Photochemical formation of particulate dicarboxylic acids under long-range transport in central Japan

Long-range transport (LRT) of photochemical air pollution from the coastal area with large emission sources to the inland mountainous region occurs very frequently in the central Japan region on clear summer days. It is caused by local winds and the transport route is almost-fixed geographically. Along this route, behavior of dicarboxylic acids in the airborne aerosols was investigated in the cooperative field observation of meteorology and chemistry. Measurements were made every 3-h at inland sites.The concentrations of dicarboxylic acids as well as NO₃⁻ and total organic C increased in the daytime and decreased at night. The maximum are attained when the transported air mass was arrived at the sampling sites. These diurnal variations were similar to that of O₃.In the daytime, although the phthalates (di-n-butyl and dioctyl), n-alkanes (C₂₁C₃₂) and pinon aldehyde were abundant in the airborne aerosols, the dicarboxylic acids (C₂C₁₀) were the most abundant species and the total concentrations attained from 30 to 50% of the total organic particulate matter. In addition, of the dicarboxylic acids, more than 70% were estimated to be produced by photochemical reactions in the daytime. Thus, it was concluded that most of the dicarboxylic acids were produced by the photochemical oxidation of anthropogenic compounds during LRT.     

南京北郊O3、NO2和SO2浓度变化及长/近距离输送的影响

利用2008年1月—2010年12月南京北郊O₃、NO₂和SO₂质量浓度连续观测资料结合后向轨迹模式,采用聚类分析对轨迹进行分类和KZ滤波器对数据组分进行分离的方法,讨论了南京北郊气体污染物(O₃、NO₂和SO₂)的质量浓度变化规律及长/近距离输送对该地区污染气体的影响.结果表明,南京北郊春末夏初(5、6月)O₃月均浓度出现最大值,12月出现最小值;NO₂在春季(3—5月)月平均浓度相对较高,8月份浓度全年最低,而SO₂浓度在6、7月出现最低值.不同季节气体污染物浓度日变化各有特点,O₃呈单峰分布,12:00—15:00出现浓度最大值;NO₂浓度高值则出现在夜间;SO₂在清晨出现最大值,另外,春秋冬季SO₂呈双峰型分布.长/近距离输送对南京北郊污染气体影响的分析表明,在西南方向的近距离输送影响下,该地区O₃浓度将会出现明显的高值;传输速度较慢的西北气流则会促使该地区形成高浓度的NO₂;长距离输送对O₃和NO₂的贡献与气团输送距离有关,说明该地区O₃和NO₂是区域性问题.另外,当在传输速度较慢的偏东气流的控制下,SO₂的浓度较高,说明SO₂的高浓度事件与偏东方向的近距离输送有关.     

Diurnal variation of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM10 at a roadside site in Xiamen, China

Intensive daytime and nighttime sampling was carried out from 23 Oct to 31 Dec 2008 to investigate the occurrence of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) in PM₁₀ at a roadside site in Xiamen, China. At the same time, six PM₁₀ samples were collected from a nearby roadway tunnel for comparison. Six NPAHs, namely 9-nitroanthracene, 2-and 3-nitrofluoranthene, 1-nitropyrene, 7-nitrobenz[a]anthracene, and 6-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene, were identified and quantified using GC/MS in negative ion chemical ionization mode. The average total concentration of six NPAHs (∑NPAHs) in the cold season (26 Nov-31 Dec) was 2.3 (daytime) and 9.9 (nighttime) times higher than those in the warm season. Significant statistical difference (p < 0.01, 2-tailed) of ∑NPAHs between daytime and nighttime was found during both the warm and cold seasons. NPAHs were significantly positively correlated with their parent PAHs and nitrogen dioxide but negatively correlated with ambient temperature. The ratio of 2 + 3-nitrofluoranthene to 1-nitropyrene exhibited a similar diurnal pattern as ∑NPAHs and was generally greater than 5, indicating the importance of secondary atmospheric formation. The diurnal variations of NPAHs were all influenced by the diurnal variations of PAHs, nitrogen dioxide, sunlight, and temperature. The daily inhalable exposure to the six NPAHs in the tunnel was much higher than the roadside values in the warm season but only slightly higher than those in the cold season.     

长距离污染传输对珠江三角洲区域空气质量影响的数值模拟研究

采用CMAQ模型系统对珠江三角洲(以下简称珠三角)区域2006年主要大气污染物浓度进行模拟,获得该区域主要污染物浓度时空分布和大气传输季节变化特征,并结合其它相关研究方法分析长距离传输对珠三角区域空气质量的影响.模型模拟结果揭示了珠三角NO2、SO2、PM10、PM2.5浓度具有秋冬季高、春夏季低的季节变化特征,而珠三角O3浓度的高值出现在秋季.零排放扰动法表明长距离传输对珠三角15个区域监测子站NO2、SO2、PM10和PM2.5浓度平均贡献分别为2.6%、13.9%、24.2%和28.1%,并且秋冬季长距离传输贡献大于春夏季.反向轨迹聚类方法显示珠三角区域代表性站点万顷沙72 h反向控制气团依据其来向可分为沿岸气团、大陆气团、区域环流和海洋气团.万顷沙站点主要污染物小时观测浓度大于150μg·m-3的时段与短距离沿岸气团、短距离大陆气团以及区域环流主导下的污染物传输密切相关.四维传输通量分析结果证实,NO2污染传输通道无法由广东省外延伸至珠三角地区,因此珠三角大气NO2浓度主要来源于广东省内的排放.珠三角在受沿岸气团或大陆气团控制时存在从福建省或江西省一直延伸至珠三角的SO2和PM2.5高通量污染传输通道.因此控制珠三角区域大气污染需考虑区域背景气象条件差异,针对不同污染物采取不同的区域联防联控措施.     

Effect of central ventilation and air conditioner system on the concentration and health risk from airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Central ventilation and air conditioner systems are widely utilized nowadays in public places for air exchange and temperature control,which significantly influences the transfer of pollutants between indoors and outdoors.To study the effect of central ventilation and air conditioner systems on the concentration and health risk from airborne pollutants,a spatial and temporal survey was carried out using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as agent pollutants.During the period when the central ventilation system operated without air conditioning (AC-off period),concentrations of 2-4 ring PAHs in the model supermarket were dominated by outdoor levels,due to the good linearity between indoor air and outdoor air (rp>0.769,p<0.05),and the slopes (1.2-4.54) indicated that ventilating like the model supermarket increased the potential health risks from low molecular weight PAHs.During the period when the central ventilation and air conditioner systems were working simultaneously (AC-on period),although the total levels of PAHs were increased,the concentrations and percentage of the particulate PAHs indoors declined significantly.The BaP equivalency (BaPeq) concentration indicated that utilization of air conditioning reduced the health risks from PAHs in the model supermarket.     

广州地区PBDEs长距离迁移潜力和总持久性模拟

运用TaPL3.0模型对7种PBDEs同系物在广州地区的长距离迁移潜力(LRTP)和总持久性(Pov)进行了模拟研究,并通过灵敏度分析得到了模型的关键参数.研究结果显示,PBDEs排放至大气中,特征迁移距离(CTD)为296~811km,均值为557km;Pov为19~279d,均值为184d;PBDEs平均约有73.8%分布在土壤中,16.9%分布在沉积物中,9.3%分布在其他三相中.PBDEs排放到水体时,CTD为3090~4291km,均值为3731km;Pov范围为228~854d,均值为731d;平均约92.1%分布在沉积物中,6.8%分布在水相中,1.1%在大气、土壤和植被相中.BDE47迁移潜力最大,BDE209易残留于源区形成点源性污染.PBDEs各同系物主要分布在沉积物和土壤中.随着溴代程度升高,CTD逐渐降低,Pov逐渐升高,与国外研究趋势一致.     

河南省2015-2019年大气污染时空变化特征研究

河南省位于京津冀周边区域,其大气复合污染形势较为严峻.本研究利用河南省2015-2019年83个国控站点数据,综合探究了 PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2、CO和O3MAD8(臭氧日最大8h平均值)的时空变化特征.与2015年相比,2019年河南省PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2和CO年均浓度分别下降了 26....     

传输指数在合肥市重污染过程中的应用分析

利用潜在源区贡献法计算了合肥市2015年冬季传输指数,并基于传输指数和PM_(2.5)浓度将合肥市的重污染过程划分为3类,同时对各类重污染过程进行气象成因分析.结果表明:污染物传输型重污染过程的传输指数明显增大且PM_(2.5)浓度急剧增大;污染物积累型重污染过程的传输指数无明显增大且PM_(2.5)浓度逐渐增大;污染物暴发性排放型重污染过程的传输指数无明显增大但PM_(2.5)浓度急剧增大.污染物传输型重污染过程主要是高压南下迫使北方重污染气团输送引起的;污染物积累型重污染过程主要是静稳的天气形势导致污染物堆积造成的;污染物爆发性排放型重污染过程是由污染物暴发性排放而无法及时扩散引起的.     

北非沙尘天气时空分布特征及其远程传输路径

通过对北非地面300个气象站20a沙尘暴、浮尘、风场及冬夏季气溶胶指数（AI）的时空分布分析,探讨了其远程传输路径,结果表明：1）北非在阿尔及利亚、毛里塔尼亚、尼日尔和乍得中部、埃及东部、苏丹北部、博德莱洼地存在6个主要沙源区,3月沙尘暴范围和强度最大,8~11月最小.从11月起逐渐在萨赫勒地区形成了一条浮尘带,其强度和范围在3月最大,其后逐渐收缩并在6~10月分裂成3~4个小带.2）受冬春季地面高压影响,萨赫勒浮尘带由其北部发生的沙尘暴远距离传输而来.4~8月,来自赤道的南风北抬并与来自大西洋的西北风在萨赫勒中西部交汇,形成静风区并导致浮尘带收缩、断裂.3）北非存在2条沙尘主传输路径,其中Ⅰ起自阿尔及利亚,向东到地中海、埃及和苏丹,然后转向萨赫勒,从东向西传到大西洋;Ⅱ起自阿尔及利亚,向南传输到毛里塔尼亚,向西传到大西洋;同时在主传输路径Ⅰ上还出现了4个分支路径.     

Seasonal variation characteristics of hydroxyl radical pollution and its potential formation mechanism during the daytime in Lanzhou

Hydroxyl free radicals(OH radicals) play the main role in atmospheric chemistry and their involving reactions are the dominant rate determining step in the formation of secondary fine particulate matter and in the removal of air pollutants from the atmosphere.In this paper,we studied the seasonal variation characteristics of OH radicals during the daytime in Lanzhou and explored the potential formation mechanism of high concentration OH radicals.We found that the OH radicals in four seasons was ...     

成都地区秋冬季污染天气形势下PM2.5的扩散与输送

基于ERA-Interim再分析资料、大气污染资料以及气象资料,利用T-mode主成分分析法（PCT）将成都地区2016~2018年PM_2.5污染严重的1、2、11、12月份的海平面气压场和10m风场分成8种天气类型,分析不同天气类型下的空气污染状况及污染气象参数特征,进而从污染气象学的角度揭示重污染天气类型下的气象特征和潜在污染来源,结果表明：①成都地区在高压后部型、低前高后型、鞍型场、北方高压底部型中PM_2.5污染会加重,属于污染型天气类型,而在西路冷锋前部型、高压边缘型、西北高压底部型、东路冷锋前部型中,PM_2.5污染显著减弱,属于清洁型天气类型.②在污染型天气类型下,成都地区出现的逆温层较强,混合层高度较低均不利于PM_2.5的扩散稀释,且边界层内南风分量明显增大,东北风减弱,边界层通风量（VI）较小,风场对污染物的扩散能力也较弱.③对污染天气类型下成都的PM_2.5污染输送与潜在来源进行研究,认为成都南部及西南部地区在各个污染天气类型下都对其PM_2.5的质量浓度有明显的影响,另外在鞍型场天气类型下,成都东部及东北部地区也是成都PM_2.5污染的源区之一,而在北方高压底部型中,成都地区的PM_2.5主要受到其周围地区的影响,外地的污染物输入较少.     

上海秋季典型大气高污染过程中有机碳和元素碳的变化特征

于2011年10月1日至10日在上海市城区对大气中细粒子的质量浓度和含碳气溶胶进行了在线连续观测,获得了秋季典型大气灰霾污染过程中含碳气溶胶的变化特征.观测结果显示,在大气灰霾过程中PM2.5中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的质量浓度分别为(20.38±7.11)μg·m-3和(4.07±1.97)μg·m-3,浓度显著高于非霾过程.以非霾天气的起始点作为参照点,得出灰霾期间OC和EC的增长率分别为641％±258％和409％±246％,本次灰霾过程中OC的污染累积与二次生成作用分别占63.8％和36.2％,污染过程以累积为主.灰霾期间OC/EC与O3具有良好的线性关系,且相关分析表明二者之间呈正相关,OC浓度的升高与含碳组分的光化学反应有关.采用EC示踪法估算短期大气过程中有机碳(SOC)含量,灰霾天气和非霾天气PM2.5中的SOC浓度分别为1.64～17.96 μg·m 3和0.25 ～2.83 μg·m-3,分别占OC的l0.7％～66.7％和9.2％ ～52.5％.     

Diurnal concentrations of black carbon and some other air pollutants in Ljubljana,Slovenia

We report on measurements from an automated air pollution and meteorological station operating in the city center of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Aerosol black carbon, SO₂, NO and NO₂ were measured continuously on a 30-min timebase. Filter samples integrated over periods of 1–3 days were analysed for total particulate carbon and sulfur species. Large variations of pollutant concentrations were seen, correlating with emission source activity and periods of meteorological stagnation. Correlations between primary (BC) and secondary (S_p) species were seen, suggesting a rapid SO₂ to sulfate conversion mechanism. We discuss the influence of meteorology and primary emission activity on air quality in the city.     

兰州地区16种多环芳烃的长距离迁移潜力和总持久性模拟研究

使用TaPL3模型对兰州地区16种PAHs通过大气和水体的长距离迁移潜力(LRTP)和总持久性(Pov)进行了模拟研究,比较了不同环数多环芳烃(PAHs)的特征迁移距离(CTD)和Pov的大小,对两者的关系进行了分析讨论,并以BaP为例对关键参数进行了灵敏度分析.研究结果表明,16种PAHs在兰州地区通过大气的特征迁移距离(CTDAir)在18.9km(BghiP)和734.9km(PYR)之间,总持久性(PovAir)在0.41d(ACE)和1304.76d(BaP)之间;通过水体的特征迁移距离(CTDWater)在511.1km(NAP)和34472.6km(BghiP)之间,PovWater在5.35d(NAP)和4156.59d(BghiP)之间.16种PAHs中,芘在空气中的LRTP最大,苯并[ghi]芘在水中的LRTP最大.中、高环数PAHs的PovAir和PovWater要比低环数PAHs高.此外,CTD和Pov没有表现出直接的关系.与国外的同类研究相比,BaP在兰州地区的CTDAir明显偏低.     

基于轨迹模式分析海口市大气污染的输送及潜在源区

基于2013—2018年海口市空气质量资料,利用HYSPLIT模式和美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)提供的FNL资料,模拟近6年海口市500 m高度气流48 h的后向轨迹,分析了不同季节气流轨迹分布、聚类分析和潜在源区分布概率(WPSCF)特征.结果表明:近6年海口市的空气质量等级主要以优和良为主,占所有天数的97.1%,有2.9%的天数达到了轻度污染及其以上级别,O_3从2015年开始成为海口市最主要的大气污染物.海口市影响气流有明显的季节变化,冬季主要受内地的大陆气流和东南沿海气流影响,春季和秋季以东南沿海气流为主,夏季多为来自西南方向的海洋性气流.气流轨迹和WPSCF的空间分布均表明,广东省是海口市大气污染物超标的主要贡献源区,此外,福建、江西、湖南和广西东部等地的潜在贡献也较大.     

Seasonal variation and sources of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a background site on the Tibetan Plateau

The study of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in northeastern Tibetan Plateau with fragile ecological environment and complex atmospheric circulation system is blank. To understand the characteristics and sources of persistent organic pollutants in the atmosphere of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, we monitored levels in the central Qilian Mountain. From 2016 to 2017, we collected 45-pair (particle + gas) samples using active air samplers to investigate the sources, transport paths, and their influencing factors. Sources of PAHs were analysed with a source diagnostic model, and atmospheric transport paths were calculated. The concentration range for ∑₁₅PAHs was 439–4666 pg/m³, and the average was 2015 pg/m³. The PAHs in central Qilian Mountain are mainly low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs. Winter concentrations of PAHs were higher than those in summer. The transport of PAHs is mainly affected by westerlies, and there are seasonal differences. Source analysis showed that PAHs mainly came from coal and biomass combustion and vehicle emissions, with seasonal differences. This study clarifies the concentration and seasonal variation of PAHs in the northern Tibetan Plateau, which is conducive to understanding the atmospheric transport process and fate of pollutants. The background site of Qilian Mountains located in the Silk Road economic belt has the value and significance of long-term observation of pollutants.     

湄洲湾沿海能见度和大气烟尘污染的变化

利用1985～2004年能见度和有烟日观测资料,统计分析了20 a当中,湄洲湾沿海能见度和大气受烟尘污染的变化.结果表明:湄洲湾夏季沿海能见度明显好于冬季,这可能与冬夏盛行风向不同,输送排放污染源地不同以及不同季节天气气候条件相关.湄洲湾冬季和夏季沿海能见度呈显著下降趋势,尤以夏季为突出.污染日在86～199d之间徘徊;1985～1988年是污染"轻微期",年平均污染日101d;1997～2000年是污染"严重期",年平均污染日达186 d.     

室内空气中多环芳烃的污染特征、来源及影响因素分析

采集并测定了杭州市8户家庭中具有代表性的多环芳烃，测得居民室内空气中12种PAHs平均浓度为1.91-29.08μg/m^3,BaP浓度为5－19ng/m^3，污染十分严重，受季节及通风条件等的影响，室内空气中PAHs浓度变化较大，居民室内空气中萘主要来源于卫生球的挥发，其余PAHs主要来自燃烧，而BaP主要来自室内吸烟。     

基于WRF-Chem和EMI指数的新冠肺炎疫情期间沈阳市大气污染物浓度变化原因分析

利用2015—2020年沈阳市空气质量监测数据、地面气象观测资料、环境气象评估指数（EMI）产品、NCEP再分析资料及WRF-Chem数值模式,分析新冠肺炎疫情防控期间沈阳市主要大气污染物和气象要素的变化情况,研究空气质量对污染物减排和气象要素变化的响应.结果表明：疫情防控导致沈阳市PM_2.5、PM₁₀和NO₂质量浓度下降,但O₃质量浓度小幅增加;PM_2.5和NO₂对人为减排的响应更敏感;防控期内沈阳市气象条件有利于污染物的清除,气象条件使PM_2.5质量浓度下降16.37%,防控减排措施导致PM_2.5质量浓度下降22.96%;在疫情防控的背景下,不利的气象条件和污染物排放的突然增加共同造成重污染天气发生,其中不利气象条件的贡献大于排放增加的贡献;减排措施对防控期间重污染天气过程污染物峰值浓度有明显的削弱作用.