe had decreased more between the two periods than in eastern Europe. Factor analysis was performed on the two datasets. A five-factor solution revealed the existence of a marine component, a soil component and a general pollution component in the aerosol.     

Chemical characteristics of aerosols at coastal station in Hong Kong.Ⅱ.Environmental behavior of trace elements during the April 1995 to April 1996

An one-year of sampling aerosol program was carried out during the period of April 1995 to April 1996 atcoastal region, Cape D'Aguilar, in Hong Kong. The trace element composition of aerosol particles(TSP and PM10)were measured and analyzed by using the Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) and Inductive CouplePlasma-Mass Spectrometry(ICP-MS) techniques. The results showed that the polluted elements such as: V, Zn,As, Pb, Cd, Sb, I, Se, Bi, with high enrichment factor( E. F) values, are derived from anthropogenic sources ,while Sc, Al, Fe, Mn, Sm, La, Sr are less than 10 in E. F, these elements are related the crust and soil. Theconcentration of the trace elements are present seasonal variation i.e. summer low and winter high, whereas the Vor noncrustal V(V* ) present summer high and winter low, this phenomenon might be explained by local or regionaloil combustion sources. Use three type of elemental ratio, e.g. La/Sm, Mn* /V* and Bi/Al indicate that both TSPand PM10 of La/Sm ratios are mainly related to soil and dust, Mn*/V* are probably represent fossil combustion andBi/Al are possibly associated with refuse incineration, ferromanganese alloys and aluminum production. The varimaxrotation factor analysis for trace elements was performed. By means of the absolute principal component analysis(APCA) and multiple regression, the contribution of trace elements to possible sources and overall means of traceelements were estimated. The results showed that the present station is impacted by the anthropogenic species,although the quantities are different during the summertime and wintertime.     

Trace elements in the Venezuelan savannah atmosphere during dry and wet periods,with and without vegetation burning

Airborne atmospheric concentrations of 13 trace elements were measured in four rural Venezuelan savannah sites. Particle size distributions were also determined with a five stage Hivol-cascade impactor. Chemical analysis were made by atomic absorption spectroscopy. In general, with only few exceptions, during vegetation burning periods levels were higher with a very large fraction of fine particles. Ca and Mg were mainly found in insoluble particles. All the time Al, Fe and Mn show a large fraction of small particles; highly weathered savannah soils could be the source of fine particles of these elements during non-burning periods. Typical anthropogenic metal Cu, Zn, Ni, V, Cd and Zn have relatively low atmospheric concentrations showing that the Venezuelan savannah region is little affected by industrial or vehicular air pollution.     

彭佳屿岛春季TSP中痕量金属组成及其来源解析

通过大气环流向海洋大气边界层传输的人为源和陆源物质,明显改变了海洋气溶胶中痕量金属的组成.但基于开阔海域岛屿连续观测研究海洋气溶胶中痕量金属元素组成及其来源的研究较少.2010年3—5月在我国台湾北部东海海域彭佳屿岛采集了60个TSP（总悬浮颗粒物）样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）分析了19种痕量金属（Al、Fe、Ti、Y、Mn、Ba、Sr、Co、Cr、V、Ni、Tl、Zn、Sn、Pb、As、Cd、Sb、Se）的质量浓度.基于TSP中Al浓度、气团后向轨迹分析和美国国家宇航局CALIPSO卫星星载激光雷达扫描图像,将采集的TSP分为非沙尘TSP（不受沙尘影响的TSP）和沙尘TSP（受沙尘影响的TSP）.沙尘TSP中所有痕量金属的浓度都高于非沙尘TSP,表明沙尘对彭佳屿岛TSP中痕量金属有贡献.结合富集因子、相关性分析和PMF模型研究结果表明,彭佳屿岛春季非沙尘TSP中Al、Fe、Ti和Y主要来源于地壳矿物,Mn、Ba、Sr、Co和Cr同时受地壳矿物和人为源的影响;沙尘TSP中Al、Fe、Ti、Y、Mn、Ba、Sr、Co和Cr主要来源于地壳矿物.V和Ni在彭佳屿岛春季非沙尘TSP中主要来源于燃料油燃烧,而在沙尘TSP中同时受燃料油燃烧和地壳矿物的影响.非沙尘TSP和沙尘TSP中,Tl、Zn、As、Sn、Pb、Cd、Sb和Se的来源相似.Tl主要源于交通和煤燃烧,Zn、Sn、Pb、Cd和Sb同时来源于交通、煤和燃料油燃烧,As主要来源于煤燃烧,Se则主要来源于煤和燃料油燃烧.研究显示,人为源释放到大气中的Tl、Zn、As、Sn、Pb、Cd、Sb和Se可以通过大气环流长距离传输至开阔海域.      

隧道大气细颗粒物及其元素的粒径分布特征

对比研究了隧道和大气环境中不同粒径细颗粒物 (切割粒径分别为0.03,0.06,0.108,0.17,0.26,0.40,0.65,1.0,1.6和2.5 μm) 中S,K,Ca,Ti,Mn,Fe,Zn,Pb,Al,Si,Cu和V等12种痕量元素的浓度. 结果表明:隧道中不同粒径细颗粒物的数浓度和质量浓度在上下班高峰时段出现明显峰值,且隧道细颗粒物在0.108 μm粒径处的数浓度和在2.5 μm粒径处的质量浓度分别是大气环境对照值的15.2和40.0倍;在隧道传输过程中质量浓度增加的痕量元素有 Si,Ca,Fe,Al,Ti,Zn,Mn,Cu和V,减小的有S,Pb,Zn和K;地壳元素(Si,Ca,Fe,Al和Ti)的质量浓度总和占隧道细颗粒物中痕量元素质量浓度总和的87%,表明土壤扬尘仍是隧道大气细颗粒物的主要来源.      

Trace metals in atmospheric fine particles in one industrial urban city: Spatial variations, sources, and health implications

Trace metals in PM2.5were measured at one industrial site and one urban site during September, 2010 in Ji'nan, eastern China. Individual aerosol particles and PM2.5samples were collected concurrently at both sites. Mass concentrations of eleven trace metals(i.e., Al, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Ba, and Pb) and one metalloid(i.e., As) were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy(ICP-AES). The result shows that mass concentrations of PM2.5(130 μg/m3) and trace metals(4.03 μg/m3) at the industrial site were 1.3 times and 1.7 times higher than those at the urban site, respectively, indicating that industrial activities nearby the city can emit trace metals into the surrounding atmosphere. Fe concentrations were the highest among all the measured trace metals at both sites, with concentrations of 1.04 μg/m3at the urban site and 2.41 μg/m3at the industrial site, respectively. In addition, Pb showed the highest enrichment factors at both sites, suggesting the emissions from anthropogenic activities existed around the city. Correlation coefcient analysis and principal component analysis revealed that Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn were originated from vehicular trafc and industrial emissions at both sites; As, Cr, and part of Pb from coal-fired power plant; Ba and Ti from natural soil. Based on the transmission electron microscopy analysis, we found that most of the trace metals were internally mixed with secondary sulfate/organic particles. These internally mixed trace metals in the urban air may have diferent toxic abilities compared with externally mixed trace metals.     

我国中西部典型城市PM2.5中痕量金属的时空分布特征和健康影响

为研究我国中西部地区大气细颗粒物中的痕量金属区域分布、季节分布特征以及健康风险,在西安、乌鲁木齐、洛阳以及兰州四城市布点采样,利用ICP-AES（电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪）测定了PM_2.5中9种痕量金属（V、Cr、Cd、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb）的质量分数.结果表明：在痕量金属的时空分布特征方面,各城市主导痕量金属存在差异,西安、乌鲁木齐、洛阳以及兰州的主导痕量金属为Mn、Zn、Pb、Pb,除了主导痕量金属,对于单个金属,其空间分布及季节分布都存在差异;利用分歧系数法分析了城市间颗粒物中痕量金属的组成,洛阳与其他城市颗粒物中痕量金属的CD值在0.4左右,表明洛阳与各城市颗粒物中痕量金属的组成有很大差异,而西安与乌鲁木齐、兰州两个城市的CD值几乎都小于0.2,则他们组成相似;健康风险评结果显示,颗粒物PM_2.5中的痕量金属Cr对成年人有着显著的致癌和非致癌风险,而且Cd、As对4个城市居民的致癌风险是显著的,Ni对其致癌风险不显著.长期处于该研究环境,对人体健康存在一定健康威胁.此外痕量金属对人体的健康风险也具有季节性,所有痕量金属ILCR值都高于10^-6,尤其是As、Cd、Cr的致癌风险超过了安全水平（10^-4）,尤其是Cr和As春冬季的致癌风险最高.     

Metal release/accumulation during the decomposition of Potamogeton crispus in a shallow macrophytic lake

Changes in metal concentrations in the litter of Potamogeton crispus were monitored during a consecutive 40-day in situ decomposition experiment using the litterbag method.The accumulation index was calculated and used to indicate the changes in the metals in litter.The results showed that the concentrations of Al,Cd,Cr,Fe,Mn,and Pb in litter increased significantly during the decomposition,while Cu and Zn concentrations decreased dramatically.Significant positive correlations were found between the concentrations of Al,Cr,Fe,and Mn and between Cu and Zn.Moreover,Cu and Zn both negatively correlated with Al and Fe.The remaining dry mass was negatively correlated with Al and Fe concentrations but positively correlated with Cu and Zn concentrations.Generally the accumulation index values of metals other than Al were less than one,indicating that the litter of P.crispus acted as a source of metals to the surrounding water body.Al was the only metal that showed continuous net accumulation in litter.The net accumulation of Fe and Mn in litter during the last 10 days of the experiment may indicate the precipitation of Feand Mn-oxides.It was estimated that 160 g/m~2(dry weight)P.crispus was decomposed in40 days.This was equivalent to releasing the following amounts of metals:0.01 mg Cd,0.03 mg Cr,0.71 mg Cu,0.55 mg Mn,0.02 mg Pb and 13.8 mg Zn into surrounding water,and accumulating 149 mg Al and 11 mg Fe,in a 1 m~2 area.     

碧水岩地下河中微量金属元素对降雨的响应特征及来源分析

在降雨条件下,利用自动采样器对广西碧水岩地下河出口进行高频采样,分析了碧水岩地下河出口水体中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd等微量金属元素的水化学动态变化特征,探讨了地下河水中微量金属来源及其对降雨的响应机制.结果表明,地下河水化学组分表现出了较明显的规律,其中主要元素Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、HCO-3等在降雨过程中稀释作用明显,而Al、Mn、TFe、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd等金属元素对降雨响应敏感,其质量浓度在降雨过程中有所升高,相应质量浓度曲线均表现出多峰值特点,且在最大降雨发生后第9 h达到最大峰值.推断水岩作用、河底沉积物再释放和水土流失是导致河水金属元素浓度增高的原因,金属元素不同来源及地下河双入口的结构特征是形成金属元素质量浓度曲线多峰值的原因,其中水岩作用引起的水化学变化较河底沉积物再释放和水土流失更敏感,而后者是导致河水重金属元素增加的主要原因.监测期间,溶质在地下河中的平均迁移速度约为0.47 km·h~(-1),污染物运移速度较快,因此,通过对岩溶地下河水化学动态的监测,掌握微量金属组分来源及迁移特性,对于地下河水环境污染治理具有重要意义.     

珠海市郊区大气PM2.5中元素特征及重金属健康风险评价

为探讨珠海市郊区大气环境PM_2.5中主要元素尤其是重金属的污染特征及其健康风险,于2014~2015年选取春、夏、秋、冬季4个典型月采集了PM_2.5样品.利用X射线荧光光谱法分析得到15种元素的含量,进一步利用富集因子和主成分分析方法分析其来源,并采用US EPA环境健康风险评价模型评估痕量重金属的健康风险.结果表明：大气PM_2.5中地壳元素（Al、Si、Ca、Fe、Ti）总质量浓度在春、夏、秋、冬季典型月分别为（708±213）、（645±269）、（1155±503）和（1466±492）ng·m^-3,痕量重金属元素（Ba、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Sb、V、Zn）总质量浓度在春、夏、秋、冬典型月分别为（271±124）、（163±87.6）、（424±192）和（546±183）ng·m^-3.富集因子分析显示Sb、Zn、Pb、Cu、Ni、Ba、Ca、Co等元素富集显著,其富集因子均值范围为172~2426.主成分分析显示,区域性输送污染源、船舶源、燃煤和电子工业是PM_2.5中重金属的主要来源,其贡献率分别为53.4%、13.0%、7.6%和6.8%.健康风险评价结果表明,Mn元素对儿童存在一定的非致癌风险,Cr、Pb和Co存在一定的致癌风险.     

新试剂3,5-二溴-4-偶氮对N,N-二甲苯胺苯基荧光酮分光光度法测定微量锰

本文研究了新试剂3，5-二溴-4-偶氛对N，N-二甲苯胶末基荧光酮（DBAMPF）与锰（Ⅱ）的显色反应和光度性质，在阳离子表面活性剂溴化十六烷基三甲按（CTMAB）存在下，pH9．0NH3H2O～NH4Cl介质中，试剂与锰（Ⅱ）形成2∶1的红色配合物，最大吸收波长为580nm，表观摩尔吸光系数为1.12×106l·mol-1·cm-1，锰（Ⅱ）浓度在0～8μg／25ml范围内符合比尔定律，拟定方法用于水质中标的测定，其方法灵敏度高，重视性好，结果令人满意。     

广西河池锑冶炼区周边苔藓对大气重金属的记录

借助苔藓对广西河池锑冶炼区周边大气中的10种重金属(Sb、Pb、As、Cu、Cd、Mn、Fe、Al、Ba、Sr)的分布迁移规律进行了研究. 结果表明:苔藓可有效反映重金属的沉降. 苔藓中w(Sb)、w(Pb)、w(As)和w(Cd)的范围分别为41.0～5.77×103、1.05×102～1.39×104、25.0～1.07×103和8.00～263 mg/kg,分别是背景值的1.5～213.6、24.5～322.5、3.6～1 980.9和3.2～105.2倍. 元素相关性的主成分分析表明,Sb、Pb、As、Cd和Cu为密切相关的一类元素,来源于原料矿石的冶炼排放;Mn、Fe和Al为第2类,主要来源于燃料煤的释放,此外,Mn还可能来源于城市气溶胶的输送和水泥厂的排放;Ba与Sr为第3类,来源与扬尘有关. 随着采样点与冶炼厂烟囱距离的增加,w(Sb)、w(Pb)、w(As)、w(Cu)和w(Cd)呈非线性下降,可用方程y=ae-x拟合. w(Sb)与w(Pb)的衰减速率相似,而w(As)衰减要快于二者.      

贵州阿哈湖物质循环过程的微量元素地球化学初步研究

对贵州阿哈湖夏季和冬季分层湖水的水化学参数、溶解态微量元素和悬浮颗粒物微量元素进行了对比研究。结果显示:阿哈湖湖水夏季热分层和化学分层均较明显,而冬季湖水处于混合状态。夏季湖泊物质循环过程对生源要素Si、DOC以及Mn、Fe、Cr、Co、Ni、Zn和Mo等微量元素的分布和迁移转化均产生了重要影响。夏季湖泊底层水体中溶解态Mn、Fe、Co和Ni的含量较高,主要受有机质降解和Fe、Mn氧化还原循环的影响,而且Mn的循环强度高于Fe循环,溶解态Cr在底层水体中仅有小幅升高;另外,沉积物孔隙水向上覆水体的释放作用对底层水体中溶解态重金属浓度的升高可能也有一定的影响。溶解态Zn和Mo在夏季底层水体中的含量呈现逐渐降低的趋势,主要受到金属硫化物形成以及钼酸盐沉淀的影响。夏季悬浮颗粒物的Mn、Fe、Cr、Co、Ni、Zn和Mo均在氧化还原界面附近呈明显富集趋势,主要受铁锰氧化物/氢氧化物吸附/解吸、氧化还原作用等水-粒相互作用过程的控制和影响;此外,金属硫化物的形成可能也对底层水体中悬浮颗粒物Zn、Mo和Ni含量的升高有一定贡献。     

基于多元统计分析的辽东湾沉积物痕量金属地球化学特征

为研究辽东湾表层沉积物中痕量金属的地球化学特征和可能产生的生物效应,于2015年在辽东湾设置38个采样点,采集表层沉积物样品,测定其中13种痕量金属污染物的含量,并采用多元统计分析法对其地球化学特征进行研究. 结果表明:辽东湾表层沉积物中w(Al)、w(V)、w(Cr)、w(Mn)、w(Fe)、w(Co)、w(Ni)、w(Cu)、w(Zn)、w(As)、w(Cd)、w(Ba)和w(Pb)平均值分别为55 726.95、76.21、35.59、852.85、30 482.16、11.98、27.88、21.60、76.53、9.16、0.17、396.78和21.72 mg/kg;其中w(Al)最高,占63.51%;w(Fe)其次,占34.74%. 多元统计分析结果表明,痕量金属受氧化还原环境影响强烈,V、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd在沉积物的氧化还原循环中易被Fe氧化物吸附,与Fe氧化物产生共生关系. Ba与Pb存在共生关系,具有相似的物质来源和地球化学特征;Mn是海洋沉积物中主要化学成分;Cr一般和沉积物中的陆地碎屑相结合. 生态效应浓度评价表明,Ni和As偶尔会产生不利的生物效应,产生几率分别为97%和63%;Ni、As、Cu、Pb和Cr长期暴露会产生毒性效应,产生几率分别为100%、94%、74%、6%和3%,Zn和Cd不会产生毒性效应. 根据对生物产生负面效应和毒性效应的概率,痕量金属污染程度的排序为Ni＞As＞Cu＞Pb＞Cr＞Zn=Cd.      

上海市PM2.5中重金属元素对COVID-19控制的高频响应

为研究城市大气重金属元素在新冠控制前、中（与春节重叠）、后的演化和来源,利用多金属在线分析仪于2020年1月1日至2月26日测定了上海市PM_2.5中重金属元素的小时浓度.利用PMF模型确定了8个来源.结果表明,大部分元素的浓度呈现"V"字型的变化趋势,主要受烟花爆竹（特征性元素有K、Cu、Ba）、Se工业、道路扬尘（Ca、Fe、Ba）和机动车（Mn、Zn、Fe、Cu）等排放源影响.但在新冠控制期间,K、Ba和Cu浓度仍较高.以Cu元素为例的特殊事件分析表明,其浓度高值在控制期前显著受到外来传输的影响,在控制期内主要来自于本地烟花爆竹排放的影响.