云南宣威肺癌高发区C1煤燃烧排放颗粒物中PAHs的组成特征及健康风险

宣威煤燃烧排放产物与其所导致的肺癌高发率一直是国际学术界关注的热点,但煤燃烧排放颗粒物中的关键致毒组分还不清楚。以肺癌高发区产出的晚二叠世C1煤燃烧排放不同粒径颗粒物为研究对象,分析其中主要有害有机污染物多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征及其健康风险。结果表明宣威煤燃烧排放的颗粒物中16种PAHs的总质量浓度为77 359.21 ng·m-3,其中含量最高的是苯并(g,h,i)苝,其他主要的PAHs依此为:屈、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(a)蒽、荧蒽、二苯并(a,h)蒽、菲、苯并(k)荧蒽、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘;强致癌化合物苯并a芘(Ba P)总浓度亦可达到10 060.13 ng·m-3;这些有害有机物主要分布在细颗粒物中;不同粒径颗粒物的毒性当量存在明显差异,细颗粒的毒性当量占可吸入颗粒物中PAHs总毒性当量的87.4%,远高于粗颗粒(12%)和超细颗粒物(0.4%)的毒性当量。     

徐州市区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征

采用高效液相色谱技术（HPLC）对徐州市大气颗粒物中优控的16种多环芳烃（PAHs）进行定量研究。结果表明：萘、芴、苊等低分子量芳烃的含量相对较低;苯并（g,h,i）苝、茚并（1,2,3-cd）芘、苯并（k）荧蒽、苯并（a）芘等高分子量芳烃的含量相对较高;含量最高的单体为荧蒽,占待检的16种PAHs的19%以上。不同环数多环芳烃含量大小顺序为：4环〉5环〉6环〉3环〉2环。可吸入颗粒物（PM10）中苯并（a）芘和∑PAHs在不同功能区的分布特征大体上一致,并呈现一定规律性：交通干线区〉工业区〉风景文化区〉居民区〉新城区。由此可以初步认为徐州市区PM10中的PAHs主要来源于燃煤和汽车尾气。     

北京市冬季大气气溶胶中PAHs的污染特征

利用大流量颗粒物采样器采集了2005-2006年冬季北京市大气气溶胶中PM10和PM2.5样品,采用气相色谱/质谱技术对样品中的多环芳烃进行检测.结果表明:北京市冬季大气颗粒物PM10和PM2.5中PAHs总量分别为520.5±476.9ng·m-3和326.8±294.3ng·m-3,且大部分存在于细粒子中,4环以上的稠环芳烃占总浓度的87%.根据荧蒽/芘等比值指标判别,北京市冬季PAHs主要以燃煤排放为主,其次是石油燃烧交通排放.风速增大和太阳辐射曝辐量增强,都会降低颗粒物中多环芳烃浓度.     

钢铁工业区周边农业土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)残留及评价

对某大型矿业企业周边农业土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)残留量进行了调查。结果表明,PAHs总残留量范围为312. 2~27 580. 9ng·g-1,且以4环以上多环芳烃组分为主。所有土样中均检出PAHs,单一污染物以芘、艹屈、荧蒽、苯并[a]芘、蒽、菲、苯并[a]蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、茚并[1,2,3 cd]芘、苯并[g,h,i]苝为主。PAHs残留量与有机质含量相关性较好。不同样区土壤PAHs残留量受常年风向影响明显。以加拿大农业区域土壤PAHs的治理标准值为指标,用内梅罗综合指数法进行评价表明,研究区农业土壤达重污染水平的占37%,中度污染的占19%,轻污染的占25%,另有13%的采样点污染程度处于警戒限,仅有6%的采样点尚处于安全级。     

我国36个重点城市饮用水中多环芳烃健康风险评价

分别用2种基于不确定性的风险评价方法(蒙特卡洛法和三角模糊数法)和1种基于确定性的风险评价方法(美国EPA终身致癌风险)对我国36个重点城市饮用水中多环芳烃的终生致癌风险进行评价。所研究的98个水厂出水中多环芳烃浓度范围为17.5~408.3 ng·L-1,致癌性多环芳烃(苯并[a]蒽,屈,苯并[b]荧蒽,苯并[k]荧蒽,苯并[a]芘,茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘)的总量浓度为nd~94.7 ng·L-1。所有水厂出水中苯并[a]芘浓度均小于10 ng·L-1。假设出厂水即为最终饮用水,对16种PAHs浓度用毒性当量因子法转化为相对于苯并[a]芘等效浓度(TEQ BaP)。使用概率风险评价方法计算,结果显示在95%的概率区间我国居民通过饮水途径暴露多环芳烃的终生致癌风险小于5.45×10-6(蒙特卡洛法)和7.56×10-6(三角模糊数法)。而采用确定性风险评价方法,计算得到的最大风险为7.12×10-6。两种计算方法得到的我国饮用水中多环芳烃的终生致癌风险都处于可接受水平。比较不同的评价方法后发现,不同方法获得的信息并不完全重合,相对于通常的基于确定性的非概率健康风险评价方法,基于不确定性的概率风险评价方法获得的结果更为保守。     

呼和浩特市冬季PM_(10)中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源解析

2013年12月在呼和浩特市主城区9个环境空气监测点位同步采集PM_(10)样品,对PM_(10)浓度和16种多环芳烃的浓度、污染特征进行了分析,使用特征比值和主成分分析对多环芳烃来源进行了解析.9个监测点位的PM_(10)浓度介于23.5—322μg·m-3之间,16种多环芳烃总量介于5.34—850 ng·m-3之间.荧蒽、芘、苯并[a]蒽、、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘、苯并[g,h,i]苝和茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘等多环芳烃单体浓度较高,这8种多环芳烃占多环芳烃总浓度的80.4%.主成分分析所获得污染源结果和特征比值法定性判断出的污染源结果一致,燃烧源、机动车尾气源和石油源为主要污染源,分别贡献61.3%、16.0%和10.4%.     

青岛地区大气气溶胶中多环芳烃的GC/MS分析

本文采集了青岛5个区的大气气溶胶样品，参照美国EPA610方法，用GC/MS分析鉴定多环芳烃。结果表明，青岛市大气气溶胶中PAHs总量的总趋势是东部高于西部，中部高于南、北部。多环芳烃的环数分布表明，气溶胶中PAHs几乎全部由人类活动产生。16种优先控制多环芳烃化合物中的萘、苊、芴、荧蕙、茚并[1，2，3-cd]芘，苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽等有毒有害有机污染物普遍检出于市内五区。苯并[a]芘的大气含量甚微。     

上海市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的季节变化特征和致癌风险评价

对上海市城区和郊区采集的64个总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品进行GC/MS分析,结果表明:全年PAHs浓度范围为2.25-221.6ng·m~(-3),并呈现明显的秋、冬季节高而夏季低的变化特征,且PAHs年平均值郊区稍微高于城区.多环芳烃中苯并(b k)荧蒽、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘、晕苯等化合物相对含量较高,四环以上的组分全年平均含量在90%以上.采用苯并(a)芘和苯并(a)芘等效质量浓度(BaPE)对上海市大气颗粒物中的PAHs进行致癌风险评价,BaP年均值在城区和郊区分别为2.57ng·m~(-3)和2.86ng·m~(-3),秋季BaP年均值超过了居民区标准限值(5.0ng·m~(-3)).BaPE在城区和郊区的年均浓度分别为5.82ng·m~(-3)和7.24ng·m~(-3),秋季污染最为严重.     

焦化场地典型多环芳烃类污染物精细化风险评估

为准确评估多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤对人体的健康风险,解决目前基于总量风险评估导致土壤PAHs修复目标值过严的问题,采用德国标准研究院颁布的生物可给性测试方式研究了石家庄某焦化厂土壤中苯并[b]荧蒽(BBF)、苯并[k]荧蒽(BKF)、苯并[a]芘(BAP)、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘(IPY)和二苯并[a,h]蒽(...     

大气颗粒物中硝基多环芳烃的气相色谱-化学电离负离子-质谱联用法分析

比较了硝基多环芳烃(nitm-PAHs)的Gc-EI/Ms,GC-NCI/MS和HPLC-FLD分析方法,结果表明,GC-NCL/MS法选择性和灵敏度较高,样品前处理简单,满足大气颗粒物中痕量Nitm-PAHs的分析要求.用GC-NCI/MS法分析了厦门市钟鼓山隧道、厦门大学海洋楼和环岛干线大气颗粒物PM10中6种nitro-PAHs,包括9-硝基蒽(9-NAN)、2-硝基荧蒽+3-硝基荧蒽(2+3-NF)、1-硝基芘(1-NP)、7-硝基苯并[a]蒽(7-NBaA)和6-硝基苯并[a]芘(6-NBaP).结果显示,隧道样品中nitro-PAHs的浓度最高,6种nitro-PAHs的日均总浓度在1210.0-1931.0 pg·m-3之间,其次为海洋楼顶和环岛干线,分别处于100.6-900.4 pg·m-3和96.5-332.1 pg·m-3范围内.隧道样品中1-硝基芘(1-NP)含量占绝对优势((60.9±7.0)%),显示汽车尾气直接排放的特征;而海洋楼顶和环岛干线站点的样品以2+3-硝基荧蒽(2+3-NF)为主,分别占到nitro-PAHs总浓度的(54.9±6.7)%和(66.4±5.0)%,说明受气相反应生成的影响明显.海洋楼顶PM10中nitro-PAHs的浓度显示明显的昼夜变化规律,夜间mtro-PAHs浓度及2+3-NF/1-NP比值均明显高于白天,说明大气颗粒物中的nitrn-PAHs受光降解的影响明显,夜间nitro-PAHs主要由PAHs与NO3·自由基的反应生成.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.