A nonlinear filtering algorithm for multi-dimensional finite element pollutant advection schemes

A nonlinear filter is developed for use with finite element methods in solving the atmospheric diffusion equation. Usually, high-order accurate finite element methods lead to ripples near sharp gradients. This is an undesirable feature in air quality modeling. The filter eliminates these ripples by adding artificial diffusion along the direction of the streamlines. Since it is applied only in regions where the ripples are located, the accuracy of the solution is maintained. Here, the filter was used with the streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin method. It displayed good performance characteristics in the standard rotating puff test, and in a new test where the angular velocity profile is parabolic. It did not cause excessive crosswind diffusion that was present in a previously developed two-dimensional filter, or Forester filters applied to one-dimensional, spatially split algorithms. The new test problem was designed specifically to show that the rotating puff test may not always be the appropriate test to evaluate the performance of transport schemes, especially those that split the horizontal transport into one-dimensional operators. As expected, a one-dimensional splitting scheme (Chapeau function) displayed worse performance than fully two-dimensional schemes under more severe conditions of the new test problem.     

A multiscale finite element pollutant transport scheme for urban and regional modeling

Accurately describing the transport from urban to regional areas, and vice versa, is necessary for effective emission control strategies. However, this task is complicated by the need to use a fine spatial scale in cities to resolve the steep concentration gradients, and the desire to use a coarser scale in rural areas for computational efficiency. A multiscale transport scheme is developed for use in multiscale air quality models. This Petrov-Galerkin finite element scheme accommodates a fine-grid mesh within a coarse-grid mesh. Spurious waves are eliminated locally, without loss of high-order accuracy, by applying a mass-conservative smoothing filter. Some aliasing errors are observed due to the changes in the mesh size. Nevertheless, the scheme performs bettern than others used for following the transport of pollutants in regional models and has the added advantage of accurately describing the transition from urban to rural areas, and vice versa.     

A review of the technology and applications of methods for evaluating the transport of air pollutants

A variety of methods based on air quality models, including tracer methods, the brute-force method (BFM), decoupled direct method (DDM), high-order decoupled direct method (HDDM), response surface models (RSMs) and so on forth, have been widely used to study the transport of air pollutants. These methods have good applicability for the transport of air pollutants with simple formation mechanisms. However, differences in research conclusions on secondary pollutants with obvious nonlinear characteristics have been reported. For example, the tracer method is suitable for the study of simplified scenarios, while HDDM and RSMs are more suitable for the study for nonlinear pollutants. Multiple observation techniques, including conventional air pollutant observation, lidar observation, air sounding balloons, vehicle-mounted and ship-borne technology, aerial surveys, and remote sensing observations, have been utilized to investigate air pollutant transport characteristics with time resolution as high as 1 sec. In addition, based on a multi-regional input-output model combined with emission inventories, the transfer of air pollutant emissions can be evaluated and applied to study the air pollutant transport characteristics. Observational technologies have advantages in temporal resolution and accuracy, while modeling technologies are more flexible in spatial resolution and research plan setting. In order to accurately quantify the transport characteristics of pollutants, it is necessary to develop a research method for interactive verification of observation and simulation. Quantitative evaluation of the transport of air pollutants from different angles can provide a scientific basis for regional joint prevention and control.     

A photochemical box model for urban air quality study

The photochemical box model (PBM) developed in the present study is based on the principle of mass conservation. It has a horizontal domain of the size of a typical city and a vertical dimension defined by the mixed-layer height. The concentration of any pollutant is determined by horizontal advection, vertical entrainment, source emissions and chemical reactions. A one-dimensional high resolution boundary layer model by Blackadar (Preprints, Third Symp. on Atmospheric Turbulence, Diffusion, and Air Quality, Raleigh, Am. Met. Soc., pp. 443–447, 1976; Advances in Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 1 (edited by Pfafflin J. and Ziegler E.), pp. 50–85. Gordon and Breach, New York, 1979) has been incorporated in the PBM and further developed to consider the effect of urban heat islands in the simulation of mixed layer height. The predicted mixed-layer heights compare very well with observations. The gas phase chemical kinetic mechanism used in the Regional Acid Deposition Model II (RADM2) and that of an earlier version of PBM have been used to calculate the contributions of chemical reactions to the changes of pollutant concentrations. Detailed analysis and comparisons of the two chemical mechanisms have been made. The simulated pollutant concentrations using both chemical mechanisms are in very good agreement with available observations for CO, NO, NO₂ and O₃. A radiative transfer model developed by Madronich (J. geophys. Res.92, 9740–9752, 1987) has been incorporated in the PBM for the calculation of actinic flux and photolytic rate constants. Height-averaged and radiation-corrected photolytic rate constants are used for the photochemical reactions. Budget analyses conducted for CO, NO, NO₂ and O₃ have enhanced our understanding of the relative contributions of horizontal advection, vertical entrainment, source emissions and chemical reactions to the overall rate of change of their concentrations. Model predictions are not sensitive to the large number of peroxy radical-peroxy radical reactions in the RADM2 chemical mechanism under urban conditions.     

城市多排污口对河流水质影响的模拟研究

通过实测阜新新邱长营子桥段5个连续排污口处污染物浓度,采用水平二维水质迁移模型对细河城市段排污口排出的生活废水及1 500 m长的细河河段进行模拟分析,计算出多排污口在耦合叠加作用下,河段内污染物的迁移扩散和污染物浓度的分布特征。模拟分析得出:第1、2、3年污染物在3个监测断面处的横向迁移距离和纵向迁移距离,污染物最大浓度所在的位置以及岸边处污染物浓度的分布规律曲线,为城市污水治理和城市规划提供一定的科学依据和指导。     

一种考虑水生态修复措施对污染物降解影响的水质模型

针对水域中生态修复措施对污染物降解规律的影响,建立了平面二维水流-水质计算模型.该模型通过采用特征有限元方法,在各种吸附性边界下均能保持污染物浓度变化的单调性;通过采用2阶龙格-库塔法求解上游源头浓度特征点的位置,使得模型在流线弯曲条件下的特征浓度计算精度得到明显改善;通过分区指定水流糙率与紊动粘滞系数、污染物扩散与降解系数,可以具体分析水域内各种水质改善措施的实际效果;通过典型算例,证明模型具有较好的适应性和可靠性,为今后水生态修复工程方案的设计提供了一种定量分析工具.     

不规则波情况下破波带内污染物水平二维输移扩散实验研究

研究破波带内污染物输移扩散特性可为近岸水环境保护和污染物的排放设计提供依据。由于实际情况中海岸入射波都是不规则波,因此本文基于物理模型实验、图像处理和形心点追踪等方法对5组不规则入射波况下的污染物水平二维输移扩散特性进行了研究,着重对不同波况下污染物垂直岸线方向与沿岸方向的输移速度及垂直岸线方向的扩散系数进行了计算分析。结果表明,不规则入射波情况下污染物垂直岸线方向的输移速度V_x约为沿岸方向输移速度V_y的4.4%～64.7%;沿岸方向的污染物输移速度约为时均沿岸流速最大值的35%;在不规则波入射情况下,垂直岸线方向的扩散系数为2.3×10?4 ～2.2×10?3 m2/s,并且扩散系数随不规则入射波周期的增大而减小,而入射波波高对其影响并不显著。     

基于LEAP模型的厦门交通能耗及大气污染物排放分析

交通部门能源消耗和污染物排放的比例较大,增长迅速,因此研究交通部门的节能减排措施显得尤为迫切。文章以厦门市城市交通部门为例,基于LEAP模型构建Xiamen-2008Tra交通模型,研究从基准年2008年到2030年的能源消费量以及CO2、SO2、NOx和PM10的排放量,评估各种节能减排措施的效果。模型设定了基准情景和最佳情景,前者作为参考情景假设政府没有采取任何措施来抑制交通部门能源增长,后者作为最乐观情景包括私家车控制、燃料经济性调整、新能源车推广、燃料税和生物燃料推广五个节能减排子情景。研究结果表明:2030年最佳情景要比基准情景节能36.08%,CO2、SO2、NOx和PM10的排放量分别减少40.46%、47.06%、32.07%和44.91%;在各种节能减排措施中,私家车控制措施节能减排效果最好。     

Numerical simulation of wet scavenging of air pollutants—I. Modeling of sequential precipitation rates at the ground

A one-dimensional Eulerian transport/transformation/removal model is developed to explain and predict existing field data and chemical compositions of precipitation. The PLUVIUS model is used as the framework for the proposed model with significant modifications. In Part I, cloud dynamics and microphysics, and water phases have been considered in the model. The equation of motion is solved to generate a vertical wind velocity profile for convective precipitation. The upwind scheme is used to handle the convective, non-linear transport problem.The modeling results of ground precipitation rates for a summer convective shower indicate that the precipitation rate is sensitive to the following precipitation parameters: autoconversion rate, cloud water concentration, relative humidity, entrainment rate, and the heights of cloud base and cloud top. The modeling results for pollutant rain concentrations will be presented in Part II of this series.     

ArcGIS在大气污染源排放清单建立中的应用研究

以重工业城市唐山为例,在收集已有排放源数据的同时,结合唐山市环境空气质量状况,利用地理信息系统(ArcGIS)对污染企业的位置及污染物排放量、浓度参数建立网格模型,采用反距离权重法及区位商法对污染源及污染物的空间分布进行估算分析,形成准确完善的多尺度、高时空分辨率大气污染源排放清单.为京津冀地区区域大气污染联防联控及2020年大气污染物区域消减计划打下数据基础.     

面源污染输移过程高性能数值模拟方法

高效高精度模拟面源污染输移过程,掌握面源污染的输移规律,是研究面源污染最直接有效的途径之一,也是管理和控制面源污染的有效手段。基于此,提出了一种全面耦合二维水文水动力及污染物输移过程的数值模型,采用二阶Godunov格式的有限体积法进行求解,利用GPU加速技术提高计算效率。结果表明:在理想条件下,数值解与解析解间的平均相对误差为2.5%。对不同面积和精度的城市地表面源污染和农业面源污染输移过程的模拟结果显示,二者的输移规律符合实际的物理过程,模拟总时长为7200 s,城市地表面源污染模拟结果只需186 s;农业面源污染模拟结果只需1169 s,计算效率有显著提升。综上所述,GAST模型对不同下垫面面源污染可实现高精度模拟,且模拟效率有显著提升,为今后面源污染的治理和防控提供参考。     

入渗条件下土壤中磷离子迁移的数值模拟

针对土壤非均质，边界条件复杂、土壤水分动态变化而且溶质与土壤存在吸持反应的情况，建立了土壤二维对流－弥散溶质迁移的有限元模型，编写了计算机模拟程序。作为模型的初步应用，对４种不同性质的土壤，ＫＨ２ＰＯ４溶液一维水平入渗条件下的迁移进行了数值模拟。结果表明，模拟结果能够很好地与室内土柱实验结果吻合，该模型可以用于研究伴有吸持情况下土壤溶质的迁移规律。另外模拟与实验结果均表明，对于象磷这种与土壤强吸附     

Preliminary inventory of sulfur dioxide emissions in East Asia

A preliminary sulfur dioxide emissions inventory for East Asia was developed. The annual emissions rate for fossil-fuel related sulfur was estimated for a 80 km mesh grid using energy consumption and industrial activity data for the region. The total sulfur dioxide emissions from this area as sulfur were about 11.5 TgSy⁻¹, almost equal to the emissions in north-western Europe or the north-eastern U.S. which are regions where acid deposition occurs. Emissions from mobile sources were found to be relatively small, while coal-fired stationary sources contribute a large part of the sulfur dioxide emissions in East Asia.     

新冠肺炎封城对南京污染排放的影响

2020年初新冠肺炎疫情爆发以后,为了有效防止疫情扩散和蔓延,全国主要城市都相继停工停产,人类活动和污染排放强度大幅降低.本文针对新冠肺炎爆发前后南京地区污染排放变化,利用南京及周边地区的逐时污染观测资料,基于在线区域化学传输模式WRF-Chem和集合平方根滤波同化系统,在同时同化污染物浓度初始场和污染源排放的框架下,在1 km的高分辨率条件下进行了逐时同化实验模拟.结果表明,由于疫情管控,2月南京市区的PM_2.5气溶胶和NO源排放分别较1月减少4.4%和30%,减少的区域主要位于工业区和南京城区.该结果显示同化系统在反演高时空分辨率的污染源方面具有很好的潜力.     

有限元网格重新划分时新旧网格数据传递的新方法

此文提出了一种有限元网格重新划分时新旧网格数据传递的新方法,该方法简化了新旧网格系统的包含测试并且有适当的精度,可用于三维网格重新划分时数据的传递。     

Numerical simulation of transport from a point source: error analysis

The techniques used to represent point sources in numerical air pollution models have received little attention.However, an inadequate representation of these sources can lead to significant loss of solution accuracy. Kasibhatla et al. (1988, Atmospheric Environment22, 75–82) have performed a parametric error analysis for the two-dimensional transport of an inert species from an infinite line source. This paper extends the analysis to three-dimensional problems.Numerical results for an inert plume emanating from a single point source shown that the radio of the advection time scale to the turbulent time scale in the vertical direction, K_zΔx/uΔy², as well as the ratio of the advection time scale to the turbulent diffusion time scale in the cross-wind direction, K_yΔx/uδy², have an effect on solution accuracy. In addition, comparisons between the volume-averaged representation of a point source and the use of an irregular grid for point source representation demonstrate that, near the source, improved results can be obtained by placing a node at the source location. Numerical results for the case in which the wind velocity vector is not aligned with tghe grid lines indicate that the cross-derivative diffusion term can be negleted without loss of accuracy.     

中山市旱季霾特征及数值模拟分析

利用观测数据、Hysplit后向轨迹模式以及WRF-CMAQ模式对中山市旱季霾特征进行模拟分析.中山市霾污染的天气形势以大陆高压型为主.当相对湿度在71%~90%时,气溶胶浓度和能见度的负相关性最显著,且当能见度减小到5 km以下时,PM_(2.5)浓度的大幅减小才能使能见度略有好转.最有可能引起中山发生霾天气的两条污染带,一条是沿中山至湖南南部,另一条是沿中山到粤东地区.WRF-CMAQ模式能较好地模拟出2014年1月份中山PM_(2.5)浓度、能见度的变化趋势以及广东省区域内灰霾的污染过程.在气溶胶质量权重及消光贡献中,硫酸盐的比重最高,在高相对湿度下,二次气溶胶的消光权重超过80%.通过中山PM_(2.5)过程分析发现,在霾过程,无冷空气时PM_(2.5)主要来自气溶胶反应、排放源和水平平流,贡献率分别为35%、15%和10%,有冷空气时水平平流的贡献最大,达37%;在清洁过程,无冷空气时气溶胶主要靠水平平流和干沉降清除,贡献率分别为-39%和-14%,有冷空气时清除以水平平流和垂直对流、扩散为主,贡献率分别为-29%和-25%,说明不同天气条件下霾的污染和清洁机制有着明显差别.     

分析裂解技术在砂型铸造空气污染控制中的应用研究

采用分析裂解技术模拟砂型铸造过程中原材料的热解过程,并采用GC-FID/MS等对分析裂解产生的挥发性有机物与危险性空气污染物进行了分析.通过与实际铸造过程中产生的空气污染物的对比发现,分析裂解与实际铸造过程中产生的空气污染物在种类与构成上都十分相似,主要由苯、甲苯和酚组成.此外,采用分析裂解技术比较不同原材料的空气污染物产生量,可以准确地预测使用不同原材料进行铸造生产时的空气污染物相对变化趋势.分析裂解与实际铸造的空气污染物检测结果均表明,与传统的酚醛树脂黏合剂相比,采用新型的无萘型酚醛树脂黏合剂进行铸造,可减少50%以上的多环芳烃污染物;采用动物蛋白质胶型黏合剂可减少90%以上的危险性空气污染物.与传统的在试验性铸造厂进行小规模实际铸造,并对空气污染物进行检测以获取原材料空气污染物清单的方法相比,分析裂解技术可以更为快速和准确地建立原材料的空气污染物清单,比较不同原材料的空气污染物的相对变化趋势,从而为铸造企业选用合适的清洁原材料以及新型清洁原材料的研究和改进提供理论指导和科学依据.