Regional ecosystem analysis of C haohu Lake and its surroundings

Chaohu Lake and its surroundings constitute a complicated system where many ecological problems have accumulated for years．In addition to physical，geological and biological factors，chemical factors are also important for the dominance of Microcystis and its bloom．Nutrient elements are abundant in the lake water with total phosphorus concentration of 0．142 mg/L and the total nitrogen of 1．68 mg/L．Evidence suggest that it is light which limits the algal development in the growing seasons．To reduce allochthonous phosphorus load，first from the point sources，and to change the aquatic conditions back to P．．1imiting state by various means is the prior approach while an integrated treatment of the whole environment is needed to stabilize the system．     

Automatic unattended sampling and analysis of background levels of C2;C5 hydrocarbons

As part of the European program for monitoring anthropogenic air pollutants (EUROTRAC), C₂C₅ hydrocarbons (gas phase) are being routinely measured at a background station at Rörvik, Sweden. A 2 ℓ air sample is taken every 4 h, and a compressed air standard and helium blank are analysed daily. The method is based on adsorption of the hydrocarbons onto an active charcoal based adsorbent, desorption/crofocusing onto a capillary trap, and analysis using capillary gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. A Perma Pure dryer is used to remove water from the sample, and hydrocarbons > C₆ are removed using a Tenax adsorbent. The analytical instrument can be left unattended for up to 2 weeks at a time, depending on the consumption of liquid nitrogen and the compressed gases. Baseline or near baseline resolution is obtained for the 23 hydrocarbons monitored in this study. Reproducibility for the C₂C₄ isomers is 1–2%, and 2–15% for the C₅ isomers. The detection limit is 1–7 pptv. Preliminary mean hydrocarbon concentrations are presented for the period 21 February–9 April 1989.     

Farm management decision and response to climate variability and change in Côte d’Ivoire

This paper investigates threats to farm management in the northern and central region of Côte d’Ivoire, with a particular focus on climate-related threats. To this end, farmers’ perception and adaptation strategies for climate change have been analyzed. The data were collected from 205 respondents by means of the Focus Groups method, and they were evaluated using a framework analysis. The main reported threats related to the implementation of farming activities are the high cost of inputs and the lack of technical support, which are followed by diseases, insects, and climate variations (scarcity of rains, strong winds, and high temperature). We find that most farmers have a strong perception of changes in climatic conditions. Their perceived impacts on the local environment through evidences like the disappearance of certain farming practices, occurrence of new insects, and the disruption of key time reference periods. Farmers mainly attempt to adapt by adjusting their agricultural calendar, adopting new short-season varieties, and using mixed cropping. We find that the most influential factors for farmers’ adaptation behavior is lack of contact with extension services and the scarcity of rainfall. Our suggestions for future agricultural policies for better adaptation to climate change are to take into account farmers’ perception, to provide suitable climate forecast, and to improve local technical support.     

Chlorination of para-substituted phenols: Formation of α, β-unsaturated C4-dialdehydes and C4-dicarboxylic acids

Despite the widespread occurrence of phenols in anthropogenic and natural compounds, their fate in reactions with hypochlorous acid (HOCl), one of the most common water treatment disinfectants, remains incompletely understood. To close this knowledge gap, this study investigated the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in the reaction of free chlorine with seven para-substituted phenols. Based on the chemical structures of the DBPs and the reaction mechanisms leading to their formation, the DBPs were categorized into four groups: chlorophenols, coupling products, substituent reaction products, and ring cleavage products. In contrast to previous studies that investigated the formation of early-stage chlorophenols, the primary focus of this study was on the elucidation of novel ring cleavage products, in particular α, β-unsaturated C₄-dialdehydes, and C₄-dicarboxylic acids, which, for the first time, were identified and quantified in this study. The molar yields of 2-butene-1,4-dial (BDA), one of the identified α, β-unsaturated C₄-dialdehydes, varied among the different phenolic compounds, reaching a maximum value of 10.4% for bisphenol S. Molar yields of 2-chloromaleic acid (Cl-MA), one of the identified C₄-dicarboxylic acids, reached a maximum value of 30.5% for 4-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid under given conditions. 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) was shown to be an important intermediate of the parent phenols and the C₄-ring cleavage products. Based on the temporal trends of α, β-unsaturated C₄-dialdehydes and C₄-dicarboxylic acids, their formation is likely attributable to two separate ring cleavage pathways. Based on the obtained results, an overall transformation pathway for the reaction of para-substituted phenols with free chlorine leading to the formation of novel C₄ ring cleavage products was proposed.     

The ecological environm ent and fishery adm inistration of C haohu Lake

Chaohu Lake is a good base for fishery production，yet the pollution，construction of watergates and other improper actions have greatly impaired the potentml of fishery productivity．It is necessary to strengthen the administrative functions of the organizations，to set a good management of the watershed and to Use the ecological-economic water level line to improve the water environment as well as the fishery production．     

Scale and benefit of global carbon markets under the 2 °C goal: integrated modeling and an effort-sharing platform

Global climate change mitigation needs all countries’ efforts under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’s guideline of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. The medium-to-long term regional emissions pathways simulated by integrated assessment models with global mitigation costs minimized to achieve the 2 °C goal might be very different from the regional emissions allowances allocated based on effort-sharing principles. Global carbon trading is a cost-effective mechanism to bridge the gap. Insight of previous papers has mainly focused on the impact of a single effort-sharing scheme on global carbon market, while this study attempts to explore the scale and benefit of global carbon market under different effort-sharing principles to achieve the 2 °C goal, with the application of a consistent modeling framework, consisting of an integrated assessment model and an effort-sharing platform. The results indicate that scale of global carbon market would be highly related with the effort-sharing principles. The global trading volumes would change from 1.8 Gigatons (Gt) carbon dioxide (CO₂) to over 12 GtCO₂ per year and largely peak between 2030 and 2040 under different kinds of effort-sharing principles. Correspondingly, annual global finance flows in the carbon market would increase gradually and reach the scale of hundreds of billions United States (US) dollars since 2020. Global carbon market would lower the abatement costs of developed countries, and the overall global abatement costs would drop by 0.4–2.6% during 2011–2050. The developing countries would not only acquire revenues from global carbon trading but also be provided with an opportunity to accelerate their domestic low-carbon energy transformation, local environmental improvement, job creation, and economic development. Linking national and regional carbon markets to develop global carbon market will be critical to maximize the utility of the market mechanism.     

Study of primary production of phytoplankton and the environmental factors in C haohu Lake water

Primary productivity was measured by the oxygen method．When there was no algal bloom，the lake water appeared clean and there was no difference between the upper and lower part of the lake water．The dissolved oxygen(DO)approached saturate around 7．0 mg/L．The average productivity rate was 0.2—0.6 g O₂/m³d，and slightly larger than respiration rate．During the period of heavy algal bloom in late September 1987，the productivity even reached 1.6g O/m³ d．The average net productivity was 0.22g O₂/m³ d，equivalent to 0.07 g C／m³d．Meanwhile，the respiration rate was also high and pH reached 9—10．The variation of water temperature，pH and DO，at various depths of the lake，are not large due tO its shallowness and turbulent mixing．     

Effect of cooling rate and laser process parameters on additive manufactured Fe–Ti–C metal matrix composites microstructure and carbide morphology

In this paper, laser additive manufacturing (LAM) of Fe–TiC composite coating on AISI 1030 carbon steel is investigated using a numerical and experimental method. In order to have a desired result using LAM, it is crucial to understand the effects of the process parameters’ values on the TiC morphology and microstructure. For this purpose, the LAM process is numerically simulated in order to calculate cooling rate and peak temperature. Experimental data and numerical results are in good agreement in terms of the phase development. Results show that cooling rate plays a crucial role in phase transformation in the clad, however, final microstructure strongly depends on the cooling rate and powder's chemical composition. Two main carbide morphologies (i.e. dendritic and particulate) are studied and relevant cooling rates are detected. Based on this paper and developed map, it is possible to control the cooling rate in order to achieve specific carbide morphologies in the clad. In this study, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) are used to characterize clads’ microstructure.     

Residue and persistence of insecticide l-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)urea in C hinese cabbage and soils in the Northern China

The residue and persistence of the insect growth regulator 1-(2-(chlorobenzoyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)urga(CCU)in Chinese cabbage and soil in the field were studied in Northern China during 1988-1989．The degradation of CCU in soils was also studied under laboratory conditions．The CCU was found to be unstable in Chmese cabbage and soil in field．The half-life ofCCU was 13.2-14.0 days in Chinese cabbage and 8.8-27.0 days in soil,respectively．Three ppm as the maximum residue level for CCU in Chinese cabbage and 21 days as the preharvest interval for the vegetable treated with CCU were recommendced．     

Microbial community structure analyses and cultivable denitrifier isolation of Myriophyllum aquaticum constructed wetland under low C/N ratio

With the rapid expansion of livestock production, the amount of livestock wastewater accumulated rapidly. Lack of biodegradable organic matter makes denitrification of livestock wastewater after anaerobic digestion more difficult. In this study, Myriophyllum aquaticum constructed wetlands(CWs) with efficient nitrogen removal performance were established under different carbon/nitrogen(C/N) ratios. Analysis of community composition reveals the change of M. aquaticum CWs in microbial community str...     

近场动力学方法在C/C复合材料烧蚀问题中的应用

C/C复合材料是一种碳纤维增强的新型复合材料,作为抗烧蚀材料而广泛地应用于飞行器的热防护领域。在热化学烧蚀作用下,C/C复合材料通过质量损失,带走大量的热,从而阻止高温对飞行器内部结构部件的损害,保证工作人员和仪器的安全。C/C复合材料的热化学烧蚀是一个典型的非线性、不连续问题。不同于传统偏微分方程在不连续边界上的奇异性,近场动力学(PD)理论采用积分-微分方程避开了这一问题,可以在不引入其他复杂判定条件的情况下,用于描述烧蚀界面的移动问题。通过对热化学烧蚀作用下C/C复合材料质量的损失和结构边界移动过程的近场动力学数值模拟,分析了热化学烧蚀与温度场耦合作用下C/C复合材料烧蚀性能的变化规律。     

汽车尾气和大气中C1—C4烃类分析方法研究

采用熔融性Ａｌ２Ｏ３／ＫＣｌ大孔径毛细管柱，用气相色谱直接进样方式，对汽车尾气中的低碳烃类化合物进行了分析监测。在汽车尾气中检出了３２个色谱峰，对其中的１０种烃类化合物进行了定量测定。浓度在２５μｇ／Ｌ－２０ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内与峰面积有良好的线性关系，方法的相对标准偏差小于１０％；样品的回收率为８５．０％－１１５．０％；最低检出浓度为２５μｇ／Ｌ。     

C/C复合材料不同碳基体的纳米压痕行为研究

目的研究碳基体微观结构对材料整体性能的影响。方法用酚醛浸渍-碳化、中温煤沥青浸渍-碳化、甲烷为碳源前驱体,经化学气相沉积制备得到不同碳基体C/C复合材料。采用偏光显微镜对C/C复合材料不同碳基体的显微结构进行观察分析,采用XRD和Raman光谱对C/C复合材料的树脂碳基体、沥青碳基体和热解碳基体的微晶尺寸进行表征,以玻璃碳作为参比样品,通过纳米压痕测试不同碳基体试样的弹性模量和硬度。结果碳基体为热解碳和沥青碳的石墨微晶缺陷少,完整度较好,石墨化程度高。玻璃碳和树脂碳基体中石墨微晶排列紊乱,有序度低,石墨化程度低。酚醛浸渍-碳化得到的树脂碳的微晶尺寸Lc最小,为1.69 nm,弹性模量和硬度最大,分别为(23.17±0.54) GPa和(3.26±0.10) GPa;光滑层热解碳和粗糙层热解碳的弹性模量和硬度次之;沥青碳的微晶尺寸最大,Lc为9.36nm,而弹性模量和硬度最小,分别为(12.53±2.29) GPa和(0.72±0.14) GPa。结论不同碳基体的C/C复合材料中,碳基体的石墨化度越高,微晶尺寸越大,各向异性越显著,材料的弹性模量和硬度越低。     

HfB2-HfC-SiC 改性 C/C 复合材料的超高温烧蚀性能研究

目的制备HfB_2-HfC-SiC复相陶瓷改性C/C复合材料,并探究该材料的超高温烧蚀性能。方法采用化学气相渗透结合前驱体浸渍热解工艺制备HfC-SiC复相陶瓷改性C/C复合材料(C/C-HfC-SiC)和HfB_2-HfC-SiC复相陶瓷改性C/C复合材料(C/C-HfB_2-HfC-SiC),采用大气等离子烧蚀实验研究材料的超高温烧蚀性能。结果C/C-HfC-SiC和C/C-HfB_2-HfC-SiC复合材料2200℃线烧蚀率分别为1.54×10~(-3),1.38×10~(-3)mm/s。结论复合材料具有独特的微结构特征,亚微米级的HfB_2和HfC基体均匀弥散分布在SiC基体中。复合材料表面原位生成的液相SiO_2和固相HfO_2复合氧化物膜,既可以抵抗高速气流的冲蚀,又可以抵抗氧化性气氛的向内扩散,是复合材料具有优异超高温抗烧蚀性能的主要原因。     

C157感染为何暴发

O157感染暴发多数与食用生肉类食物和牛奶制品有关,但近些年来发现由蔬菜、水果引起的感染越来越多。人们不得不深思: