经济体制改革对环境保护的影响及其政策调整

本文研究了我国由计划经济体制向市场经济体制转变过程中对环境保护产生的积极作用及其面临的问题，探索了适应社会主义市场经济体制实现环境与经济可持续发展的政策措施。     

21世纪中国国土规划的构想与建议

当前 ,中国经济正处于从传统计划经济向社会主义市场经济转变的过程中 ,经济体制和运行机制以及宏观调控体系都在发生相应变化。到 2 0 2 0年前 ,一个比较完善的社会主义市场经济体制将初步建成。在此期间 ,中国处在工业化中期 ,人口即将进入高峰期。面对日趋严峻的人口、资源、环境问题和区域发展问题 ,国土规划比以前更加重要了。体现政府行为的国土规划 ,是国家宏观调控体系的重要组成部分 ,应当发挥比以往更重要的作用。因此 ,作为中国宏观调控体系的重要组成部分和实施《中国 2 1世纪议程》的重要环节 ,国土规划工作更应当受到各级政府…     

流域水生态承载力研究的起源和发展

流域水生态承载力的研究是近几年来从水生态的角度解决流域可持续发展问题的有效手段。通过文献综述的方法,从流域水生态承载力的起源和发展入手,对流域水生态承载力的理论基础,与相关已有研究的区别和联系进行了探讨,并对流域水生态承载力的进一步研究进行了展望。从起源上看,承载力理论、可持续发展和生态足迹理论、流域生态学理论分别是流域水生态承载力研究的基础、落脚点和支撑。从发展上看,水生态承载力是水资源和水环境承载力的有机结合和深化。从测度和评价方法上看,第一生产者的净初级生产力方法、生态足迹法、可持续发展指标法和生态系统健康等生态承载力的测度方法为流域水生态承载力的评价奠定了基础。目前流域水生态承载力的研究尚处于初级阶段,今后不论是在理论探讨还是模型应用中均应进一步体现人类与自然和谐共存的根本目的以及水体质、量辩证统一的规律,通过物质、能量、信息、空间和时间五位一体的研究方法,使流域水生态承载力的研究更具有实践意义     

生态经济学为可持续发展提供理论基础

本文系统论证了生态经济学为可持续发展思想的建立提供理论基础，产邮以下主要观点，可持续发展思想的建立是生态时代的要求，用生态经济学的理论指导建立协调高效的人工生态系统，建立我国资源利用的新方针，从人与自然的关系上深化我国经济改革。     

持续生存——关于"发展"的新构想

改革开放以来 ,我们已确立了以建立社会主义市场经济体制为核心的、有中国特色的社会主义理论。但是 ,我国的现实中仍然存在着许多不易克服的困难 ,实践也在不断地向我们提出新的问题 ,这就要求关于“发展”的理论要不断地发展。本文试图从一个新的角度探索中国的发展问题 ,即笔者提出的“持续生存”发展观问题。1　“持续生存”发展观的基本　理论发展观所要解决的是社会发展的目标和模式问题 ,因此 ,发展观不是固定不变的 ,一般来说它是随着人类社会的发展而发展的。撇开不同国家和民族的个性 ,从其共性看 ,现代人类社会的发展观经历了两…     

旅游生态环境成本的内生化研究

在实践领域.旅游产业生态化的企业运作根本动因在于对成本的约束,因此,对生态环境进行内生化的成本核算处理是旅游企业实施生态化的基本判据.本文首先研究将人类劳动向生态系统延伸而形成的生态经济价值理论.建立旅游生态环境成本与旅游生态经济价值的对应关系,将生态环境成本与经济价值、人类劳动关系结合起来,从而为建立生态环境成本内生化模型奠定了理论基础;其次,以外部成本效应理论为研究起点,论证并分析出通过税费手段摊派外部环境成本的缺陷,建立了旅游产业生态化过程中环境成本低代价内生化应用模型;最后,根据产权理论,总结出政府为旅游产业生态化的战略发展进行必要干预和调控的具体思路.     

中国特色可持续发展实践方式的跃变

可持续发展本质上是一种实践。我国的实践方式是在国家和地方两个层面建设可持续发展实验区,这体现了我国可持续发展的内在要求,具有鲜明的中国特色和丰富的内涵,20年来已取得显著成效。但随着区域一体化的深化,区域性问题异常突出,既往以县区行政区划为主的实践方式显露出许多局限,亟需向跨行政区域可持续发展转变,也就是实现由“点”到“面”的跃变。为此,以“十一五”主体功能区划为契机,进行理论和政策创新,对可持续发展实践方式进行调整,着重从区域和乡镇两个层面探索推进中国可持续发展。     

煤炭资源综合利用战略与政策

一、搞好资源综合利用是煤炭工业发展的有效途径随着我国经济体制改革不断深化，煤炭工业正在经历从计划经济向社会主义市场经济的转变。计划经济体制下煤炭工业形成的单一产业、单一产品、单一生产经营的格局，是目前整个行业经济效益低下的重要原因之一。加快发展煤炭资...     

提高全民族科学文化素质是可持续发展能力建设的重要任务

今后15年是我国社会主义建设事业承前启后,迈入中华民族为之百年奋斗、实现其梦寐以求的宏伟理想的关键时期。因此,走可持续发展道路,实施科教兴国战略,促进两个具有全局意义的根本转变,实现“九五”计划和2010年远景目标,对于我国经济和社会发展具有深远的意义。 可持续发展对于我国这样一个人口众多、人均资源又相对不足的发展中国家其核心问题是发展。这种发展既要考虑当前发展的需要,又要考虑未来发展的需要;不能以牺牲后代人的     

行星边界框架下可持续发展理论拓展创新与实践应用

系统把握行星边界框架的理论意涵及其在可持续发展理论体系中的拓展应用,对跟踪国际可持续发展研究前沿、丰富中国可持续发展实践路径具有重要意义。该研究基于行星边界框架内涵特征梳理,从思维范式、评价方法、全球治理三方面探索行星边界框架在可持续发展研究领域的价值贡献：该框架具有“强约束”特征,通过量化人类活动的“安全运行空间”加深了经济、社会、环境三者关系由增长模式向包含模式转变的理解。可量化的边界与生命周期评估、足迹家族、投入产出法等环境可持续评价方法的融合丰富了可持续发展评估工具。与联合国可持续发展目标体系的融合应用提升了行星边界框架理论的全球影响力。生态文明思想是立足本土经验泛化而成的新范式新表征,蕴含丰富的理论与实践基础。从只有一个地球、理性增长等价值理念及行动逻辑差异之处辩证地理解生态文明思想与行星边界框架的逻辑关系,是行星边界框架理论本土化实践的重要根底。基于此,提出进一步推动中国可持续发展战略实施的新思考：借助行星边界框架探索人与自然和谐共生的现代化方向,提高对人与自然和谐共生的基本认知,深化其与中国环境治理体系和治理能力现代化的有益碰撞;从拓展SDGs-PB研究尺度、注重异质性调...     

Research on challenges and strategies for China’s green economy development

The last 20 years have been the fastest economic developing period of China,and China has made great economic achievements through undertaking international industrial transfer.However,undertaking international industrial transfer has brought about severe environmental problems to China and the process of undertaking international industry transfer is also a process of undertaking international transfer of natural resource consumption and environmental pollution.Nowadays,China has the heaviest ecological burden and highest environmental risk in the world,and is gradually losing international competitive advantages among traditional industries.China is facing unprecedented pressure of economic transformation.Besides the advantages like huge domestic demands and abundant civil capital,China faces more challenges in its green economy development.First,China is still in the middle of industrialization and urbanization processes,hence the huge demands for traditional industries will only last 10-15 more years.Meanwhile,China lacks core technologies for transforming traditional industries,which means these industries will have high shut-down risks.Second,the domestic market share for new green industries is limited,since the market is dominated by traditional energy industries.Third,the value of land,water,mineral,and other natural resources is extremely underestimated because the environmental cost is excluded from the enterprises’cost-benefit calculation.China should foster and expand green industries based on domestic demands,and then strive for competitive advantages in the international market in the future.Therefore,China should focus on the following four points in order to promote green industry development:establishing a forced-upgrading-mechanism for traditional industries,an incentive-development-mechanism for new green industries and a TFP-based(total factor productivity based)economic development evaluation system;promoting the integration of new-type urbanization,new emerging industries,and new employments;taking the model of"technology innovating-patent formulating-standard establishing-market guiding"to enhance the global competitiveness of China’s new emerging industries;and building green consumption patterns in the whole society.     

Energy and economic impacts of an international multi-regional carbon market

The establishment of a global multi-regional carbon market is considered to be a cost effective approach to facilitate global emission abatement and has been widely concerned.The ongoing planned linkage between the European Union’s carbon market and a new emission trading system in Australia in 2015 would be an important attempt to the practice of building up an international carbon market across different regions.To understand the abatement effect of such a global carbon market and to study its energy and economic impact on different market participants,this article adopts a global dynamic computable general equilibrium model with a detailed representation of the interactions between energy and economic systems.Our model includes 20 economic sectors and 19 regions,and describes in detail 17 energy technologies.Bundled with fossil fuel consumptions,the emission permits are considered to be essential inputs in each of the production and consumption activities in the economic system to simulate global carbon market policies.Carbon emission permits are endogenously set in the model,and can be traded between sectors and regions.Considering the current development of the global carbon market,this study takes 2020 as the study period.Four scenarios(reference scenario,independent carbon market scenario,Europe Union（EUh-Australia scenario,and China-EU-Australia scenario） are designed to evaluate the impact of the global carbon market involving China,the EU,and Australia.We find that the carbon price in the three countries varies a lot,from $32/tCO₂ in Australia,to $17.5/tCO₂ in the EU,and to $10/tCO₂ in China.Though the relative emission reduction（3%） in China is lower than that in the EU（9%） and Australia（18%）,the absolute emission reduction in China is far greater than that in the EU and Australia.When China is included in the carbon market,which already includes the EU and Australia,the prevailing global carbon price falls from $22 per ton carbon dioxide（CO₂） to $12/tCO₂,due to the relatively lower abatement cost in China.Seventy-one percent of the EU’s and eighty-one percent of Australia’s domestic reduction burden would be transferred to China,increasing 0.03%of the EU’s and 0.06%of Australia’s welfare.The emission constraint improves the energy efficiency of China’s industry sector by 1.4%,reduces coal consumption by3.3%,and increases clean energy by 3.5%.     

Evaluation on the development degree of China’s seven pilot carbon markets

China is preparing to establish a nationwide carbon market in 2017, and in order to facilitate this goal, seven pilot carbon markets have been under study for the past few years. This paper summarizes the operation experience and challenges of the seven pilot carbon markets in China. It has been widely accepted that the essence of a carbon market is to solve environmental problems through market mechanisms, with environmental benefit being the fundamental purpose, market mechanism being the key measure, and policies and regulations being an important guarantee for an orderly carbon market. Therefore, this paper constructs an evaluation index system composed of 34 detailed sub-indexes in three dimensions, such as environmental constraint force, market resource allocation ability, and supporting policies and facility completeness. Through analyzing the operation data from 2013 to 2016, the weights of the sub-indexes are obtained. In addition, the study obtains experts’ opinions from over 10 carbon permits exchanges, consultancy firms and research institutions in China, and conducts a comprehensive evaluation on the development degree of the seven pilot carbon markets. Results show that the pilot carbon markets that include private SMEs as the covered entities for emissions control present relatively higher environmental constraint force. But too many covered entities could increase the difficulty of market performance management, while the pilots that include high energy-consuming state-owned enterprises as the entities for emissions control demonstrate a phenomenon of “high market compliance rate with low trading volume”. The resource allocation capability of China’s carbon market has not been effectively brought into play, and low degree of market participation has become an important constraint factor for market development. Due to the lack of laws and regulations at the national macro-level, the legally binding force of the pilot markets construction is obviously insufficient, and the supporting policies are lacking foresights. Generally, the development of China’s pilot carbon markets is still in such a fragmented state as in the aspects of environment, market and policy development, and the market operation has not yet achieved the purpose of solving environmental problems through market mechanisms. Accordingly, policy recommendations pointed out by this study are that tightening the allowance of free quota and progressively increasing the auction proportion, improving legal construction, increasing the services and products of carbon finance and standardizing the order of market transactions, enhancing capacity building of local governments and promoting the participation willingness and capability of emissions control entities, will be necessary.     

China-Indian Silk Trade: Current Production and Future Prospects

Abstract

As an important traditional labor-intensive industry of both India and China, the cocoon silk industry has long made great contributions to the ecological environment protection, rural economic development and the increase in export income of both countries. India is not only a very important cocoon silk trading partner, but an important production competitor of China. In recent years, there has been a large increase in the production and trade of the cocoon silk between China and India; however, China relies heavily on Indian market, which leads to a tendency of further deterioration in the silk trade environment between both countries. The present article makes an empirical study of the cocoon silk resources of the two countries and the scale, product mix and market structure of China–Indian silk trade from 2001 to 2007. Overall silk trading volumes from China to India and market concentration rate are on the increase because of the superiority of Chinese cocoon silk production over that of India. Owing to scattered market share and export that mainly focused on raw materials product, there has been a phenomenon of price reduction and quantity increase. India carries out fierce competition with China in the international market and even imposes antidumping sanction on Chinese silk, which are key factors restricting further increase between China–India trade. Based on the abovementioned facts, the authors aim to put forward suggestions for steadily developing the production and trade of China’s silk.     

An Interpretation of the Influential Power of China Development

Through the analysis on China’s economic development, utilization of resource environment and soft power, a basic judgment was made of the influence of "China development". The overall influential power of China development on international community was misunderstood. What we see is the role of "China Factor" in different fields. In the process of economic globalization, what economic system of capitalist market has seen is "China’s cheap labor", "China’s loose economic system environment", "earlier abuse of unlimited resource environment", "China’s broad consumption market" and "demographic dividend". In global or Asian financial crisis, what other countries valued was China’s "foreign currency" accumulated over the years. In global governance or crisis management, what international community expected was "China’s obligations and responsibilities" without the right of speech, etc.. All these are the "passive" roles produced by "a single factor" in definite fields. The active and initiative role China will play in international community still needs time and the continuous efforts of several generations. China once was a big country that had significant influential power on the world, and China’s renaissance is a normal process of development of things. What excessive talks about its influential power reflect may be the lack of China’s influence.     

Consideration of some key issues of carbon market development in China

The global carbon market has developed rapidly with two significant trends of globalization and financialization.Deriving economic interest is a nation driven-force behind the international climate negotiation and carbon market.According to deeply analyzed relationships between the carbon market and the key subjects of the climate negotiation,this article reveals that promoting the development of the global carbon market is one of the core interests of developed nations.Based on the background of international carbon market development and domestic carbon market pilots,four suggestions to the key issues of China’s carbon market are provided.The first is that the goal of China’s carbon market should be in line with and contribute to the national objectives and policies addressing climate change.The second is that the Chinese carbon market should mainly target the emission reduction of production-sectors,and contribute to their upgradation and transformation.The third is mat the development of the nation-wide carbon market in China should first take the principle of unbalanced regional development into consideration.The fourth is that linking China’s carbon market to the international market should keep steps in line with international opening-up of China’s financing system.     

On Population Mobility in Market Economy

A general survey of the changing process of economic development of human society indicates three historical development stages: agricultural-oriented natural economy, industrial-oriented market economy and knowledge- oriented market economy. In the first natural economic era, the most important factor of production is the land and the land resource is the first resource in the economic era of agriculture. In the market economy era of industry, capital, especially material and monetary capital…     

“中国发展”影响力的一种解读

通过对中国经济发展、资源环境利用以及软实力的分析,对“中国发展”产生的影响作出了基本判断:“中国发展”在国际社会中的整体影响力被误认,我们看到的依然是“中国因素”在不同领域发挥的作用.在经济全球化过程中,资本主义市场经济体系看到的是“中国低廉的劳动力”、“中国宽松的经济制度环境”、“早期没有限制的资源环境滥用”以及“中国广阔的消费市场与人口红利”;在全球或亚洲金融危机中,其他国家看重的是中国多年积累的“外汇”;在全球治理或危机处理中,国际社会期望的是没有话语权的“中国义务和责任”,等等.这些都是“单一因素”在特定领域中产生的“被”作用.中国对国际社会发挥积极和主动性影响作用还需要时间,需要几代人的继续努力.中国曾经是世界上极有影响的大国,中国的崛起是事物发展的正常过程,过多地谈论其影响反映的也许是其影响力的缺乏.     

On Population Mobility in Market Economy

Abstract

Regular and extensive social population mobility in natural economy is neither necessary nor possible while in a planned economic system, social population distribution is necessary but social population mobility is unlikely. Modern market economy as a highly mobile economy has a free-mobile population characteristic of market economy, which is fundamental to optimize human resource distribution. The rule for the modern market-based population movement is as follows: If the mobile population is the rational behavior choosers, under the permissive developmental environment as arranged by the social system, they tend to move from low profit-making fields to high income fields when there exists comparable difference of income in different regions and different industries, and various potential and practical profit-making chances. The degree of difference in comparable income is positively co-relative to the velocity and flux of mobile population.     

论国际贸易与可持续发展

本文在分析了国际贸易对全球资源开发和经济发展的影响以及环境管理系统系列计划（ISO14000）对我国生产方式转变影响的基础上，提出了要依靠科技进步，通过国际贸易发展技术知识密集型产品替代资源密集型产品，发展外向型规模经济，设计后发型战略，促进我国的可持续发展。