沈阳市PM2.5浓度ARIMA-SVM组合预测研究

首先利用回归树分类方法,对采暖期与非采暖期各日进行气象类型划分,识别出易造成重污染天气的气象类型.其次分别在各气象类型内,以污染源排放量为自变量,利用差分自回归滑动平均与支持向量机（ARIMA+SVM）组合方法建立起PM_2.5浓度日均值预测模型,并选取2013年01月~2017年06月间,沈阳市区内9个环境监测点PM_2.5浓度日均值进行实证分析.结果表明,使用气象分类下的ARIMA+SVM组合模型对PM_2.5浓度日均值进行预测,相比于不划分气象类型时的普通机器学习模型,其模型预测值与实测值趋势的吻合度更高,且对峰-谷值的识别能力更强.在采暖期与非采暖期,组合模型均具有平均绝对误差更低、预测正确率更高的优点.     

Assessment of heavy metal accumulation in freshwater fish of Dongting Lake, China: Effects of feeding habits, habitat preferences and body size

We measured the concentrations of Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Hg, and the stable isotope ratios( δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) in 87 fish samples within 12 economic fish species collected from the Dongting Lake, the second largest freshwater lake in China. With few exceptions in concentration of Cr, most of fish species showed lower concentrations of the 8 metals than legislation thresholds. Piscivorous fishes had significantly higher values of δ¹⁵N（possessing higher trophic...     

Inhalable particulates and meteorological characteristics of the city of Riyadh,Saudi Arabia

Ambient inhalable particulates (IP) have been sampled in the city of Riyadh by means of a fixed sampling site using an automatic dichotomous sampler. The concentration of fine particulates (0–2.5 μm aerodynamic diameter), coarse particles (2.5–15 μm aerodynamic diameter) and total (fine plus coarse) IP were determined. The meteorological variables were recorded during the sampling process. The samples were analyzed by means of the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer for the metals: Al, As, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ca, K, Mg and Na. Statistical analysis using the multilinear regression technique (Sigstat Package) has been carried out to correlate the concentration of particulate matter with the several meteorological variables. It was determined that the wind speed and atmospheric pressure could be used to predict the concentration of Al, As, Cu, Fe and Pb particulates, whereas wind speed, atmospheric pressure and r.h. could be used to predict the concentration of Ca, K, Mg and Na. The concentrations of atmospheric fine, coarse and total IP matter were found to be high compared to accepted standards. The highest correlation coefficients obtained from the regression analysis were for Fe, Pb and As. The low correlation coefficients for Ca, K, Mg and Na suggest that some significant parameters which are correlated with them may have not been considered in the analysis. Wind speed was shown to have positive correlation with Fe and Al, but negative correlation with Pb.     

青岛市大气PM2.5元素组成及来源研究

利用2007年5月～2008年5月气溶胶观测资料和逐日天气资料,分析了青岛市2.5μm气溶胶粒子(PM2.5)浓度特征、元素组成和来源.结果表明,青岛市PM2.5和PM10年均浓度分别为86.6μg.m-3和120μg.m-3.PM2.5浓度采暖季高于非采暖季,夏季最低.PM2.5浓度在荒漠和人为共同影响下的气团中最高,在海洋影响气团中最低.PM2.5和PM10的主要组成元素是S、Ca、Cl、K和Fe,主要污染元素集中在PM2.5中;PM2.5中Cl、K、Zn、Br和Pb浓度采暖季较大,夏季较小,Ca元素变化趋势则相反.V、Cr、Cu、As、Se、Sr和Zr的浓度受不同来源气团影响不显著,S、Cl、K、Ti、Mn、Fe、Zn、Br、Pb和Ca的浓度在不同来源气团下存在较大差异.降水对S、K、Pb和Fe质量浓度的影响最为明显.富集因子分析表明,所有元素在PM2.5中的富集因子普遍大于PM10,青岛市非地壳来源的元素在PM2.5中所占比例大于PM10.Ca元素富集因子夏季较大,可能受到建筑尘影响.     

Evaluation and comparison of statistical forecast models for daily maximum ozone concentrations

Three statistical models that estimate daily maximum ozone (O₃) concentrations in the lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia (BC) are specified using measured concentrations from two monitoring stations during the time period 1978–1985. The three models are (1) a univariate deterministic/stochastic model, (2) a univariate autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model, and (3) a bivariate temperature and persistence based regression model.The three models as well as a persistence forecast are tested by comparison with O₃ concentrations observed during 1986; it is concluded that the bivariate model is superior to both unvariate models and persistence. The ARIMA model has nearly the same predictive capability as persistance while the mixed deterministic/stochastic model performs the worst. This suggests that the traditional time series technique of decomposing a series into a trend, a cycle and a stochastic component may not be appropriate for O₃ air quality forecasting.     

污泥干化芦苇床渗滤液中CODCr和TP浓度预测模型

为便于水质管理,在大连开发区污水处理厂设立了1个传统污泥干化床和2个污泥干化芦苇床,根据系统出水ρ(COD_Cr)和ρ(TP)检测数据的平稳系列特点,采用ARIMA时间序列分析模型对出水ρ(COD_Cr)和ρ(TP)进行模拟和预测. 结果表明:ARIMA(1,0,0)模型可较好地模拟和预测出水ρ(COD_Cr)的变化,R2达0.577以上,预测相对误差在-10%~19%之间,实测值和预测值之比处于0.8~1.2之间;ARIMA(6,0,0)模型能较好地模拟和预测污泥处理湿地渗滤液出水ρ(TP)的变化,R2在0.487以上,预测相对误差在-4%~16%之间,实测值和预测值之比处于0.8~1.2之间. 研究显示,所构建的ARIMA模型可用于污泥处理湿地系统运行过程中渗滤液出水ρ(COD_Cr)和ρ(TP)的预测.      

新型磁性聚谷氨酸吸附剂对水中Pb2+的吸附去除

德岛大学安澤幹人首次利用γ-PGA在Fe3O4磁性纳米颗粒上进行涂层,制得了γ-聚谷氨酸-Fe3O4磁性纳米颗粒（PG-M）.本实验利用透射电镜以及扫描电镜对PG-M吸附剂的形貌进行了分析,发现PG-M与未涂层的Fe3 O4具有相似的形状以及大小,均为不规则的层状结构,且晶粒直径在120～320 nm之间;实验中针对性地对水溶液中Pb2＋进行了吸附探讨.在振荡实验中,通过主要参数的变化（pH值、吸附时间、竞争离子浓度、腐殖酸浓度）,得到如下结果：吸附最佳pH值为7.0;吸附量随着吸附时间的延长而增长,吸附平衡时间为45 min;Na＋对PG-M去除Pb2＋没有很强的干扰性,而Ca2＋则显示出一定的干扰作用;腐殖酸对吸附效果的影响是复杂的,表现为先增强吸附效果,随后降低吸附效果;最佳条件时Pb2＋的最大吸附量为93.3 mg/g.PG-M对Pb2＋的吸附均能较好地符合Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附模型,其中Langmuir方程能更好地描述PG-M的吸附特征,说明PG-M在水溶液中对金属离子的吸附为单分子层吸附.PG-M吸附符合准二级动力学模型（r2〉0.99）.不同浓度的HCl和HNO3溶液的再生实验发现,0.1 mol/L的HCl溶液作为吸附再生液,可取得较好的再生效果.表明PG-M是可再生的,具有较好的经济性和可持续性.     

羽叶鬼针草对Pb的吸收特性及修复潜力

羽叶鬼针草对土壤中Pb的吸收特性和修复潜力的研究结果表明:①鬼针草对Pb有很强的吸收能力,在土壤Pb浓度为2 000mg·L^-1时,鬼针草地上部和根系中Pb含量达到最高,分别为2 164.7mg·kg^-1和1 509.3 mg·kg^-1;②鬼针草植物对Pb的吸收有很强的分异特征,植物吸收的Pb主要富集于地上部,Pb在植物体内的分布规律是叶子>茎>根系>种子;③不同生长期植物对Pb的吸收速度是不同的,植物在开花期对Pb的吸收速度最大,吸收量根系为15.81 mg·(kg·d)^-1,地上部是19.83 mg·(kg·d)^-1.羽叶鬼针草具备修复土壤Pb污染的潜力.     

Fractionation of heavy metals in shallow marine sediments from Jinzhou Bay, China

This work investigated the distribution and speciation of Cd, Cu, Pb, Fe and Mn in the shallow sediments of Jinzhou Bay, Northeast China, which has been heavily contaminated by nonferrous smelting activities. The concentrations of Cd, Cu and Pb in sediments were found to be 100, 13 and 7 times, respectively, being higher than the national guideline (GB 18668-2002). Sequential extraction test showed that 39%-61% of Cd were exchangeable fractions, indicating that Cd in the sediments posed a high risk to local...     

泉州湾红树植物中重金属元素的分布与储量

用ICP-AES测定了泉州湾洛阳江河口红树植物桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)和秋茄(Kandelia candel)根际沉积物中重金属总量和有效态含量,以及这2种植物体内重金属的含量,探讨了该红树林湿地重金属元素的分布、富集和储量情况。结果表明,2种红树植物根际沉积物中重金属总量均表现为:Fe>Mn>Zn>V>Pb>Cr>Cu>Ni>Co>Cd,有效态含量均表现为:Fe>Mn>Zn>Pb>Cu>V>Cr>Ni>Co>Cd,部分重金属具有一定潜在的有害生物效应;Fe、V在2种红树植物根部的含量最高,Mn在叶中的含量最高,其余重金属未有明显的统一规律;相关性分析表明,2种植物根中Cu和Zn,Pb和V、Co、Ni,Cr和Zn,Zn和V,V和Co、Ni,Co和Ni之间互有明显协同作用;除Mn在叶中存在较强的富集能力(富集系数大于1),2种红树植物对其余重金属元素的富集能力均较小,远达不到超富集植物的要求;秋茄和桐花树对Mn从根向叶的迁移能力最强,Cu、Cr、Zn在2种植物中的迁移系数均大于1,Cd在桐花树中的迁移系数也大于1,说明2种植物都有将这些元素向叶中输送的趋势,应注意其通过食物链富集作用引起的危害。2种红树植物中重金属总储量大小表现为:Mn>Fe(秋茄则Fe>Mn)>Zn>Cu>Cr>Pb>V>Ni>Co>Cd,其中Mn和Fe的总储量之和分别占到了总储量的97.7%(桐花树)和99%(秋茄)。     

基于Keras长短时记忆网络的矿井瓦斯浓度预测研究

瓦斯浓度监测是煤矿瓦斯灾害事故预警的重要的手段,其浓度变化预测对于提升矿山安全生产具有重要意义.针对矿井瓦斯浓度预测问题,建立了一种基于Keras长短时记忆网络的矿井瓦斯浓度预测模型.该模型首先对矿井瓦斯浓度时间序列进行标准化处理,并将处理后的时间序列划分为训练集与测试集;然后通过调用测试集数据进行模型训练,利用提出的...     

Trace metal wet deposition in Sweden: insight gained from daily wet only collection

Monthly bulk and daily wet only samples have been collected at two sites in Sweden and analyzed for trace metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni and V). Concentrations in the daily samples varied over four orders of magnitude with the most pristine samples (lowest 10th percentile) approaching levels found in Greenland snow. A comparison of deposition estimates from the two data sets indicates that Cd, Fe, Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni and V wet deposition can be reasonably estimated by monthly bulk sampling. Due to contamination from the forest canopy Mn wet deposition is overestimated by the bulk method. For Cu, contamination of the samples occurred in both collectors and indicates that new sampling protocols are needed for accurately determining wet deposition fluxes.     

Atmospheric dry deposition flux of metallic species to the North Sea

Air sampling on a series of 10 research cruises on the North Sea (south of 56°N) has yielded detailed spatial distributions of atmospheric metal concentrations, Al, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mg, Na, Pb and Zn which closely parallel the results of earlier published models. Air mass back trajectory analysis demonstrates the strong influence which source region may have upon the elemental composition of the North Sea atmosphere. A cascade impactor designed to collect efficiently large as well as small aerosol has produced detailed size distributions from which mass weighted deposition velocity estimates have been produced (Al, 0.33; Cd, 0.24; Cu, 0.44; Fe, 0.30; Pb, 0.13; Zn, 0.30 cm s⁻¹) enabling estimates for the dry deposition flux to the study area to be made. Extrapolation of these data to the whole of the North Sea yields dry deposition flux estimates (Cd, 33; Cu, 350; Pb, 370; Zn, 2640 tonnes yr⁻¹) which are in some instances substantially lower than those previously reported, but nevertheless represent a significant pathway for metallic species to enter this marine environment. The size distributions show the clear dominance that large aerosol has upon the overall dry deposition flux. Flux estimates are thus highly sensitive to the sampling of this large aerosol component, and to assumptions made regarding the sea surface as a source of giant trace metal-enriched particles which act only as a means of recycling marine metals.     

上海市小城镇河流沉积物重金属污染特征研究

以3个典型小城镇河流为例,研究上海市小城镇河流沉积物重金属污染特征.结果显示,沉积物Zn的浓度在3.11～3.74g/kg之间,是农用污泥Zn使用允许最高值0.5g/kg的6～8倍,沉积物Zn的极度污染已经成为上海市小城镇河流沉积物区域性环境问题;沉积物Pb和Cu的浓度分别在0.03～1.00g/kg和0.07～0.20g/kg之间,小城镇河流沉积物也明显受到Pb和Cu污染且污染区域差异性大,沉积物中铁、锰、铬等重金属污染相对较轻;毒性弱的Fe,Mn,Zn沉积物区域污染差异性相对小,而毒性强的Pb,Cu,Cr区域差异性相对较大;沉积物重金属污染一般中型河流污染相对稍突出,小城镇河流沉积物由于Zn的严重污染不能用作施用污泥;利用重金属与TP,重金属与Fe之间的相关性探源结果显示:小城镇生活污水的地表排放使得街道灰尘成为河流沉积物Pb的一个重要来源.     

Elemental content of soil,sorghum and wheat on sludge-injected agricultural land

The objective of this research was to determine the uptake of heavy metals by plants grown on sludge-injected soil. The study took place at the sludge farm owned by the Manhattan, Kansas, sewage treatment plant, where sludge has been injected since 1976. Soil and two crops, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.), were sampled in 1980 after a total of 128 t ha^?1 of sludge (dry-weight basis) had been added to the soil (32 t ha^?1 year^?1). The control area, a farm next to the sludge farm, received only inorganic fertilizer. Four non-essential elements were analyzed (Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb), as well as nine essential elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn).Soil in sludge-fertilized fields had more N, P, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cr and Ni than did soil from the control fields. In general, concentrations of essential elements in plants grown on sludge were similar to concentrations of essential elements in plants grown with inorganic fertilizer. Concentrations of non-essential elements were also similar, except for the following five exceptions, in which the sludge-treated plants had a higher concentration of the element than did the control plants: Cd in stems of sorghum; Cr in roots of wheat; Ni in roots and grain of wheat; and Pb in roots of wheat. Nickel in grain of wheat grown with sludge was within normal concentration ranges. Cadmium was at low levels in all plants, which indicated that, when sludge was layered below the surface of the soil, transfer of Cd from the soil to the plants was small. Sludge-injection appeared to be an effective method for fertilizing plants.     

重金属元素BCR提取法及在太湖沉积物研究中的应用

采用BCR提取法,HCl-HNO3-HF消化法和ICP-AES仪器测定了西太湖沉积岩芯中Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,Pb和Zn 6种重金属元素不同形态的质量分数.结果表明:采用BCR方法对太湖沉积物重金属元素形态进行提取,提取结果具有较高的精度和稳定性;受元素地球化学性质及沉积物理化性质的影响,Cu,Fe,Ni和Zn以残渣态为主;Mn以可交换态及碳酸盐结合态为主;Pb的有机物及硫化物结合态,Fe/Mn氧化物结合态以及残渣态的质量分数基本一致;重金属元素Fe/Mn氧化物结合态的质量分数与可还原态Mn质量分数有较好的正相关性,有机物及硫化物结合态的质量分数与有机质质量分数相关性较好.      

温榆河水体中重金属含量分布及赋存状态解析

利用错流超滤技术对采集的温榆河水样中Fe、Mn、Al、Zn、Cu、Cr和Pb等金属元素进行了分离,研究温榆河重金属分布及赋存状态变化.研究发现,温榆河沿程重金属含量多数超出了《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)的Ⅰ类水标准,Pb超过了Ⅱ类水标准;其中Fe、Al、Cu、Pb等元素主要以颗粒态存在,Mn、Zn则主要以溶解态存在,而Cr在颗粒态和溶解态中含量相当.温榆河沿程各点金属元素在胶体态和真溶解态中均有分布,Mn、Al、Zn、Pb等元素以真溶解态存在量较多,而Fe、Cr、Cu等元素则以胶体态存在量较多,其中,河流中的Cu元素分布状态受外界影响严重,Cr和Mn的分布状态不易受外界因素影响,Fe的分布状态易受总含量的影响,Al和Zn的分布状态易受pH值的影响,Pb的分布状态易受河流富氧状态的影响.通过胶体态重金属与胶体态有机碳的相关性分析发现,温榆河中胶体态Fe、Mn、Zn及Al主要以无机胶体态存在;而胶体态Cu、Cr和Pb则主要以有机胶体态存在.     

加速腐蚀环境下LD2CS铝合金腐蚀损伤分析方法

目的研究LD2CS铝合金腐蚀损伤数据的分析方法。方法针对LD2CS铝合金腐蚀坑深度值,采用最小二乘支持向量机、BP人工神经网络和求和自回归移动平均等3种模型进行回归和预测分析。对比总结各种模型在小样本递增时间序列下的应用特点。结果对于LD2CS铝合金腐蚀坑深度值预测,最小二乘支持向量机在回归和预测上都有较高的精度。结论最小二乘支持向量机模型最适合LD2CS铝合金的腐蚀坑深度值预测。     

A porous biochar supported nanoscale zero-valent iron material highly efficient for the simultaneous remediation of cadmium and lead contaminated soil

Risk associated with heavy metals in soil has been received widespread attention.In this study,a porous biochar supported nanoscale zero-valent iron（BC-nZVI） was applied to immobilize cadmium（Cd） and lead（Pb） in clayey soil.Experiment results indicated that the immobilization of Cd or Pb by BC-nZVI process was better than that of BC or nZVI process,and about 80% of heavy metals immobilization was obtained in BC-nZVI process.Addition of BC-nZVI could increase soil pH and organic matter（SOM）.Cd or...     

降尘中重金属的形态及其在模拟酸雨下的溶出规律

使用透射、扫描电子显微镜观察大气降尘的形貌,运用BCR分级提取法和火焰原子吸收分光光度法研究大气降尘中重金属元素Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr,Ni,Mn,Fe和Cd的含量及形态分布,探讨模拟酸雨条件下大气降尘中重金属元素的溶出规律.结果表明:小粒径降尘较大粒径比表面积大,吸附能力也较强;大气降尘中重金属元素(除Fe外)均以残渣态为主, Cd含量极小,未检出;粒径相同的降尘中,Fe含量最高,主要以可还原态存在,可提取态达到70%以上;Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr,Ni和Mn均以残渣态为主;Cu,Pb和Cr在小颗粒中相对富集,造成小粒径降尘的生物危害性更大;模拟酸雨条件下,Cu,Pb,Mn,Fe和Zn的溶出量均随pH降低而增大.