美国海洋保护区法律制度探析

本文介绍了美国一些主要的海洋和海岸带法律的基本要求,这些法律制度为美国的海洋环境提供了一定程度的保护,其中多个涉及海洋保护区的建立与管理.但由于美国实行的是多部门分工负责的管理体制,使得法律实施的有效性大打折扣,为此,包括海洋保护区建立与管理等的海洋政策新建议呼之欲出.     

美军高机动多用途轮式车辆腐蚀分析

介绍了美军高机动多用途式车辆（HMMWV）严重的腐蚀问题,分析了其根本原因在于设计、选材和生产工艺中没有进行服役期全寿命费用分析,以及为了降低采办费用而放弃必要的腐蚀控制措施.     

美国的环境标准

介绍了美国环境标准的法律地位与作用以及大气环境标准、水环境标准、固体废物处理场标准,并分析了其特点。      

在美国看水

在中国,各种媒体关于水污染事件的报道屡见不鲜,污染导致的水质性缺水已成为制约我国经济社会发展的瓶颈,甚至是迈向现代化进程中绕不过去的一道坎儿.然而,远在太平洋另一端的美国,情况又是怎样呢?笔者近期的美国之行也许能给人启示.     

A synopsis of the book Striking a balance: improvingstewardship of marine areas(by the U. S. National Research Council the operating arm of the U. S National Academiesof Science and Engineering)

Sustainable use of the planet will require a more robust regulatory and management framework for marine areas as advances in offshore technology and changes in market conditions lead to an increase in coastal populations and marine recreation and tourism. Although each area of the world presents unique problems, many principles of stewardship, which can appropriately modified, will serve well anywhere on the planet. The purpose of this brief synopsis is to share these principles ot stewardship with colleagues in China. This volume (Striking a balance: improving stewardship of marine areas) notes:" In addition to the governance problems created by multiple nonmarket uses of marine resources and maintaining access to them, existing systems have two fundamental problems first, fragmentation among federal and local agencies and second, not enough participation and coordination of interests at the local level"( p. 4 ). Although this book focuses on marine ecosystems associated with the United States coastline( such as the Gulf of maine/Massachusetts Bay, the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary/Florida Bay ecosystem, and the Southern California coast), the issues, the problems, and strategies should be, with minor adjustments, fully applicable anywhere in the world. The following general elements of the framework for improved governance and management of marine areas are given as recommendations(p. 5)[Comments given in brackets are those of the author].     

美国的环境会计

本文介绍了美国环境会计中补偿成本和控制预防成本会计的相关标准和账务处理方法，希望能够对我国的企业在实际工作中做好有关环境成本的核算，计量和确诊所借鉴，促进我国环境会计健康发展。     

农村遭遇面源污染危机

臭气肆虐,垃圾乱飞,已经成为部分农村的常见现象."城里人富了,产生的垃圾都运到了村子里,农村变得越来越脏".其实,这种观点只关注了一种污染现象.随着农村经济发展,更为严重的面源污染也在威胁农村,后者的破坏面可能更大.     

美国汉语沉浸式学校教学模式及课程评述

2007年以后,汉语沉浸式学校在美国快速发展,汉语已成为除西班牙语和法语之外的第三大沉浸式外语教学语种。从数量上看,半沉浸式学校占多数;就汉语教学而言,全沉浸式学校的教学效果要优于半沉浸式学校,但两种模式对学生的远期影响尚不明确。文化类课程以美国文化为主,中国文化仅为世界文化教学内容的一部分,其课时数量和教学内容的丰富程度远不及美国文化的教学。     

美国PM2.5监测和治理——科学、法律和行政的变奏曲

在美国,上世纪90年代的科学研究在关于PM2.5细颗粒物对人体健康的影响方面没有现在这样清楚和明确。美国环保局1997年发布PM2.5标准时,引起了一些工业组织和地方政府的挑战,甚至引起了一场旷日持久的官司。     

Five years' experience of prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in the former U.S.S.R.

From a total of 490 cystic fibrosis (CF) high-risk families under supervision (mostly Russian Slavs from the European part of the country), DNA data including both direct screening for some CF gene(CFTR)mutations(deIF508, G551D and 1677delTA) and allelic polymorphism studies with tightly CF linked DNA markers were collected from 261 families. All full families (129) and 86 CF families with a deceased index child were found to be either fully (42 per cent) or partially (40 per cent) informative for DNA analysis. Prenatal diagnosis (PD) was carried out in 161 CF families. Microvillar enzyme (MVE) assay was applied to all 140 PD at the second trimester either as a single test (88) or in conjunction with DNA analysis (52). The frequency of false-negative results of the MVE assay was 1.3 percent and that of false-positive results, as judged by the albumin meconium test, was 5.0 per cent. Ambiguous results of MVE analysis were found in 30 cases, 12 of which were verified by DNA analysis. Molecular diagnosis of CF at the first trimester was carried out in 21 cases and four pregnancies were terminated. Altogether, 39 pregnancies with a predicted high risk of CF fetuses were terminated. The low average frequency of delF508 in CF chromosomes of Russian Slavs (50 per cent), its remarkable inter-population variation, and the significant proportion of at-risk families without an affected child determine the necessity of combined molecular and biochemical (MVE assay) approaches for efficient prenatal diagnosis of CF in the former U.S.S.R.     

The pollution release and transfer register system in the U.S. and Japan: an analysis of productivity

This study analyzes Total Factor Productivity (TFP), which includes all categories of productivity. Our measure investigates productivity in the context of the provision and dissemination of environmental information policies. We investigated data on the emission of toxic chemical substances for the U.S. and Japanese manufacturing firms, including 386 firms for the period 1999-2007 and 466 firms for the period 2001-2008. The results show that productivity improved in all nine industrial sectors and that pollution levels were high in the U.S. and Japan from 2001 to 2007. In particular, the electronics industry improved rapidly after 2002 in both countries, which may be attributed to the enforcement of RoHS and the REACH directive in Europe. As a result of these stringent policies on toxic chemical emissions, the U.S. and Japanese firms, many of which export to the European market, have strong incentives to reduce their toxic chemical emissions.     

美国海军舰艇命名体系研究

美国海军舰艇命名体系由任命前缀、舰艇名称、分类代号、舷号4类要素构成,首先分析了每类要素对于命名体系的贡献,然后基于美国海军舰艇命名体系,以美国海军舰艇名册为数据源,通过要素提取、规则建立等步骤分析美国海军现役舰艇组成。经过分析,美国现役715艘舰艇分为战斗舰、辅助舰、战斗艇、支援艇、未在分类代号中定义等5大类67类型177级别,通过对比基于类型与级别规则、基于任命前缀规则的结果挖掘出美国海军现役舰艇组成规律。     

改善兴化农村水环境的对策措施

了解当地农村地区水环境现状,分析了农村水环境存在问题,提出了保护农村水环境、改善农村水环境的主要措施。     

美国空间环境保障技术发展研究

在介绍世界空间环境研究的基础上,详细分析了美国/美军空间环境研究和应用服务保障建设。结果表明,美国/美军具有较强的空间环境探测能力、先进的空间环境预警预报技术和高效的空间环境效应评估分析能力,空间环境保障技术和保障服务能力实属世界一流。     

论美国能源监管立法与能源管理体制

美国联邦政府从20世纪30年代开始制定能源监管立法。依据集中程度和立法主题,美国能源监管立法可分为电力管控、核能监管、能源安全、放松管制等4个发展时期。根据现行美国能源立法．美国能源管理体制分为联邦和州两个层次。在联邦层次,对能源进行监管的部门有美国能源部、联邦能源监管委员会、核能监管署、环境保护署、国会内政部等。其中,能源部主要负责能源发展和安全的大政方针的制定,联邦能源监管委员会的使命在于通过管制和市场的手段执行能源立法及能源政策。在州层次,一般由州能源委员会、州公用事业委员会以及州环保局负责州的能源监管。     

Managing a forgotten greenhouse gas under existing U.S. law: An interdisciplinary analysis

The United States’ legal strategy for addressing climate change in recent years has relied on authority from existing legislation. This has led to measures on a number of different greenhouse gases, notably carbon dioxide, methane and hydrofluorocarbons. However, one greenhouse gas has been largely forgotten: nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide is the third most abundantly emitted greenhouse gas in the U.S. and worldwide, as well as the largest remaining threat to the stratospheric ozone layer. In addition, the nitrogen atoms in nitrous oxide are part of the highly fluid nitrogen cycle where nitrogen atoms transform readily among different chemical forms, each with a unique environmental and human health impact – a process known as the nitrogen cascade. While the science of the nitrogen cascade has been explored for over a decade, there has been little work on the legal implications of this phenomenon. And yet the nitrogen cascade expands the legal options available for controlling nitrous oxide. This paper studies these options in a U.S. context and explores the environmental and economic impacts of enacting them. We determine that the Clean Air Act, and in particular its broad authority for controlling ozone depleting substances, is the most promising legal pathway for regulating nitrous oxide across all major sources. Invoking such authority could generate significant climate and stratospheric ozone benefits over 2015–2030, equivalent to taking 12 million cars permanently off the road, and 100 million chlorofluorocarbon-laden refrigerators out of service. The economic benefits could sum to over $700 billion over 2015–2030, with every $1.00 spent on abating emissions leading to $4.10 in societal benefits. The bulk of these benefits would come from reductions in other forms of nitrogen pollution such as ammonia and nitrate, highlighting the important and multiple co-benefits that could be achieved by abating nitrous oxide emissions. With the Paris Climate Agreement calling for limiting global temperature increases to “well below” two degrees Celsius, all mitigation opportunities across all sectors need to be considered. This paper suggests that nitrous oxide warrants more attention from policy-makers in the U.S. and around the world.     

美国大气污染治理的“杀手锏”

空气污染不仅是现阶段中国面临的一个棘手问题,也曾是欧美发达国家历史上一张灰蒙蒙的照片。比如美国就曾经历过严重的大气污染。第二次世界大战以后,美国的工业及交通业迅猛发展,化石能源消耗量激增,但几乎没有相应的环境法规来管控,大气污染十