桉树人工林地土壤养分和重金属现状分析与评价

为了评价大面积人工种植桉树对当地土壤养分变化和重金属富集效应的影响,本研究以普洱市3.75万hm²桉树人工林为研究对象,通过定位观测并将其与当地次生林、撂荒地进行比较,分析土壤养分变化情况、重金属污染等级以及两者之间的相关性。结果表明,桉树林表层土壤养分的含量均高于背景值,其中有效磷、水解性氮、全磷、全钾、有机质和速效钾极显著高于撂荒地（P<0.01）,全氮略高但差异不显著;与次生林相比,桉树林土壤养分全氮和水解性氮显著低（P<0.05）,全钾和全磷的含量显著高（P<0.05）,有效磷的含量极显著高（P<0.01）,有机质和速效钾略高但差异不显著。桉树林表层土壤样品重金属综合污染指数为1.08,低于撂荒地的1.14而高于次生林的0.67,说明桉树林土壤已处于轻微度污染等级,有可能会引起农作物污染,其中铅、锌、铜、镍、砷和铬等6种重金属含量处于安全水平,而镉的单因子污染指数值介于1~2之间,表明桉树林土壤属于轻度镉污染,但相关性分析结果表明,桉树林表层土壤养分的含量与重金属的含量无显著相关。     

石灰干化污泥对土壤重金属稳定化处理的效果

以采自湖南省嘉禾县重金属复合污染土壤为研究对象,采用城市污水处理石灰干化污泥作为稳定剂,对污染土壤进行稳定化处理,并采用TCLP和BCR连续提取法对稳定化效果进行分析和评价。研究结果表明,单独使用石灰干化污泥,TCLP浸出浓度随着干化污泥质量分数的增加而显著减少,干化污泥的质量分数为40%时,稳定化率最大为Zn-98.92%、Cd-99.06%、Pb-96.84%;但是干化污泥的高pH值导致稳定后土壤中As的浸出增加。为了恢复植物生长功能,经过亚铁盐和磷酸调节pH后,石灰干化污泥稳定过的土壤pH有效降低,同时亚铁盐和磷酸有利于促进Pb和Zn的稳定效果;但是对Cd的稳定有负面影响;另外,亚铁盐的加入同时可以减少As的浸出浓度。经处理后土壤中重金属形态由不稳定态转为稳定态,使重金属的浸出浓度明显降低,减少了土壤重金属的浸出毒性。该研究结果表明,石灰干化污泥可以作为资源回收利用,应用于重金属污染土壤的修复中,并能改善稳定后土壤适宜植物生长的理化性质。     

几种模拟处理方式污泥淋出液重金属与养分特征

为了减少城市污泥重金属对农田的污染,更好地实现污泥农业资源化利用,通过盆栽实验研究不同处理(对照、黑网、附Fe黑网、附Fe黑网+K2SO4及附Fe黑网+玉米)对城市污泥淋出液重金属和养分含量等的影响。结果表明,黑网可降低污泥淋出液的Zn﹑Cd总量,且没有减少污泥淋出液中氮、磷和钾的总量。Fe(OH)3可使淋出液中Zn总量降低,但同时也显著减少了淋出液中的磷总量。K2SO4可降低淋出液中的Cu总量,且促进Fe结合磷的释放。玉米的种植可使污泥的总重降低,同时玉米籽粒和茎叶重金属含量达到饲料标准。综合来看,任何处理每次淋出液的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd浓度均符合农田灌溉水标准,淋出液氮、磷、钾量占原污泥中氮、磷、钾总量的比例(0.98%～9.88%)远远大于重金属元素(Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd)占原污泥对应重金属总量的比例(0.04%～0.41%),污泥淋出液作为农田灌溉水进行肥水利用将是污泥农业资源化利用的适合途径,同时黑网+玉米处理可能是较理想的污泥综合处理利用方式。     

Bioavailability and plant accumulation of heavy metals and phosphorus in agricultural soils amended by long-term application of sewage sludge

Amendment of agricultural soils with municipal sewage sludges provides a valuable source of plant nutrients and organic matter. Nevertheless, addition of heavy metals and risks of eutrophication continue to be of concern. Metal behaviour in soils and plant uptake are dependent on the nature of the metal, sludge/soil physico-chemical properties and plant species. A pot experiment was carried out to evaluate plant production and heavy metal uptake, soil heavy metal pools and bioavailability, and soil P pools and possible leaching losses, in agricultural soils amended with sewage sludge for at least 10 years (F20) compared to non-amended soils (control). Sewage sludge application increased soil pH, N, Olsen-extractable-P, DOC and exchangeable Ca, Mg and K concentrations. Total and EDTA-extractable soil concentrations of Cu and Zn were also significantly greater in F20, and soil metal (Cu, Mn and Zn) and P fractionation altered. Compared to the control, in F20 relative amounts of acid-extractable (Mn, Zn), reducible (Mn, Zn) and oxidisable (Cu, Zn) metal fractions were greater, and a dominance of inorganic P forms was observed. Analyses of F20 soil solutions highlighted risks of PO4 and Cu leaching. However, despite the observed increases in metal bioavailability sewage sludge applications did not lead to an increase in plant shoot concentrations (in wild plants or crop species). On the contrary, depending on the plant species, Mn and Zn tissue concentrations were within the deficiency level for most plants.     

污泥中重金属的去除及回收试验

论述了利用离子交换技术循环使用柠檬酸去除污泥中重金属,并置换回收重金属的适宜工艺条件.经柠檬酸处理后,污泥中90%以上的重金属被去除;柠檬酸处理液中的重金属用离子交换法回收,考察了树脂种类、流速、操作方式等因素对离子交换、再生效果的影响;在适宜工艺条件下,重金属的交换率均为100%,而洗脱率均接近90%;柠檬酸及离子交换树脂循环使用,重金属也得到回收,降低了处理成本.     

生物沥滤去除污泥、土壤和底泥中3种重金属比较研究

以硫酸亚铁为底物,对城市污泥、土壤和河流底泥进行生物沥滤实验,探讨了污泥、底泥和土壤在沥滤过程中重金属的去除效果和化学形态转化规律,了解当地土壤在酸化条件下重金属的释放过程,并对三者的研究结果进行比较分析。结果表明,污泥生物沥滤对重金属（Zn、Cu和Pb）的沥滤的沥滤效果较佳（去除率75.45%、63.12%和40.96%）。沥滤过程中,重金属Cu在生物沥滤中期（3~5 d）沥出效果较好,而Zn和Pb则在沥滤后期（5~9 d）。同一重金属在不同沥滤体系中的形态变化过程差异较大,沥滤后的污泥、土壤和底泥中的重金属大部分呈现稳定状态。     

施用城市污泥堆肥对土壤微生物群落结构变化的影响

在温室条件下进行了15周的盆栽实验,考察了施用城市污泥堆肥后,土壤中养分含量的变化规律,重点研究了施用城市污泥堆肥对土壤微生物群落结构变化的影响。实验发现,污泥堆肥能改善土壤养分,有机质和氮、磷含量得到显著提高。经PCR—DGGE分析,施肥1周后土壤中细菌和真菌的群落结构均发生了较大的变化。随着施肥时间的延长,细菌在富含有机质及氮、磷等养分的土壤环境下大量生长,多样性提高,其优势菌群属于γ变形菌、α变形菌和芽单胞菌;随着有机质的不断消耗,细菌的生长活性受到抑制,最终由于养分的缺乏,细菌种群多样性呈现小幅度的降低,优势菌群变为绿弯菌门、γ变形菌亚纲和厚壁菌门。对于真菌,其多样性指数在堆肥前3周逐渐提升,在第3～12周的监测中呈现相对稳定的变化趋势,优势菌群主要为座囊菌纲和散囊菌纲。     

施用城市污泥堆肥对土壤微生物群落结构变化的影响简

在温室条件下进行了15周的盆栽实验,考察了施用城市污泥堆肥后,土壤中养分含量的变化规律,重点研究了施用城市污泥堆肥对土壤微生物群落结构变化的影响。实验发现,污泥堆肥能改善土壤养分,有机质和氮、磷含量得到显著提高。经PCR-DGGE分析,施肥1周后土壤中细菌和真菌的群落结构均发生了较大的变化。随着施肥时间的延长,细菌在富含有机质及氮、磷等养分的土壤环境下大量生长,多样性提高,其优势菌群属于γ变形菌、α变形菌和芽单胞菌;随着有机质的不断消耗,细菌的生长活性受到抑制,最终由于养分的缺乏,细菌种群多样性呈现小幅度的降低,优势菌群变为绿弯菌门、γ变形菌亚纲和厚壁菌门。对于真菌,其多样性指数在堆肥前3周逐渐提升,在第3~12周的监测中呈现相对稳定的变化趋势,优势菌群主要为座囊菌纲和散囊菌纲。     

电镀污泥回收重金属的新工艺

合理、经济地处理混合电镀污泥,回收其中有价值的金属具有重要意义。以不同的酸作为浸出剂对电镀污泥中的金属进行了浸出效果实验。结果表明,在相同条件下,各酸的浸出效果顺序为:硫酸>盐酸>王水>硝酸;液体水与固体电镀污泥比为3,干污泥为5 g,硫酸加入量为15 mL,时间1 h条件下,混合电镀污泥中金属铜锌的浸出率最大,达到97.38%。分别采用铁和铁锰合金还原剂常温还原低熔点重金属离子铜、锌,浸出液中99%以上含量的铜、锌沉淀,使低熔点重金属与黑色金属铁、锰、铬有效分离。低熔点混合重金属可以用来做铜合金添加剂使用,最后沉淀的混合黑色金属氢氧化物处理后可以用来做炼钢合金添加剂使用。     

The effect of heavy metals on dinitrogen fixation by Rhizobium-white clover in a range of long-term sewage sludge amended and metal-contaminated soils

An investigation was conducted to determine whether effective strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar. trifolii capable of symbiotic N2 fixation with white clover (Trifolium repens) were present in a range of metal-contaminated soils. A number of historically sewage-amended sites (including experimental, pasture grassland and arable sites) were selected and compared with highly contaminated samples from abandoned heavy metal mines. Many sites had metal concentrations above the limits established by the UK Government, based on those developed by the European Commission (EC) for sludge-amended soils. Acetylene reduction activity (ARA) was used to screen the samples for effective N2 fixation. When the host plant was indigenous to the sward, rhizobia were found in the nodules and in the soil rhizosphere at all the sites tested. They were shown to be capable of effective symbiosis and N2 fixation, even though metal concentrations greatly exceeded the soil metal limits in some cases. However, nodulation failed to occur in some cases where T. repens was not indigenous to metal-contaminated soils. This indicated either that an ineffective rhizobial population was present, or that effective cells were absent from the soil. The influence of individual metals on ARA could not be determined conclusively because of the confounding effects of soil physicochemical variability and the presence of different metals at high concentrations together in the soil. However, Cd concentrations appeared to be particularly important in determining the presence of effective ARA in soils with no indigenous clover. In contrast to previous studies, the results presented here suggest that heavy metals may have had a quantitative effect on the free-living population of rhizobia, rather than a genetic effect.     

城市污泥的重金属生物活性及其控制

随着土壤法规的加强 ,城市污泥中的重金属严重影响着污泥的处理、处置。介绍了污泥中重金属的分配和化学形态 ,以及迄今为止几种主要的控制方法     

堆肥污泥重金属在黄土中的淋滤特征

堆肥污泥中所含重金属是污泥堆肥土地利用最大的障碍,实验选用北方贫瘠的黄土作为供试样品,通过室内土柱淋滤实验,对堆肥污泥重金属在黄土中的淋滤特征进行了研究。结果显示,在0～40 cm的浅层淋滤层,各种重金属在黄土中的纵向迁移能力为:Pb>Zn>Ni>Cu,而在50～55 cm的深层淋滤层,Cd在黄土中的迁移能力相对其他4种重金属是比较强的;各种重金属在50～60 cm深层淋滤层中会出现二次富集,出现明显富集层。研究揭示了堆肥污泥重金属在黄土中的迁移特征,为有效控制和消除堆肥污泥土地利用中重金属的污染研究提供了理论依据。     

测定城市生活污泥中重金属的酸消解方法研究

采用HNO3-HC1O4-HF、HNO3-HC1O4、王水-HC1O4、HNO3等不同的酸消解方法对城市生活污泥进行消解。通过对这4种消解方法进行实验比较及对Cu、Ni、Zn三种金属元素浓度的测定,发现HNO3-HC1O4是适合城市生活污泥特点的消解方法。     

The behaviour of phosphorus and heavy metals in sewage sludge ashes

The effect of the combustion atmosphere and the additives (CaO and HCl) on the behaviour of phosphorus and heavy metals during sewage sludge combustion was investigated. The results demonstrated that the reduction combustion promoted the vapourisation of phosphorus and heavy metals during sewage sludge combustion. Moreover, the concentrations of phosphorus and heavy metals in the bottom ash decreased with increasing HCl ratio, and the addition of CaO can stabilise heavy metals and phosphorus. It was also observed that phosphorus and heavy metals increased with increasing CaO ratio. Lastly, the difference of the TG-DTA curves with and without additives is discussed.     

堆肥污泥施入黄土对植物生长及Cd吸收的影响

以堆肥污泥为研究对象,采用盆栽实验方法研究不同干质量(0%、1%、5%、10%、25%和50%)堆肥污泥施入贫瘠黄土后,对玉米、蚕豆生长情况及对重金属Cd吸收的影响。结果表明,黄土中重金属Cd含量随施用堆肥污泥增加而增加,大部分(70%以上)都积累于混合基质中,玉米和蚕豆中重金属Cd吸收系数约为0.09~0.14;施用堆肥污泥干质量超过25%时,混合基质中重金属Cd超过《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995)[1]二级(pH >7.5)标准值(0.6 mg/kg),另外,玉米和蚕豆在堆肥污泥施用比例分别为1%和5%时长势最佳,且植物幼苗期平均增重分别为8%和19%,得出,施入5%左右堆肥污泥有利于玉米、蚕豆生长,堆肥污泥短期有控施于贫瘠黄土是可行的。     

剩余污泥中重金属的电动力学修复研究

主要研究了电极材料和电极间距对氢析出电压和电压梯度的影响,以及电极材料、阴极液pH、修复时间对不同形态重金属去除率的影响。实验结果表明,在相同条件下,氢的析出电压和电压梯度受电极材料和电极间距的影响。阳极均为高纯石墨电极,阴极分别为高纯石墨电极、铜电极和铁电极,电极间距在32.5 cm时,高纯石墨为阴极的氢的析出电压最高,电极间距在8.5 cm时,阴极为铜电极和铁电极比高纯石墨电极氢的析出电压及电压梯度都高;改变阴极pH值,延长修复时间,剩余污泥中残留的各种重金属形态发生明显变化;电极间距在8.5 cm,阴极为铜电极时,重金属去除率最高,修复时间缩短。     

Effects of soil amendments at a heavy loading rate associated with cover crops as green manures on the leaching of nutrients and heavy metals from a calcareous soil

The potential risk of groundwater contamination by the excessive leaching of N, P and heavy metals from soils amended at heavy loading rates of biosolids, coal ash, N-viro soil (1:1 mixture of coal ash and biosolids), yard waste compost and co-compost (3:7 mixture of biosolids to yard wastes), and by soil incorporation of green manures of sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) and sorghum sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor x S. bicolor var. sudanense) was studied by collecting and analyzing leachates from pots of Krome very gravelly loam soil subjected to these treatments. The control consisted of Krome soil without any amendment. The loading rate was 205 g pot(-1) for each amendment (equivalent to 50 t ha(-1) of the dry weight), and the amounts of the cover crops incorporated into the soil in the pot were those that had been grown in it. A subtropical vegetable crop, okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.), was grown after the soil amendments or cover crops had been incorporated into the soil. The results showed that the concentration of NO3-N in leachate from biosolids was significantly higher than in leachate from other treatments. The levels of heavy metals found in the leachates from all amended soils were so low, as to suggest these amendments may be used without risk of leaching dangerous amounts of these toxic elements. Nevertheless the level of heavy metals in leachate from coal ash amended soil was substantially greater than in leachates from the other treatments. The leguminous cover crop, sunn hemp, returned into the soil, increased the leachate NO3-N and inorganic P concentration significantly compared with the non-legume, sorghum sudangrass. The results suggest that at heavy loading rates of soil amendments, leaching of NO3- could be a significant concern by application of biosolids. Leaching of inorganic P can be increased significantly by both co-compost and biosolids, but decreased by coal ash and N-viro soil by virtue of improved adsorption. The leguminous cover crop, sunn hemp, when incorporated into the soil, can cause the concentration of NO3-N to increase by about 7 fold, and that of inorganic P by about 23% over the non-legume. Regarding the metals, biosolids, N-viro soil and coal ash significantly increased Ca and Mg concentrations in leachates. Copper concentration in leachate was increased by application of biosolids, while Fe concentration in leachates was increased by biosolids, coal ash and co-compost. The concentrations of Zn, Mo and Co in leachate were increased by application of coal ash. The concentrations of heavy metals in leachates were very low and unlikely to be harmful, although they were increased significantly by coal ash application.     

Effect of ageing on the availability of heavy metals in soils amended with compost and biochar: evaluation of changes in soil and amendment properties

Remediation strategies using soil amendments should consider the time dependence of metal availability to identify amendments that can sustainably reduce available pollutant concentrations over time. Drying-wetting cycles were applied on amendments, soils and soil + amendment mixtures, to mimic ageing at field level and investigate its effect on extractable Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations from three contaminated soils. The amendments investigated were municipal waste organic compost and biochars. The amendments, soils and mixtures were characterised by their physicochemical properties at different ageing times. The amendments were also characterised in terms of sorption capacity for Cd and Cu. The sorption capacity and the physicochemical properties of the amendments remained constant over the period examined. When mixed with the soils, amendments, especially the compost, immediately reduced the extractable metals in the soils with low pH and acid neutralisation capacity, due to the increase in pH and buffering capacity of the mixtures. The amendments had a relatively minor impact on the metal availability concentrations for the soil with substantially high acid neutralisation capacity. The most important changes in extractable metal concentrations were observed at the beginning of the experiments, ageing having a minor effect on metal concentrations when compared with the initial effect of amendments.

     

Enhancing bioremediation of diesel oil and gasoline in soil amended with an agroindustry sludge

This paper presents a study of the bioremediation of diesel oil and gasoline by a series of controlled laboratory tests. Sludge from an agroindustry was used to enhance bioremediation of both gasoline and diesel oil mixed with a soil mass to compare its efficiency with that of a mineral fertilizer. Effects of soil microbiology and soil mixtures were investigated by means of evolution of CO2, microorganism populations at 90 days, pH at 65 and 95 days, mineral nitrogen, and gas chromatographic analysis of the benzene, toluene, methyl tertiary butyl ether, C8, and C9+total aromatics at the end of the experiments. Treatments containing sludge showed better soil conditions after 170 days of treatment (inorganic nitrogen and microbiota activity) compared with gasoline and diesel oil without amendments. Samples had no detectable traces of the measured hydrocarbons at 170 days of treatment.     

Sub-lethal effects of heavy metals on activated sludge microorganisms

The effects of heavy metals, at sub-lethal concentrations, on activated sludge microbial ecosystem were investigated. Adsorption capacity and rate of copper, chromium, lead and zinc on microbial flocs were much faster than that of organic matters. Metals affected not only the adsorption rate of organic matters but also the COD adsorption capacity of the activated sludge. Effects of heavy metals. on wastewater treatment performance of a sequencing batch reactor were also studied. Metal-laden wastewater at sub-lethal levels affected the performance to different extents, depending on the hydraulic retention time. Metal ions acted as a strong competitor against the organic compounds for active sites on the bioflocs instead of acting as a toxic microbial inhibitor, thus hampering organic adsorption and affecting the COD removal efficiency under shorter HRTs.