白令海峡及其附近海域气溶胶中金属元素含量特征

北极考察沿线气溶胶中金属元素质量浓度随纬度变化,其分别受到来自中国大陆粉尘及中国、日本、韩国、俄罗斯以及北美地区工业排放气溶胶的不同程度的影响.富集因子的计算结果表明,楚科奇海、日本海和白令海等海域元素的富集因子很接近. Fe,Co,Ni,As,Sb,W,Mo ,Mn和Ca与地表的风化关系密切,为地壳源元素;Ca,Mg总体为海洋源元素,主要来自海洋;Pb,Zn,Cd,V 和Cr相对地壳和海洋均为富集元素,主要可能来自矿产冶炼、工业排放、燃煤和燃油等人为污染源.北极楚科奇海、白令海、日本海、西太平洋、东印度洋、南大洋及我国中山站邻近海域海洋气溶胶中的微量重金属质量浓度均值对比表明,西太平洋气溶胶中的各种金属元素的平均质量浓度均远远高于其他地区.总体上看,北半球气溶胶受陆源性物质和人为污染源影响比南半球严重,其中楚科奇海较日本海和白令海严重,南半球气溶胶质量浓度则依纬度的升高而逐渐降低.气溶胶月总沉降通量具有明显的区域性,其大小排序为:西太平洋>楚科奇海>白令海和日本海>东印度洋>南大洋>中山站邻近海域.      

夏季青岛大气粗细粒子中微量元素的浓度、溶解度及干沉降通量

利用2016年6~7月在青岛采集的PM_(2.5)和总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品,分析其中12种微量元素总态和溶解态浓度,讨论了微量元素在粗、细粒子中的浓度及溶解度的分布特征,并估算了微量元素的沉降通量.结果表明,青岛气溶胶中地壳元素Al、Fe、Sr、Mn、Ba总态浓度的55%~60%集中在粗粒子中,人为元素Cr、Ni、V、Zn、Pb、As、Cd的65%~85%集中在细粒子中.但无论是地壳元素还是人为元素其溶解态浓度均主要分布在细粒子中,Al、Fe、Mn、Ba在细粒子中的占比为50%~80%,Cr、Ni、V、Zn、Pb、As、Cd的为70%~90%.微量元素溶解度在细粒子中的高于粗粒子中的,细粒子中微量元素的溶解态浓度与酸组分呈显著正相关,溶解度与p H呈显著负相关,表明酸化作用可能是影响细粒子中微量元素溶解度的主控因子.不同微量元素的总沉降通量中溶解态部分的贡献不同,Al和Fe溶解态部分的贡献仅为1%~2%,Sr、Ba、Cr、Pb的约为30%~40%,Mn、Ni、V、Zn、As、Cd的约为50%~60%.大气沉降的溶解态Fe可支持(194±150)mg·(m2·d)-1浮游植物碳的生产,对黄海初级生产力的贡献约为10%.     

Trace elements and rare earth elements in wet deposition of Lijiang, Mt. Yulong region, southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau

In order to investigate the compositions and wet deposition fluxes of trace elements and rare earth elements (REEs) in the precipitation of the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, 38 precipitation samples were collected from March to August in 2012 in an urban site of Lijiang city in the Mt. Yulong region. The concentrations of most trace elements and REEs were higher during the non-monsoon season than during the monsoon season, indicating that the lower concentrations of trace elements and REEs observed during monsoon had been influenced by the dilution effect of increased precipitation. The concentrations of trace elements in the precipitation of Lijiang city were slightly higher than those observed in remote sites of the Tibetan Plateau but much lower than those observed in the metropolises of China, indicating that the atmospheric environment of Lijiang city was less influenced by anthropogenic emissions, and, as a consequence, the air quality was still relatively good. However, the results of enrichment factor and principal component analysis revealed that some anthropogenic activities (e.g., the increasing traffic emissions from the rapid development of tourism) were most likely important contributors to trace elements, while the regional/local crustal sources rather than anthropogenic activities were the predominant contributors to the REEs in the wet deposition of Lijiang city. Our study was relevant not only for assessing the current status of the atmospheric environment in the Mt. Yulong region, but also for specific management actions to be implemented for the control of atmospheric inputs and the health of the environment for the future.     

Atmospheric coarse particulate concentrations and dry deposition fluxes for ten metals in two urban environments

The atmospheric coarse particle concentrations of ten metals (Al, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Si and Zn) were measured with the Noll Rotary Impactor (NRI) in the Los Angeles Basin (Claremont) California, and in Chicago, Illinois. The dry deposition fluxes were also measured for the ten elements at the Chicago site. An evaluation of the data demonstrates that the coarse particle mass could be divided into two categories: (1) material that was primarily of crustal origin (Al, Ca, Fe and Si) and (2) material that was primarily of anthropogenic origin (Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn). The mass of crustal material varied between 15 and 50% of the total coarse particle mass, while the mass of anthropogenic material was <1%. The dry deposition fluxes for the crustal material were between 20 (Al) and 200 (Si) ng m⁻² s⁻¹ while the fluxes for the anthropogenic material were between 1 and 7 ng m⁻¹ s⁻¹ for Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn. The cadmium (Cd) flux averaged 0.02 ng m⁻² s⁻¹.     

南黄海和东海海域营养盐等物质大气入海通量的再分析

根据国内外学者近年来在黄、东海海域大气营养盐和硫酸盐气溶胶干、湿沉降方面的工作 ,估算出南黄海及东海海域各个季节营养盐和硫酸盐的大气入海通量。分析结果表明 :南黄海及东海海域营养盐和硫酸盐气溶胶浓度和降水中的离子浓度都有较明显的季节变化 ,基本上冬季最大 ,而夏季最小 ;氮盐和硫酸盐的沉降以湿沉降为主 ,而磷酸盐以干沉降为主 ;大气沉降与河流输送相比 ,NH4 和PO43 -以大气沉降为主 ,而SiO3 2 -和NO3 -以河流输送为主     

秋、冬季渤海溶解N2O的分布和通量及其影响因素

通过2019年10月和12月对渤海海域进行的调查及样品采集,分析溶解N₂O的分布和影响因素,并估算其海-气交换通量。结果表明：秋季表层海水溶解N₂O浓度为(8.2±0.5)nmol/L,饱和度为(97.5±4.7)%;冬季浓度为(11.0±0.8)nmol/L,饱和度为(93.8±4.5)%。渤海表层海水溶解N₂O浓度呈现明显的季节性差异,冬季浓度高于秋季,且高值区均集中在黄河口以及莱州湾附近。秋季渤海溶解N₂O处于接近饱和状态,冬季则处于不饱和状态。温度、陆源淡水输入以及沉积物-水界面交换对渤海溶解N₂O的分布有重要影响。2019年10月和12月黄河向渤海输入N₂O的量分别约为4.2×10⁴ mol和1.1×10⁴ mol,是渤海N₂O的重要来源,而秋、冬季渤海底层的沉积物既可能是渤海水体N₂O的源,也可能是其汇。秋季和冬季渤海N₂O海-气交换通...     

北京市典型道路交通环境细颗粒物元素组成及分布特征

对北京市典型道路交通环境中不同粒径段（0.2～0.5μm、0.5～1.0μm和1.0～2.5μm）的细颗粒物进行了采样分析,在2008—2009年期间5个阶段内共采集了198个细颗粒物样品.通过XRF分析得到细颗粒物中Al、Na、Mg、K、Ca、Si、S、Cl、Fe、Mn、Ti、Cu、Zn、As、Br和Pb16种元素的质量浓度.含量较高的元素有S、K、Fe、Cl、Si、Ca和Zn,占测试元素总浓度的90%以上.应用富集因子法将元素分为地壳元素、双重元素和污染元素三类.应用因子分析法分离出两个主要因子,因子1主要与地壳元素和双重元素相关,可归于扬尘源的贡献;因子2主要与污染元素相关,可能来自机动车、燃煤、生物质燃烧和工业等排放源.人为源对小粒径（0.2～0.5μm）颗粒物的贡献较大,而地壳源的贡献更集中于大粒径段（1.0～2.5μm）.多数地壳元素和双重元素在夏季和冬季均随粒径的增大而富集,且冬季浓度较高,而多数污染元素的分布形态存在季节差异.Br、As和Pb夏季在0.5～1.0μm出现峰值,而冬季在0.2～0.5μm出现峰值.冬季因采暖增加的煤和生物质的燃烧造成部分元素浓度在0.2～0.5μm有显著增加.云层内部的硫酸盐生成过程可能是夏季S元素在0.5～1.0μm出现峰值的原因.通过奥运时期与非奥运时期元素浓度和分布的比较,发现奥运时期交通源临时控制措施对机动车排放和道路扬尘均有显著的削减作用,削减率分别为53%和63%,且随粒径增大而增加.     

北京冬季PM2.5中金属元素浓度特征和来源分析

为了解北京冬季细颗粒物中金属元素的浓度水平及其来源,于2014年12月至2015年1月使用中流量PM_(2.5)采样器在北京城区开展了为期30 d的连续采样,采用滤膜称重法检测PM_(2.5)浓度,电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)分析PM_(2.5)中16种元素总量,并采用富集因子法和因子分析法分析元素污染特征及其来源.结果表明,观测期间PM_(2.5)中主要金属元素为K、Ca、Fe、Al和Mg,占16种元素总量的90.7%.与白天相比,地壳元素如Mg和Al等在夜间的浓度下降30%以上,而人为源金属元素如Cu和Pb等的浓度则上升40%以上.从优良天到重污染天气,上述16种金属元素的总浓度上升1倍,但其在PM_(2.5)中的比例却逐渐降低,说明金属元素的富集不是PM_(2.5)上升的主要原因.随着污染程度的加剧,Cu、Zn、As、Se、Ag和Cd等主要来自人为源的金属元素浓度上升较快,重度污染天与优良天的浓度比值范围为2.9~5.3;而Al、Mg、Ca、Mn和Fe等地壳元素浓度上升则较缓,重度污染天与优良天的浓度比值范围为1.2~1.8.北京冬季PM_(2.5)中金属元素主要来源于燃煤和生物质燃烧、交通和工业排放以及地面扬尘,贡献率分别为34.2%、25.5%和17.1%.     

长江水体常量和微量元素的来源、分布与向海输送

基于2017年4～5月期间对长江干流与主要支流共20个站位的观测,结合多元数理统计对水体中溶解态常量和微量元素的空间分布规律、来源及入海通量进行了分析,并通过与世界其它河流的对比探讨了流域自然因素与人类活动等对长江水环境中常量与微量元素分布与输送的影响.结果表明,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和As是长江流域主要受人类活动影响的元素,在下游区域显著高于上游与中游(P 0. 05),且各元素在长江重庆段和汉江均有较流域其他河段高的浓度值,这些河段相对较高的重金属含量主要与人类活动强度密切相关.有趣的是,长江宜昌至武汉段各元素均出现了较低的浓度值,这很大程度上受三峡水利工程蓄水所产生的"滞留效应"所致.统计分析还显示Na、Mg、K、Ca、Fe、Mn、Co、Ni、Mo、Cr和V主要与各种岩石矿物的风化与侵蚀相关,Cu、Zn和Pb主要受工业、金属冶炼、矿物开采等人类活动的影响,而Cd和As则主要来源于农业生产活动.长江重庆段和汉江区别于长江流域其它河段,表明水体受人类活动影响比较严重,但长江流域重金属浓度水平整体低于世界其它重工业和农业发达区域的河流.由于长江径流量巨大,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd与As的入海通量是长江口及其近海重金属收支与循环的重要一环,并可能对河口生态环境产生深远的生态学效应.     

Sources and characteristics of the atmospheric aerosol near Damascus,Syria

Coarse (>2 μm) and fine (<2 μm) atmospheric particulate material was collected in the Zabadani Valley, near Damascus, in August 1985, and analyzed for sulfate, nitrate, and about 40 elements. Individual particles were analyzed for chemical and morphological parameters. Particle number concentrations and size distributions were also measured. The physical aerosol characteristics, and particularly the chemical composition indicate that the airborne particles in this arid region are predominantly due to desert soil dispersion, but that there is also some contribution from anthropogenic sources. The crustal elements exhibit atmospheric concentrations which are comparable to those in urban and industrial areas. The anthropogenic elements, on the other hand, are clearly less abundant in the Zabadani Valley than in industrialized regions. The individual particle analysis indicated that there are two major soil dust components with respectively a shale-like and a limestone composition. The data set with the bulk atmospheric concentrations (sum of coarse and fine) was subjected to chemical mass balance receptor modeling in order to assess the impact of the various plausible aerosol sources. It was found that desert soil dispersion is responsible for at least 90% of the total suspended particulate mass concentration, and that the shale and limestone components contribute in about equal proportions.     

青岛大气降水中微量元素的浓度及溶解度

利用2016年6月~2017年5月在青岛采集的35个降水样品,分析其中8种微量元素的总态和溶解态浓度,讨论了大气降水中微量元素的浓度及其溶解度的变化特征,并探讨了影响大气降水中微量元素溶解度的因素.结果表明,青岛降水中微量元素的总态浓度以Al和Fe的最高,其次是Zn、Mn、Ba、Pb、Sr、V的较低;溶解态浓度以Zn的最高,其次是Al、Mn、Fe、Ba、Sr、Pb和V的较低;溶解度以地壳元素Al和Fe的最低,为5%左右,受到人为源影响的元素溶解度相对较高,Pb和Ba的为10%~40%,Mn和Sr的为20%~60%,Zn和V溶解度最高,平均约为55%.季节变化显示不同元素总态和溶解态浓度基本呈现冬、春季明显高于夏、秋季,溶解度基本表现为春季最高.持续降雨的前后期微量元素的总态和溶解态浓度均呈现明显降低,但溶解度的变化趋势在不同降雨过程中不一致,pH变化是控制降水中微量元素溶解度的主要因子.     

Chemical characteristics of trace metals in PM10 and their concentrated weighted trajectory analysis at Central Delhi, India

Trace metals associated with PM₁₀ aerosols and their variation during day and nighttime as well as during different seasons have been studied for the year 2012. PCA analysis suggested 5 PCs, which accounted for 86.8% cumulative variance. PC1 accounted for 30% with a significant loading of metals of anthropogenic origin, while PC2 showed 28% variance with the loading of metals of crustal origin. These trace metals showed seasonal distinct day and night time characteristics. The concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Cd were found to be higher during nighttime in all the seasons. Only Fe was observed with significantly higher mean concentrations during daytime of all seasons except monsoon. The highest mean values of Cu, Cd, Zn, and Pb during post-monsoon might be attributed to winds advection over the regions of waste/biomass burning and industrial activities in Punjab and Haryana regions. Furthermore, concentration weighted trajectory analysis suggested that metals of crustal origin were contributed by long-range transport while metals of anthropogenic and industrial activities were contributed by regional/local source regions.     

Determination of chemical elements in deposition on the Western North Pacific

Shipboard sampling was performed for the evaluation of the deposition amount of chemical species on the southwestern section of the North Pacific, utilizing simple plastic samplers fixed on the upper decks of research vessels of the Japan Meteorological Agency on their routine meteorological and oceanographical cruises from 1988 to 1990. The deposition of nss-sulfate (non-seasalt sulfate, calculated from the concentration of sodium) was found to be high in the western Japan Sea, East China Sea and southern sea adjacent to the Japanese Islands. In the Mariana Sea and the equatorial area, the lowest values were constantly observed in the summer of those 3 years. Values a little higher, but much lower than in the Japan Sea or East China Sea, were measured off the Philippine Islands. The deposition amounts of crustal elements such as silicon, aluminum and iron showed similar tendencies but with some difference in detail.     

东黄渤海11-12月有色溶解有机质的分布特征

采集了2016年11－12月期间东、黄、渤海表、中、底海水样品,分析了海水中溶解有机质的紫外-可见光吸收光谱特征,探讨了渤海和黄东海海域秋冬季有色溶解有机物（CDOM）的分布特征、来源和影响因素。结果表明:在渤海和黄东海,表、中、底层CDOM均呈现近岸高、远海低的分布特征,渤海CDOM含量高于黄东海。吸收系数a₃₅₅和光谱斜率S_275-295呈显著负相关。结合CDOM的a₃₅₅分布和S_275-295,表明CDOM受到陆源输入的显著影响。渤海海区黄河口海域由于黄河水的直接输入和在大风影响下黄河口的泥沙再悬浮作用,CDOM含量最高。12月渤海中心存在CDOM和DOC的低值区,位置和夏季渤海双中心冷水团一致。在黄东海海域,高盐度台湾暖流的导致了黄东海DOC低浓度区域的产生,但对CDOM的含量分布没有明显影响。在渤海和黄东海,CDOM和DOC无显著相关性。     

秋季渤海和北黄海海水中挥发性卤代烃的分布与通量

使用吹扫-捕集气相色谱法于2013年11月对渤海和北黄海海水中4种常见的挥发性卤代烃(VHCs)浓度进行了分析。结果表明:秋季渤海和北黄海表层海水中CHBr2Cl、CHBr3、C2HCl3和C2Cl4的浓度平均值和变化范围分别为7.03(4.23~12.63) pmol/L、19.61(5.99~55.00) pmol/L、20.37(1.68~58.25) pmol/L和41.03(10.84~96.94)pmol/L。受生物生产、人为输入、陆地径流等因素的共同作用,4种VHCs浓度呈现出不同的空间分布特征,总体表现为渤海海域由北向南递减,北黄海海域山东半岛以北、鸭绿江口浓度较低的特点。受地理位置和水文条件的影响,不同站位VHCs浓度在垂直分布上有较大差异,但最大值均出现在真光层。周日变化研究表明:VHCs在13:00和17:00浓度较大,7:00和21:00浓度较低,说明VHCs生产释放受光照和潮汐等因素的共同影响。采用Liss和Salter双膜模型估算了CHBr2Cl、CHBr3、C2HCl3和C2Cl4的海-气通量,结果分别为36.28(0.13~109.54)nmol/m2d、85.96(-8.9~308.61)nmol/m2d、191.71(0.10~386.67)nmol/m2d和285.14(0.19~914.85)nmol/m2d,表明在调查期间渤海和北黄海是大气中CHBr2Cl、CHBr3、C2HCl3和C2Cl4的源。     

Trace elements in snow samples from the Scottish Highlands: Sources and dissolved/particulate distributions

Fresh snow samples were collected throughout a season at a high altitude (1080m) site in the NE Scottish Highlands and analysed for 14 trace elements in addition to the major element composition. Enrichment factors suggests three significant sources of the different elements, i.e. crust, seawater and anthropogenic inputs. Elements associated with anthropogenic and marine sources are in general soluble upon thawing (e.g. Br 98% dissolved) while elements from crustal sources are insoluble (e.g. Al 18% dissolved). Elements with mixed sources tend to show intermediate behaviour with average solubilities ranging from 27 to 96% for different elements. These solubilities are rationalized in terms of sources of the elements, their chemistry and the overall rainwater chemistry.     

北京大气PM2.5中微量元素的浓度变化特征与来源

为了解北京大气细粒子中微量元素的污染水平和来源,在车公庄和清华园进行了连续1年、每周1次的PM_2.5采样和全样品分析.微量元素浓度的周变化大,尤以冬季为甚,相邻2周最大相差达1.6倍;但除冬季的平均浓度较高之外,其季节变化并不显著.微量元素的富集因子在春季最低,反映了频繁发生的沙尘天气的影响.Se、Br和Pb的浓度比来自于北京A层土壤中的含量要高出约1000～8000倍,表明它们主要来自于人为污染.其中Se的富集度最高,反映了北京细粒子来自于燃煤污染的特征.Pb的年均浓度(0.31μg·m^-3)虽然未超过WHO的年均标准,但与洛杉矶和布里斯班相比处于较高的水平;与Br、Se的比较分析表明,燃煤可能是Pb除机动车排放之外的另一个重要来源.     

扎当冰川雪坑中不同粒径微粒元素和矿物组成特征

为了研究雪冰中不溶性微粒的矿物和元素组成及其来源,2009年5月和7月在念青唐古拉山扎当冰川垭口采集了2个雪坑样品,采用质子激发X荧光分析（PIXE）和X射线衍射定量分析方法（XRD）测定了不同季节粗细微粒（d〉10μm和0.22μm     

南黄海中部表层沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征及来源分析

通过对南黄海中部49个表层沉积物样品进行总有机碳,粒度,多环芳烃和甲基菲等GS-MS定量分析,探讨了研究区沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征,分子组成,评估南黄海中部多环芳烃污染水平并识别其来源.研究表明,南黄海中部14种多环芳烃总量(ΣPAHs)在81.63~6567.31 ng/g之间,其中优控多环芳烃(ΣEPA PAHs)11种,含量为29.2~1029.1 ng/g,平均含量255.1 ng/g,与国内外其他地区相比有机污染水平为中-低;苝为研究区内主要多环芳烃,分布较为广泛,其含量占所有PAHs的6.40%~88.85%,低含量苝与人为活动有关,而高含量苝代表了陆源有机质输入;多环芳烃组成,异构体分析和甲基菲特征表明,研究区优控多环芳烃主要为煤和高等植物燃烧或不完全燃烧产物以气溶胶形式输入,但部分样品表现出明显的石油源特性也证实了石油燃料,原油泄露产生的多环芳烃客观存在.     

海州湾潮滩重金属污染的历史记录

近岸海域是区域源汇过程的汇,记载了区域环境演变的重要信息.2010年在海州湾潮滩采集得到4个沉积物柱样,对沉积物柱样进行了重金属元素测定,结合核素210Pb测年结果,研究了海州湾潮滩重金属污染历史及人类活动对其影响.运用Al元素作为粒度的代用指标对重金属进行标准化,并获取了重金属富集系数和人为污染的重金属通量.研究表明,粒度控制效应并不是影响海州湾潮滩地区重金属分布的最主要因素,并且各重金属元素之间具有良好的相关性,说明该区域重金属元素具有来源一致性;海州湾潮滩沉积物中除重金属Cr和Cu表现为弱富集外,其他重金属元素Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb和Zn均表现为强富集,并且表层沉积物中重金属含量均高于该区域的背景值,这表明近50年以来,海州湾潮滩已明显受到人类污染源的影响,从而造成沉积物中重金属不断富集累积;自20世纪50年代至2000年初海州湾潮滩沉积物中人为污染活动输入的重金属通量呈现出波动增加的趋势,这种变化特征与区域社会、经济发展阶段相吻合;而从2005年以来随着区域产业结构优化调整,环境监管力度加强,潮滩沉积物中人为来源的重金属通量呈现出减少的趋势.