生物监测在环境监测中的应用

论述动物监测、植物监测、微生物监测在各环境监测中的作用,及它们在环境监测中的优越性和发展状况,提出生物监测存在的一些不足之处。展望生物监测在环境监测中的发展前景。     

环境监测与环境监测技术的发展

环境监测是环境保护的基础,环境监测为环保工作提供了科学依据和技术支持,环境监测技术使人们能够更为及时、有效地监测、判断环境状况,进而探究环境保护的方法和途径,明确环保工作的方向和目标,制定科学、正确的环保制度和政策。在环境问题日益严重的现代社会,环境监测技术已经成为一项不可或缺的现代科学技术。本文首先分析了环境监测的涵义和发展过程,然后分析了环境监测技术的发展概况以及未来发展趋势。     

Optical monitoring of particle aggregates

Methods for monitoring particle aggregation are briefly reviewed. Most of the techniques are based on some form of light scattering and may be greatly dependent on the optical properties of aggregates, which are not generally known. As fractal aggregates grow larger their density can become very low and this has important practical consequences for light scattering. For instance, the scattering coe cient may be much less than for solid objects, which means that the aggregates can appear much smaller than their actual size by a light transmission method. Also, for low-density objects, a high proportion of the scattered light energy is within a small angle of the incident beam, which may also be relevant for measurements with aggregates. Using the “turbidity fluctuation” technique as an example, it is shown how the apparent size of hydroxide flocs depends mainly on the included impurity particles, rather than the hydroxide precipitate itself. Results using clay suspensions with hydrolyzing coagulants and polymeric flocculants under di erent string conditions are discussed.     

环境监测报告审核技术要求

对监测报告高效、准确的审核是环境监测工作中,保证监测数据质量的重要环节。总结实际工作经验,对审核环境监测报告的重要性以及审核中的技术、规范要求进行详细论述,并提出相应建议,以保证监测结果的准确可靠。     

Optimal retrofit of water conservation networks

This paper presents a new general mathematical programming model for the optimal retrofit of material conservation networks considering recycle, reuse and regeneration schemes (notice that most of the previously reported methods only have considered the synthesis case, and nowadays it is very important to have strategies for the retrofit of water networks because several existing water network are functioned under suboptimal conditions because these were synthesized using inefficient approaches or because the process and environmental constraints have changed). The model considers the reconfiguration of existing networks to satisfy stricter process and environmental constraints considering the repiping for the network, the reuse of the existing treatment units, the modification for the capacity and performance of the existing units and the installation of new treatment units to reduce the overall operating cost through the reduction of the use of fresh sources. The objective function accounts for the minimization of the total annual cost associated to the retrofit process. This retrofit process involves simultaneously economic (because the reduction of the fresh sources costs) and environmental (because the reduction of the waste streams discharged to the environment and with a better quality) improvements. The applicability of the proposed model is proved through a set of example problems addressed, where no numerical complications were observed. In addition, the proposed approach is general and it can be applied to any specific case with the information required.     

污染监测浮标的发展及其在海洋环境污染监测中的应用

本文对海洋环境污染监测技术和海洋浮标技术现状的简要综述表明，浮标在海洋环境污染监测中正发挥着重要的作用，它是现代海洋环境污染立体监测网的重要组成部分，积极发展我国海洋污染监测浮标是完全必要的，我国并已具有相应的技术基础。文中着重介绍浮标技术的特点，污染监测浮标及其应用。文章最后对发展我国污染监测浮标的策略和技术路线作了阐述。     

绿色食品的环境监测

随着我国人民生活水平的改善 ,人们对生存环境和饮食卫生的要求不断提高 ,“绿色食品”应运而生。绿色食品的开发不只是对单个部门或技术的要求 ,它涉及诸多学科 ,也应遵循多标准。本文简要阐述绿色食品的环境监测现状及技术要求并提出了发展绿色食品的合理化建议。     

海洋环境立体监测技术

为了保护和合理利用海洋,必须对海洋环境进行长期连续、多要素、多维空间的立体监控。海洋环境立体监测系统技术摒弃了传统将水样带回实验室预处理、存放再进行后期分析的低效方法,极大地提高了数据的采集效率,减轻了海洋监测工作者的劳动强度,节省了人力、物力和财力。本文介绍了海洋环境立体监测技术中的系统集成及数据分析平台等。     

Multiobjective air pollution monitoring network design

The methodologies currently available to optimize the locations of air pollutant monitoring stations typically include a single pollutant and a single objective. In this paper, multiple objective functions are introduced that provide performance measures describing the spatial coverage of the network and its ability to detect violations of standards for multiple pollutants. An additional objective regarding the effect of data validity in the design is also considered. The objective functions are cast in a manner that permits considerable flexibility in the model formulation. The numerical difficulties associated with the formulation are discussed as are extensions of the basic framework. The basic model and its extensions have been applied to the design of a monitoring network for Tarragona, Spain.     

Advanced geophysical underground coal gasification monitoring

Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) produces less surface impact, atmospheric pollutants and greenhouse gas than traditional surface mining and combustion. Therefore, it may be useful in mitigating global change caused by anthropogenic activities. Careful monitoring of the UCG process is essential in minimizing environmental impact. Here we first summarize monitoring methods that have been used in previous UCG field trials. We then discuss in more detail a number of promising advanced geophysical techniques. These methods – seismic, electromagnetic, and remote sensing techniques – may provide improved and cost-effective ways to image both the subsurface cavity growth and surface subsidence effects. Active and passive seismic data have the promise to monitor the burn front, cavity growth, and observe cavity collapse events. Electrical resistance tomography (ERT) produces near real time tomographic images autonomously, monitors the burn front and images the cavity using low-cost sensors, typically running within boreholes. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is a remote sensing technique that has the capability to monitor surface subsidence over the wide area of a commercial-scale UCG operation at a low cost. It may be possible to infer cavity geometry from InSAR (or other surface topography) data using geomechanical modeling. The expected signals from these monitoring methods are described along with interpretive modeling for typical UCG cavities. They are illustrated using field results from UCG trials and other relevant subsurface operations.     

Collaborative networks and new ways of knowing

To move beyond legal and regulatory gridlock around water issues in the California Bay-Delta, a new inter-agency initiative, commonly known as CALFED, was created in 1994. CALFED has been an ongoing experiment in policy innovation. Part of the change in management practice has involved constructing new arenas that engage multiple perspectives and transform regulatory impasse into provisional steps forward. We examine the construction of so-called boundary objects, which are forums and policy instruments that cross group boundaries and foster integrative deliberation. We compare the design and action of two boundary objects created by CALFED, namely the Environmental Water Account (EWA) and the Water Use Efficiency (WUE) program. We find that the presence of the boundary object, in itself, does little to explain the success of each policy experiment. Rather, the answer lies in the types of network interactions that result, along with the way meaning is coproduced. In fact, rather than create new patterns of interrelationship (e.g., between fish habitat advocates and pump station operators), the boundary object might further embed institutionalized routines. To more deeply understand what makes the new institution an integrative one, we introduce the concept of Ways of Knowing which explains how new knowledge emerges from the network of new relationships.     

Optimization of water networks in industrial processes

Industry is responsible for high water consumption and it has become one of the main sources of water resource deterioration. However, industries are seeking alternatives that minimize the impact of using these natural resources. Some of the alternatives for reducing water consumption involve the reuse and/or recycling of wastewater. This study aims to seek alternatives to optimize water networks, minimize freshwater consumption and/or reduce costs. A non-linear program (NLP) model targeting the minimization of freshwater consumption and/or operating costs was developed. The model is based on the conservation equations of chemical species (contaminants) and mass (water). Options to reduce the cost and consumption of networks with and without regeneration processes are presented. The solutions are identified using a two-step procedure in which cost is optimized while the previously obtained minimum freshwater consumption remains fixed. The results showed excellent agreement with results reported by other authors.     

城市污水管网内生物菌群演替规律

建立了一套长1200 m的城市污水模拟管段,研究了城市污水管网中微生物菌群的沿程演替规律,分析了管网生物膜的pH、DO、厚度、结构及菌群构造的变化情况.结果表明,城市污水管网生物膜pH变化不大,DO由0.35 mg·L-1减小为0.26 mg·L-1,生物膜厚度沿程开始呈增长趋势,平均厚度由300μm增加至800 m处的平均最大厚度560μm,此后呈现降低趋势,这主要与水力冲刷及易吸收营养物质的减少有关,因水力冲刷作用,管网生物膜的初始结构表面平整,随管网长度增加,生物膜呈现疏松构造,从而增大了生物膜比表面积,有利于其生长发育.同样作用下,管网生物膜中的菌群数量也呈现逐渐减少的趋势,生物菌群也发生了较大的变化,其中,200 m处有球菌属、链球菌属、杆菌属、链杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属等菌群,依次400 m、600 m处有肠球菌、脱硫弧菌属、硫单胞菌属,1000 m以后以甲烷球菌、反硝化杆菌、脱氮硫杆菌等厌氧菌为主,沿程菌群种数减少后形成了稳定的菌群结构存在.     

内蒙古荒漠草原生态环境监测区土壤环境监测初报

草原地区，降水的波动性对草本植物的生理机理、生态学机理、演替机理、生物量、载畜量、表层土壤养分含量等生态因子影响很大。本文分析报告了降水的波动性对荒漠草原生态环境监测区及代表类型区等表层土壤养分含量的影响。     

基于生态环境现状监测的非生长季节植被监测因子筛选——以元上都遗址周边环境监测调查为例

本文以元上都申遗项目环境监测调查为例,在植物凋落生态学原理的基础上,筛选出适合评价非生长季节生态环境现状的植被监测因子;为加快区域生态环境现状监测调查与评价的进展奠定了基础。     

化学需氧量测定方法研究

该文进行了微波密封法测定化学需氧量的研究，并与标准法比较，得出该法缩短了测定时间，减少了试剂用量，精密度及准确度较好，所得结果准确可靠。     

Locating groundwater monitoring wells near cutoff walls

This paper presents a modeling study of two five-well monitoring networks designed for a rectangular landfill oriented oblique to regional groundwater flow. Respectively, a ‘linear’ and ‘non-linear’ network ignored and considered the hydraulic head field induced by a cutoff wall at the landfill's up-gradient boundary. All wells were located the same distance (measured parallel to groundwater flow) from the down-gradient boundary of the landfill, and there was an equal spacing (measured perpendicular to groundwater flow) between wells in each network. A simulation model was used to compute the detection efficiency of each monitoring network. In the non-linear network, wells clustered near the down-gradient corner of the landfill registered a 100% detection efficiency. This strategy was effective because the cutoff wall induced convergent groundwater flow beneath the landfill. Inter-well spacing was too high, and consequently detection efficiency was lower in the linear network. Two outer wells in that network detected no contaminant plumes. This study suggests that distorted hydraulic head fields induced by partial cutoff walls should be considered when designing detection monitoring networks at landfills.     

环境监测质量保证工作中的问题与对策探讨

文章先从实验室内部质量控制和实验室外部质量控制两个方面列举环境监测质量保证工作中存在的问题．然后就提高环境监测质量保证技术提出相应对策,重点分析实验室内部质量控制具体措施和方法。