Context-dependent crypsis: a prey’s perspective of a color polymorphic predator

Many animals use body coloration as a strategy to communicate with conspecifics, prey, and predators. Color is a trade-off for some species, since they should be visible to conspecifics but cryptic to predators and prey. Some flower-dwelling predators, such as crab spiders, are capable of choosing the color of flowers where they ambush flower visitors and pollinators. In order to avoid being captured, visitors evaluate flowers visually before landing. The crab spider Mecaphesa dubia is a polymorphic species (white/purple color morphs), which inhabits the flower heads of a dune plant, Palafoxia lindenii. Using full-spectrum photography of spiders and flowers, we evaluated how honeybees perceived the spiders at different distances. Using visual modeling, we obtained the chromatic and achromatic contrasts of the spiders on flower heads as perceived by honeybees. Purple morphs were found mainly on the receptacle area and white morphs were equally likely to be found in the flowers and receptacle. According to theoretical modeling, white morphs were visible to honeybees from a distance of 10 cm in receptacle area but appeared to be cryptic in the flower area. Purple morphs were cryptic on the receptacle and less so when they were on the flowers. Spiders on flower heads are predicted to be more easily detected by honeybees using chromatic contrast. Our study shows that the conspicuousness of flower dwelling spiders to honeybees depends on the color morph, the distance of observation, and the position of spider on the flower head.     

我国几种白羽乌鸡品种资源的血型分析及其开发利用

前言 生物资源是自然资源的重要组成部分,它不但是人类赖以生存的物质基础,也在自然界良性生态循环中扮演着重要的角色。地方品种资源则是人们在自然和经济条件制约下长期劳动的结晶,是庞大的种质基因库。长期以来,我国对品种资源的研究还比较落后,手段较少,新技术应用不多,本实验室利用遗传标记性状(红细胞抗原)对我国的地方鸡种     

准好氧填埋场作业台阶温室气体CO_2的释放通量研究

采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定了河北省某准好氧填埋场作业台阶表面的温室气体CO2释放通量,分析了填埋时期和导气管距离对CO2释放通量的影响。结果表明:导气管附近区域表面的CO2释放量较大,且不同区域的CO2释放通量存在明显差异(最大值和最小值分别278.6和12.5 g/(m2.d);同一区域上午、中午和下午的CO2释放通量差异相对较小,但中午和下午高于上午。同时,填埋4、8、12和16个月区域的CO2平均释放通量分别为56.9,70.0,110.2和47.0 g/(m2.d),即CO2的释放通量随着填埋龄的增加呈现先增加后逐渐降低的趋势,并在填埋12个月达到CO2释放通量的最大值。此外,各填埋区作业台阶表面CO2释放通量随着距离导气管距离的增加呈指数函数递减的趋势。     

基于概率模型的农地转用外部性测算——以天津市静海区为例

准确地量化农地转用外部性能够为促进外部性内化、建设用地聚集的政策提供参考。论文对农地转用外部性界定和识别进行了理论分析,利用农地转用概率模型估算天津市静海区2006—2014年农地转用的外部性,分析地块特征对农地转用概率的影响,讨论了外部性与建设用地聚集的关系。针对静海区2006—2014年数据的分析结果表明,每有1 hm²农地转用为商住用地,周边0~200、200~400、800~1 600 m范围农地受外部性影响分别为0.91×10⁴、0.91×10⁴、0.33×10⁴ 元/hm²,每有1 hm²农地转用为住宅用地,周边800~1 600 m范围内农地受外部性影响为0.18×10⁴ 元/hm²。农地转用正外部性偏小,聚集效应不足,可能是建设用地分散的重要原因,论文还对外部性测算方法以及地块特征的农地转用影响进行了讨论。     

湘西多金属矿区汞铅污染土壤的环境质量

以湘西典型多金属矿区为现场,研究了矿区土壤中汞、铅等重金属污染状况及成因.结果表明,湘西矿区是汞、铅污染严重的区域,与中国土壤元素背景值相比,汞矿区土壤中汞、铅含量分别增加1315倍和3.1倍,铅锌矿区土壤中汞、铅含量分别增加14.8倍和16.1倍.运用Muller地积指数进行风险评价,证实湘西矿区是汞、铅等重金属的复合污染区,汞矿区汞污染以极重污染为主,铅污染以中度和轻污染为主;铅锌矿区铅污染以中度和中-重污染为主,汞污染以中-重污染为主.矿区土壤中的重金属污染物来源和分布受原生地球化学条件的控制,而人为采矿活动对矿区土壤中汞、铅的污染格局产生重要影响.     

新建铅蓄电池集聚区对周边土壤环境的影响:基于重金属空间特征

为探明浙北某乡镇经提升改造后一新建铅蓄电池集聚区运行7a后是否对周边土壤环境存在影响,采集该铅蓄电池集聚区周边表层土壤(0～20 cm) 76份,测定了土壤中汞(Hg)、砷(As)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、镍(Ni)和铬(Cr)这8种重金属含量,并基于集聚区内、距集聚区边界50、450和850 m的空间距离,采用单因子指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法及潜在生态风险指数法对土壤环境质量进行了评价,然后利用地统计方法分析了重金属空间分布特征,并结合相关性分析确定了对土壤环境造成影响的重金属的来源.结果表明,与当地平均背景值相比,8种重金属元素中Hg、Zn和Pb在所有空间尺度下的平均含量均高于其对应背景值,对Cd而言,除集聚区内,其余空间尺度下的Cd平均含量均大于其背景值,As只有距边界50m处的平均含量大于其背景值,而其他元素在所有空间距离下的平均含量均低于其对应背景值,其中Hg和Cd存在高度空间变异,而其他元素含量空间变异不明显,说明区域活动的影响主要集中在Hg和Cd上,且两者的含量随集聚区距离外延而增加.出现超出农用地土壤污染风险筛选值点位的元素主要为Hg和Cd,其主要分布在集聚区外450 m和850 m处,其中Hg在对应距离下超出风险筛选值的点位占33. 33%和38. 89%,Cd分别占27. 78%和55. 56%,且两者的空间分布特征与其含量一致,而其他元素中仅有Zn和Pb存在零星点位超出风险筛选值,且总体上无明显空间特征.由8种重金属元素对土壤的综合污染风险分析可知,Cd是造成土壤综合污染风险的主要来源,由于其贡献使850 m处土壤处于警戒状态(贡献率为36. 73%).土壤的生态风险主要出现在集聚区外450 m和850 m处,处于中等生态风险水平,其中生态风险主要来自Hg和Cd,Hg在对应距离下的贡献率分别为46. 30%和39. 37%,Cd分别为38. 98%和49. 30%,说明区域活动使Hg和Cd成为影响研究区土壤质量的主要元素.经地统计和多元统计分析表明,Hg和Cd含量呈现出在当地主风向(东北-西南)轴上由集聚区外围向内扩散的特征,且两者的主要来源为集聚区外围企业的燃煤活动.因此,新建的铅蓄电池集聚区运行7a后并未对集聚区及周边土壤重金属的集聚造成明显影响.     

A three-dimensional steady-state atmospheric dispersion-deposition model for emissions from a ground-level area source

An analytical solution to the steady-state three-dimensional atmospheric dispersion equation has been developed for the transport of non-buoyant emissions from a continuous ground-level area source. The model incorporates power law profiles for the variation of wind speed and vertical eddy diffusivity with height, represents the lateral eddy diffusivity as a function of wind speed and the crosswind dispersion coefficient, and includes dry deposition as a removal mechanism. The model is well suited for accurate prediction of emission concentration levels in the vicinity of an area source, as well as farther downwind, under neutral or stable atmospheric conditions. The impact of the important model parameters on contaminant dispersion is examined. The results from several simulations, compared with point and line sources of equivalent source strength, indicate that at short downwind distances, predictions of contaminant concentrations emitted from area sources may be unacceptably inaccurate unless the structure of the source is properly taken into account.     

A meso-scale plume dispersion model. Preliminary evaluation in a heterogeneous area

A plume dispersion model for meso-γ-scale applications is developed. The model is formulated with the aim to study plume spreading in moderately complex terrain. An eddy diffusivity analogue is used in order to facilitate future inclusion of chemical transformations. The full diffusivity tensor, obtained from a second-order closure turbulence model, is used to described the dispersion process. The model is driven with simulated meteorological fields, obtained by means of a second-order turbulence closure model. An initial model evaluation has been undertaken using model predictions for an area featuring horizontally inhomogeneous dispersion conditions. Comparison with measurements, as well as with predictions of several other model types for distances out to 40 km, shows that the model is able to describe realistically plume widths and concentration in areas with strongly varying dispersion conditions. Non-negligible errors in plume position were however found for all models compared.     

Female ornamentation and territorial conflicts in collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis)

Female ornaments in species with conventional sex roles often indicate individual quality, but the evolutionary forces maintaining them are less clear. Sexual competition for breeding opportunities may represent an important role for female signals, especially in polygynous species, but there is little experimental evidence for this. The wing patch size (WPS) of female collared flycatchers indicates age and body condition and predicts social mating patterns. We challenged nest-building females with decoy females of varying WPS and found that the aggressive response of residents increased with decoy WPS, suggesting a role for this female ornament in territorial competition. Our results explain why female WPS predicts territorial distances when mated to a polygynous male and indicate that the role of WPS in female competitive interactions is similar to that in males of the same population.     

Lead accumulation in edible portions of crops grown near Egyptian traffic roads

Accumulation of lead in different parts of vegetables growing around six Egyptian traffic roads was investigated. Results of this work showed that leafy vegetables such as lettuce and cabbages accumulated lead up to 78.4 p.p.m. in their edible portions while the least lead accumulators were carrots and radish. The highest concentration of lead found in carrots sampled from locations adjacent to the busiest traffic road was 10.2 p.p.m. with an average concentration of 3.8 p.p.m. Lead concentrations in fruits of pepper and tomato were in the range of 0.7–18.6 p.p.m. depending on several factors such as traffic densities and distances from the road. The average ratio between lead in soil to lead in fruit of tomatoes at the first 10 m from roads was about 15 compared with a ratio of 50 at distances more than 100 m. These findings suggest that lead was accumulated in plants through both foliage and root systems, but lead absorption through foliage is more pronounced at locations close to the emission source of lead vapour and fine particles. The concentration of lead in fruit was dependent on its concentration in the leaf rather than in the roots or soil.     

Characterization of soil fauna under the influence of mercury atmospheric deposition in Atlantic Forest,Rio de Janeiro,Brazil

The increasing levels of mercury (Hg) found in the atmosphere arising from anthropogenic sources, have been the object of great concern in the past two decades in industrialized countries. Brazil is the seventh country with the highest rate of mercury in the atmosphere. The major input of Hg to ecosystems is through atmospheric deposition (wet and dry), being transported in the atmosphere over large distances. The forest biomes are of strong importance in the atmosphere/soil cycling of elemental Hg through foliar uptake and subsequent transference to the soil through litter, playing an important role as sink of this element. Soil microarthropods are keys to understanding the soil ecosystem, and for such purpose were characterized by the soil fauna of two Units of Forest Conservation of the state of the Rio de Janeiro, inwhich one of the areas suffer quite interference from petrochemicals and industrial anthropogenic activities and other area almost exempts of these perturbations. The results showed that soil and litter of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil tend to stock high mercury concentrations, which could affect the abundance and richness of soil fauna, endangering its biodiversity and thereby the functioning of ecosystems.     

Characterization of soil fauna under the influence of mercury atmospheric deposition in Atlantic Forest, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The increasing levels of mercury (Hg) found in the atmosphere arising from anthropogenic sources, have been the object of great concern in the past two decades in industrialized countries. Brazil is the seventh country with the highest rate of mercury in the atmosphere. The major input of Hg to ecosystems is through atmospheric deposition (wet and dry), being transported in the atmosphere over large distances. The forest biomes are of strong importance in the atmosphere/soil cycling of elemental Hg through foliar uptake and subsequent transference to the soil through litter, playing an important role as sink of this element. Soil microarthropods are keys to understanding the soil ecosystem, and for such purpose were characterized by the soil fauna of two Units of Forest Conservation of the state of the Rio de Janeiro, inwhich one of the areas suffer quite interference from petrochemicals and industrial anthropogenic activities and other area almost exempts of these perturbations. The results showed that soil and litter of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil tend to stock high mercury concentrations, which could affect the abundance and richness of soil fauna, endangering its biodiversity and thereby the functioning of ecosystems.     

不同草地资源水平牧户对气候变化的感知与偏差途径

人群感知是气候变化适应行为形成的重要信息基础,基于对中国北方草地草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原、草原化荒漠、沙地、农牧交错带等地区1292个牧户的问卷访谈,分2轮调查研究了不同草地类型地区牧民对气候变化的感知,与气候实值比较分析,并研究了牧民气候变化感知的偏差途径,结果表明:1980~2009年间研究区温度变化倾向率为0.63℃/10a(P0.05);温度较强的趋势性与牧民对其感知的分歧存在偏差,降水无明显变化与不同地区牧民感知明确的趋势性判断存在偏差;受草场变化等环境信息的传导是气候变化感知偏差形成的重要原因,其中,降水感知与环境感知之间具有较强的关系,存在明显的传导过程,而温度感知的传导性不明显;通过Probit模型分析显示,气候变化传导感知与否主要与牧户距离行政中心距离、户主年龄、教育背景、载畜水平、草畜资源等因素有关.     

利用整群抽样进行地类监测

引言 根据山西省农业区划委员会关于建立农业资源动态监测体系的研究课题,我们从1981年开始经过三年时间对晋南的永济、运城、临猗、闻喜、夏县等五个县(市)的试点研究,基本建成了以进行土地类型面积和农作物产量调查为主要内容的动态监测体系。这是数理统计中抽样推断理论在农业上的应用,它还可以对大范围多内容的农业资源的变化进行动态监测。因此,“农业资源动态监测”被正式列入国家的“七五”计划。而这个体     

Interspecific utilisation of wax in comb building by honeybees

Beeswaxes of honeybee species share some homologous neutral lipids; but species-specific differences remain. We analysed behavioural variation for wax choice in honeybees, calculated the Euclidean distances for different beeswaxes and assessed the relationship of Euclidean distances to wax choice. We tested the beeswaxes of Apis mellifera capensis, Apis florea, Apis cerana and Apis dorsata and the plant and mineral waxes Japan, candelilla, bayberry and ozokerite as sheets placed in colonies of A. m. capensis, A. florea and A. cerana. A. m. capensis accepted the four beeswaxes but removed Japan and bayberry wax and ignored candelilla and ozokerite. A. cerana colonies accepted the wax of A. cerana, A. florea and A. dorsata but rejected or ignored that of A. m. capensis, the plant and mineral waxes. A. florea colonies accepted A. cerana, A. dorsata and A. florea wax but rejected that of A. m. capensis. The Euclidean distances for the beeswaxes are consistent with currently prevailing phylogenies for Apis. Despite post-speciation chemical differences in the beeswaxes, they remain largely acceptable interspecifically while the plant and mineral waxes are not chemically close enough to beeswax for their acceptance.     

蚕豆叶尖细胞及人淋巴细胞微核率对超声波诊断仪的监测

用蚕豆叶尖细胞微核率（MNR）及人淋巴细胞（MNR）对比观察超声波诊断工作人员与仪器的关系,本实验结果表明,从事本工作5年即已有很显著的MNR改变,时间愈长MNR愈高。用蚕豆叶尖细胞之MNR检测工作环境,距探头60cm为直径的范围内皆能引起MNR的显著性改变,8h较4h更为严重,此范围正是工作人员及患者躯干所在的位置,应该引起人们的重视。     

天津地区土壤有机碳和粘粒对PAHs纵向分布的影响

研究了天津地区土壤中有机碳(TOC)和粘粒含量对多环芳烃(PAHs)纵向分布的影响,利用相对富集系数分析了PAHs在不同土壤深度的富集趋势.结果表明,土壤剖面中PAHs含量峰值一般在土壤的表层和次表层,并随着土壤剖面的加深而减少.土壤中有机碳含量、土壤粒度、PAHs性质和扰动、淋溶等均是影响PAHs纵向迁移的重要因素.PAHs相对富集在有机碳和粘粒含量较高的土壤中.高环PAHs主要是以与土壤有机质胶体结合的形式发生迁移,不易迁移到土壤剖面的深部,而低环PAHs则主要是以溶解态形式发生迁移,相对较易发生迁移.      

不同布局形式居民区受城市交通噪声影响分析

文章通过对城市道路产生交通噪声进行分析,给出其对不同距离、不同高度处影响规律;对不同布局形式的居民区所受交通噪声影响进行分析、论证,提出有利于噪声污染防治的布局建议。     

东北深源地震对黑龙江及邻近地区浅源地震的影响分析

1900年以来东北深源地震区6．0级以上深源地震与黑龙江及邻近地区5级左右浅源地震存在较好的对应关系。通过概率增益模型检验这种对应关系,发现并非随机对应,而是存在一定的内在物理联系。通过B分布函数的概率计算,预测2010年2月19日中俄交界6．5级地震后两年内,黑龙江及邻近地区发生5级左右地震的概率为0．58。     

Measurements of wind speed and plume rise with a rapid-scanning Lidar

A series of 30-min means of plume rise and dispersion parameters were measured at Fawley power station on Southampton Water between May and December 1989 using a rapid-scanning Lidar. Where possible, plume parameters were determined at three distances, typically 250, 750 and 1500 m, from the stack. Simultaneous measurements of temperature profiles were made using model aircraft and of wind speed and direction using a cup anemometer and wind vane at a height of 44 m on a transmission tower. By matching time series of plume heights at different distances, absolute measurements of wind speed at plume height could be made. These measurements gave a more reliable estimate of plume rise than did surface wind speeds. It was found that, for travel distances out to 1.5 km, the Briggs formula gave a robust prediction of plume heights with C₁ = 1.38±0.07 (95% confidence limits). At Fawley, the standard error in the predicted plume height at 500 m was then 21.0 m, or 19% of the 30-min mean plume rise. For plume-level winds of less than 20 m s⁻¹, analysis of the dependence of plume height on distance, wind speed and power-station load gave a virtual source height of 195.2±10.3 m (95% confidence limits). This is identical with the physical stack height of 198.1 m.