针铁矿及腐殖质对水体重金属离子的吸附作用

采用针铁矿、腐殖质、针铁矿-腐殖质复合微粒对重金属离子进行了吸附解吸实验.结果表明它们对Cu2-、Zn2+有强烈的吸附作用.针铁矿对Cu2+和Zn2+的吸附边界pH值分别为4.3和5.8,且吸附率可达95%以上.腐殖质对Cu2+和Zn2+的吸附边界pH值分别为4.1和5.6,且在pH值为8时,吸附率可达96%以上.针铁矿与腐殖质形成的稳定复合微粒不仅对重金属离子具有良好的吸附作用,还具有均匀性好和沉降稳定的特点,可用于土壤修复和含重金属离子的污水的处理.     

磷灰石在废水治理中的应用

由于具有特殊的晶体化学特点,天然磷灰石可以作为一种新型环境功能矿物材料用于对含重金属废水的处理。对Cd^2 ,Pb^2 ,Fe^2 ,[UO2]^2 ,Cu^2 ,Zn^2 ,Cr^6 ,和Hg^2 等离子的吸附实验结果表明,磷灰石对绝大多数重金属离子去除效果很好。在室温和pH为3、作用时间为60min的实验条件下,Pb^2 去除率可达99．4％,饱和吸附容量超过1100mg/g。主要的去除机理包括吸附、表面络合、溶解－沉淀以及重金属离子与晶格中之间的离子交换作用。一般而言,被吸附的重金属离子可固化在晶格中而不出现解吸,因此不会产生二次污染。影响去除效果的因素包括磷矿石的类型、磷灰石的矿物成分、介质pH值、温度、吸附时间、离子的初始浓度、样品的粒度和用量等。通常,羟基磷灰石的效果优于氟磷灰石的,硅质磷块岩的效果优于钙质磷块岩的,结构碳酸根的存在能量增加比表面积从而增加反应活性。对于不同离子,最佳pH值条件不同。温度的升高有利于反应的快速进行,但一般地说60－180min即可达到平衡。     

不溶性腐殖酸对重金属离子的吸附研究

讨论了不溶性腐殖酸(IHA)对水中重金属pb2 、Cd2 、Cu2 的吸附去除作用.将可溶性腐殖酸进行改性处理,制备了不溶性腐殖酸,并应用差热分析(TG-DTA)、扫描电镜(SEM)等测试手段对其热性能及微观形貌进行了分析表征.研究了不溶性腐殖酸对水溶液中的Pb、Cd、Cu等重金属离子的吸附特征.吸附等温线分别以Linear,Frendlich和Langmuir方程进行拟合,结果显示吸附的最佳模型为Frendlich方程.利用该方程拟合的数据,由Clausius-Claperyon's方程计算出的pb2 、Cd2 、Cu2 吸附焓变值说明,重金属在不溶性腐殖酸上的吸附以物理吸附为主.同时考察了温度、酸度及吸附时间对吸附的影响.结果表明,随着温度的升高和pH值的增大,不溶性腐殖酸对pb2 、Cd2 、Cu2 的吸附量增加.随着pH的增加,在近中性条件下不溶性腐殖酸对重金属离子的吸附率高且稳定.当pH=7时,在实验浓度范围内pb2 、Cd2 、Cu2 在不溶性腐殖酸中的吸附率分别为98.73%,97.86%,99.25%.吸附进行12 h以后,吸附作用基本达到平衡.不溶性腐殖酸对重金属离子具有强烈的吸附作用且吸附率稳定,可以广泛用于去除污水中的重金属离子.     

不同组成木质陶瓷对去除城市生活污水二级出水中有机物及氮磷的研究

以小麦秸秆、凹凸棒石、针铁矿为原料,以酚醛树脂为黏结剂,通过复合、热压、烧结等工艺过程制备出不同成分的木质陶瓷,并利用该系列木质陶瓷对城市二级出水中的有机物及氮磷进行吸附实验研究。结果表明,900℃下的木质陶瓷[m(麦秸)∶m(凹凸棒石)∶m(针铁矿)=1∶1∶1]COD及NH_3-N的吸附效果最佳,2 h可达吸附平衡,投加量为8 g/L时COD去除率达66.48%,投加量为6 g/L时氨氮去除率为69.72%,且酸性条件不利于COD的吸附,NH_3-N的最佳吸附p H范围是2~11。800℃下的木质陶瓷[(麦秸)∶m(凹凸棒石)∶m(针铁矿)=1∶2∶0]P的吸附效果最佳,15 min可达吸附平衡,投加量为6 g/L时总P去除率可达99.69%,p H值、转速、温度对吸附磷影响不大。     

高含沙体系中影响硝基氯苯迁移转化因素的研究

通过静态吸附实验,研究了去除腐殖质的黄河泥沙对硝基氯苯的吸附规律及机理.实验结果表明,灼烧后的泥沙对硝基氯苯的吸附量随着平衡质量浓度的增加而增高,随粒径的减少而降低.含沙量100 g/L条件下,泥沙中的矿物成分的吸附占总吸附量的71%～82%;腐殖质吸附量占总吸附量的18%～29%.灼烧后的泥沙对硝基氯苯的吸附量随pH值变化较大,pH在6.66左右时吸附量最高.金属离子的存在使吸附量增加,不同金属离子的存在引起吸附量变化的程度不同.     

3种含铁氧化物对水溶液中Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附研究

采用合成磁铁矿、纤铁矿、四方纤铁矿进行分批实验,研究了其对水溶液中Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附性能。利用X射线粉末衍射仪对3种铁(氢)氧化物进行表征。测定了磁铁矿、纤铁矿、四方纤铁矿的比表面积分别为17.19,121.60,60.92 m~2/g。准二级动力学模型较好地拟合了Cd(Ⅱ)在3种铁(氢)氧化物的动力学数据,3种铁(氢)氧化物对Cd(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量分别为11.83,4.387,3.73 mg/g。pH值小于5时,pH值对磁铁矿和纤铁矿吸附水溶液中Cd(Ⅱ)的能力影响不大;当pH=4时,四方纤铁矿吸附水溶液中Cd(Ⅱ)的效果最好。     

壳聚糖负载MnO2对As(Ⅲ)的吸附性能研究

利用壳聚糖负载MnO2制备一种复合吸附剂.研究了溶液pH值、吸附时间、温度对As(Ⅲ)吸附行为的影响,并探讨了吸附动力学.结果表明,在pH值为5～8,吸附时间为60 min,温度为60℃,复合吸附剂对As(Ⅲ)的吸附率达98％以上,吸附能力明显优于壳聚糖.对试验数据运用相关数学模型拟合表明,复合吸附剂对As(Ⅲ)的吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温式,最大吸附量qmax为19.798mg/g,特性常数n为4.3341,决定系数R2分别为0.9975、0.9804.吸附过程动力学适合二级动力学方程.     

酿酒酵母吸附处理含锰废水

研究了酿酒酵母对重金属离子Mn2＋的生物吸附特性，考察了pH值、吸附时间、酿酒酵母添加量等条件对酿酒酵母吸附废水中 Mn2＋能力的影响。结果表明：当废水的初始 pH 值为5，吸附时间为60 min ，酿酒酵母添加量为6 g／L 时，酿酒酵母对 Mn2＋的吸附效果最理想。酿酒酵母添加量对吸附有一定影响，但不宜过大。     

无机-有机复合污染吸附材料的制备及性能研究

膨润土(NMB)是一种天然纳米吸附材料,通过改变表面性质和层间结构,能极大地提高其吸附性能和选择性.用半胱胺阳离子(MEA)与十六烷基三甲基季铵盐(CTMAB)复合改性膨润土,制得无机-有机复合污染吸附材料NMB-CTMA-MEA.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、热分析(TG-DTA)、红外光谱(FT-IR)以及比表面积测定(N2-BET)等对吸附剂样品进行结构表征.研究了NMB-CTMA-MEA对混合水溶液中目标污染物对硝基苯酚(PNP)和重金属离子Pb2+的吸附性能及机理.结果表明,复合改性膨润土NMB-CTMA-MEA能协同吸附水中有机物PNP和重金属Pb2+.对水中对硝基苯酚的吸附机理主要为有机物在长碳链疏水介质中的分配;对水中重金属离子的吸附源于膨润土层间有机配体MEA的引入,其吸附机理为MEA与重金属离子Pb2+形成了稳定的配合物.     

掺杂生物膜组分对黄河乌海段表层沉积物吸附Cd~(2+)的影响研究

以生物膜主要组分水铁矿和腐殖酸作为掺杂吸附剂,分析了掺杂前后黄河乌海段表层沉积物对重金属Cd2+的吸附特性,探讨了吸附时间、Cd2+初始浓度和pH对沉积物吸附Cd2+的影响,对吸附动力学和吸附等温线进行了拟合并计算了分配系数。结果表明:腐殖酸和水铁矿掺杂比例的提高增强了沉积物对Cd2+的吸附能力;掺杂生物膜主要组分对黄河乌海段水体Cd2+的吸附过程更符合Langmuir等温吸附曲线(R2≥0.99,p≤0.02,n=7);掺杂腐殖酸和水铁矿后沉积物对Cd2+的分配系数分别为:6.2959和2.7110,二者均高于未掺杂沉积物对Cd2+的分配系数(0.8626),说明掺杂腐殖酸的吸附效果优于掺杂水铁矿的吸附效果;另外,溶液pH对沉积物吸附Cd2+影响显著。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。