An investigation of the environmental impact of an artificial thermal plume

Experimental analysis of the mean and turbulent structures of artificial thermal plumes rising in the boundary layer up into the capping stable layers is reported. Scaling parameters are used to compare the structural aspects obtained from ten experimental cases. Vertical profiles of the mean excesses (temperature and vertical velocity) and of the dissipative parameters (dissipation rate and temperature structure parameter) within the plume are given. The estimates of dissipation rate and of the horizontal width of the column are used to predict the variation of the vertical eddy diffusivity coefficient from the heat source to the top level of the plume.     

燃煤电厂建设项目环境影响评价中有关问题的探讨

在对燃煤电厂建设项目进行环境影响评价(以下简称环评)时,针对其工程特点和污染特征,总结和分析了环评中存在的一些问题,概况出项目选址、大气预测模式、烟囱高度、冷却塔的噪声、清洁生产等值得重视的问题,并提出相应的解决措施。     

PCB decomposition and formation in thermal treatment plant equipment

In this study we investigated both the decomposition and unintentional formation of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners during combustion experiments of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) and automobile shredder residue (ASR) at several stages in thermal treatment plant equipment composed of a primary combustion chamber, a secondary combustion chamber, and other equipments for flue gas treatment. In both experiments, the unintentional formation of PCB occurred in the primary combustion chamber at the same time as the decomposition of PCB in input samples. By combusting RDF, non-ortho-PCB predominantly formed, whereas ortho-PCB and symmetric chlorinated biphenyls (e.g., #52/69, #87/108, and #151) tended to be decomposed. ASR formed the higher chlorinated biphenyls more than RDF. These by-products from ASR had no structural relation with ortho-chlorine. Lower chlorinated biphenyls appeared as predominant homologues at the final exit site, while all congeners from lower to higher chlorinated PCB were unintentionally formed as by-products in the primary combustion chamber. This result showed that the flue gas treatment equipments effectively removed higher chlorinated PCB. Input marker congeners of RDF were #11, #39, and #68, while those for ASR were #11, #101, #110/120, and #118. Otherwise, combustion marker congeners of RDF were #13/12, #35, #77, and #126, while those for ASR were #170, #194, #206, and #209. While the concentration of PCB increased significantly in the primary combustion chamber, the value of toxicity equivalency quantity for dioxin-like PCB decreased in the secondary combustion chamber and the flue gas treatment equipments.     

Combined approaches to determine the impact of wood fire on PCDD/F and PCB contamination of the environment: a case study

Fires might be the source of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as dioxins, furans (PCDD/Fs) and/or polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) in the environment. In the perspective of defining legal responsibilities a thorough characterization of the impact of such an event should be carried out. However, such characterization is not easy as the environment integrates both local and diffuse sources of such molecules. Thus, a combined approach, which includes gathering field surveys, modeling and laboratory experiments, should be conducted. The objective of this work is to illustrate different approaches to give sufficient insight to determine the actual impact of wood fire on the environment. The work was carried out at the vicinity of a burnt down parcel. The fired material was a mixture of wood and PCB-contaminated soils as the site was a former pyralene-disposal site. Modeling, soil and lichen sampling and experimental combustion were carried out to delineate the contamination for each chemical and to define the area within the fire that was responsible for the environmental contamination. Concentrations of PCDD/F and PCBs were very high on the burnt plot. The combined approach determined that the furans were the predominant compounds in the smoke emitted by the fire. Based on this tracer, it was possible to demonstrate that in terms of environmental contamination of PCDD/F, the impact of the fire was restricted to a 2 km radius from the burnt down plot. For PCBs, no specific tracer was identified. In this case, the delineation of the impact could only be empirical, based on the total concentration of the chemicals.     

废轮胎粉等离子体热解过程中硫的分布与转化初步研究

采用等离子体热解法处理废轮胎粉,分析硫在热解过程中的分布与转化。考察了等离子体输入功率、废轮胎粉进料速率、水蒸气以及白云石的加入对硫分布的影响。结果表明,等离子体热解过程中,硫在固体产物中的分布率为79.50%～97.50%,即大部分硫主要分布在固体产物中;气体产物中的硫主要为H2S,且H2S浓度随输入功率的增加、废轮胎粉进料速率的降低而降低,同时,在热解过程中加入外加物料(水蒸气、白云石)也将不同程度地降低气体产物中H2S浓度。废轮胎粉中的碳黑在热解后生成热解碳黑,采用核磁共振和X射线光电子能谱分析热解碳黑,结果显示,热解碳黑除表面性质发生了一些变化外,其主体化学性质与商业碳黑基本一致,硫在热解碳黑中以硫化物的形态存在。     

XPS investigation of air pollution ejected by a coal-fired power plant

A method for sampling and investigating the aerosol participates and gaseous pollutants of the air is described. The pollutants were collected on silver (Ag), copper (Cu) and graphite surfaces placed in the neighbourhood of a coal-fired power plant. The study of the composition of the aerosol and gaseous pollutants was carried out by means of XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic) method, as a function of the distance from the power plant.     

Identification of petrogenic contamination in recent sediments by HPLC monitoring of aromatic components: A preliminary investigation

Separation of neutral extracts from sediments and oils into aliphatic and aromatic fractions by simple fractionation techniques may not be sufficiently accurate for complete resolution of these hydrocarbon classes. In particular, the profiles of unresolved complex mixture (UCM) from GC analysis can be significantly affected by the fractionation method employed, which can have implications for the assessment of levels and sources of petrogenic pollution in Recent sediments. Results obtained from a number of sediment extracts suggest that screening of the aromatic UCM by normal phase HPLC may provide a rapid technique for assessing the relative levels of petrogenic contamination in such sediments. HPLC sub-fractionation of aromatic components and subsequent GC analysis resulted in varying UCM profiles for each fraction, suggesting that HPLC fractionation may provide a means to study the composition of the aromatic UCM.     

An atmospheric dispersion model for the environmental impact assessment of thermal power plants in Japan--a method for evaluating topographical effects

An atmospheric dispersion model was developed for the environmental impact assessment of thermal power plants in Japan, and a method for evaluating topographical effects using this model was proposed. The atmospheric dispersion model consists of an airflow model with a turbulence closure model based on the algebraic Reynolds stress model and a Lagrangian particle dispersion model (LPDM). The evaluation of the maximum concentration of air pollutants such as SO2, NOx, and suspended particulate matter is usually considered of primary importance for environmental impact assessment. Three indices were therefore estimated by the atmospheric dispersion model: the ratios (alpha and beta, respectively) of the maximum concentration and the distance of the point of the maximum concentration from the source over topography to the respective values over a flat plane, and the relative concentration distribution [gamma(x)] along the ground surface projection of the plume axis normalized by the maximum concentration over a flat plane. The atmospheric dispersion model was applied to the topography around a power plant with a maximum elevation of more than 1,000 m. The values of alpha and beta evaluated by the atmospheric dispersion model varied between 1 and 3 and between 1 and 0.4, respectively, depending on the topographical features. These results and the calculated distributions of y(x) were highly similar to the results of the wind tunnel experiment. Therefore, when the slope of a hill or mountain is similar to the topography considered in this study, it is possible to evaluate topographical effects on exhaust gas dispersion with reasonable accuracy using the atmospheric dispersion model as well as wind tunnel experiments.     

2×25 MW机组旋流板塔双碱法烟气脱硫除尘

2× 2 5MW发电机组烟气处理工程采用旋流板塔及双碱法工艺 ,取得了脱硫除尘一体化的效果 ,经济技术指标总体上优于国内外其他 FGD技术 ,是国内自行设计施工新建的最大烟气脱硫装置。经浙江省环境监测中心站监测 ,脱硫效率达到 89.4 % ,除尘效率达到 97.8% ,符合工程设计要求及我国相关环境标准。     

Airborne PCB as a contamination risk on freeze-drying of sediment

In a study of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in freeze-dried sediments from Swedish lakes, the samples were found to contain unexpectedly high concentrations of PCBs. In one of the lakes (Bj?rken), e.g. the concentration of PCB-28 was found to be 189 ng/g dw after freeze-drying compared to 7 ng/g dw after air-drying of the sediment and therefore our hypothesis was that the contamination had occurred during the freeze-drying procedure. Hence, a dry reference sediment (RS) was used in order to identify potential sources of PCB contamination. The investigation included freeze-drying of the dry RS in five different laboratories, exposure to the air in the freeze-drying room, storage at room temperature and air-drying in a certain fume hood and in a laminar flow clean bench. The pattern and concentrations of PCBs detected in the exposed RS were strongly influenced by low chlorinated PCB congeners under all of these conditions with exception for air-drying in the fume hood. Storage in the laboratory air resulted in a slight elevation in the concentrations of low chlorinated PCB congeners, whereas higher concentrations of all PCB congeners were observed after freeze-drying. In all experiments the contamination appeared to be due to adsorption of PCB from the laboratory air. On the basis of these findings we recommend that reference material be subjected to the entire procedure, including sample preparation, in order to monitor contamination and that a procedure involving solvent extraction of wet sediment samples is used, whenever possible, instead of procedures involving dry samples.     

A preliminary assessment of the potential environmental and human health impact of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine as a result of space activities

A preliminary assessment of the potential environmental and human health impact of UDMH as a result of space activities has been carried out applying a theoretical approach in comparison with selected experimental data. The theoretical framework includes QSAR, ADME and PASS modelling as well as studies on the possible atmospheric dispersion of UDMH as calculated applying the OML-Multi model. The possible impact on the environment and the human health has been elucidated and it has been concluded that UDMH especially inside the fall region of burned-out rocket stages constitute a significant threat to both environmental and human health, the latter as a results of the carcinogenic, mutagenic, convulsant, teratogenic and embryotoxic characteristics of UDMH in addition to the general toxic characteristics of the compound.     

A one year study of the seasonal variations of sDDT and PCB levels in fish from heated and unheated areas near a nuclear power plant

An investigation of the influence of excess heat discharge from a nuclear power plant on the residual levels of the sDOT and PCB in roach and perch has been made during a period of one year. A seasonal variation of the residual concentrations was observed, with the highest levels during spring and early summer and lower more stable levels in the autumn. Significantly higher levels of the sDDT and PCB was observed in perch from the cooling water recipient as compared to values in perch from the intake area. No significant differences could however be verified for roach. The result stress the importance that, in a monitoring program, a sampling period with stable ecological conditions is selected.     

Characterization of the effluents from a Municipal Solid Waste incinerator plant and of their environmental impact

An easy approach for the evaluation of the environmental impact of a Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) incinerator plant is described. In order to perform this study, selected chemical pollutants were monitored both in the plant emissions and in the waste to be burnt. The composition of waste was also determined. A mathematical model was worked out for the estimation of the ground deposition fluxes. A first validation of the model for the case studied was drawn by comparing the simulation values with data obtained on real soil samples.     

火力发电厂飞灰对抗生素磺胺的吸附性能

研究了吸附时间、飞灰用量、初始溶液pH和振荡频率等因素对飞灰吸附去除水溶液中磺胺的影响,并对其吸附机理进行了初步探讨。研究结果表明,飞灰用量增大有利于提高其对磺胺的吸附去除率。在25℃、振荡频率150 r/min、飞灰用量50 g/L、磺胺浓度4 mg/L条件下吸附10 min,磺胺的吸附去除率可达到92.8%。电厂飞灰对磺胺的吸附符合二级动力学模型,属于单分子层吸附。     

火电厂周围大气环境中硫化物分布规律的探讨

由于电厂排放的污染物量大且浓度高,对周围环境影响很大。选取山西省太原第一热电厂排放的SO2作为研究对象,针对该电厂排放的SO2传输特性和空间分布规律,在电厂周围按照不同的距离进行优化布点,测定SO2及PM10中硫化物的量。SO2和PM10中硫化物的量在空间上随着距离的增大,浓度也变高,直至出现浓度最大点,然后再随着距离的加大,浓度却随之减小,并且在距离大约2 000 m处取得最大值。这与用ADMS预测的结果吻合。该结果符合电厂高架源排放污染物在下风向的浓度变化规律,说明这些硫化物浓度变化主要是由电厂引起的。在有风雨情况下,SO2和PM10中硫化物的降幅都在10%以上,雨量和风速的大小对PM10中硫化物的影响比起二氧化硫的更大。     

华北某农药厂周边的滴滴涕污染状况初步研究

对华北某从事滴滴涕加工的农药厂周边的土壤和植物样品进行了取样分析,利用气相色谱/电子捕获检测器(GC/ECD)法测定了样品中的滴滴涕含量.结果表明,在生产区域下风向900 m内采集的土壤样品中的滴滴涕超过《土壤环境质量标准》规定的三级标准(1.0 mg/kg);植物样品中的滴滴涕均大于0.2 mg/kg,超出《粮食、蔬菜等食品中六六六、滴滴涕残留量标准》的相关限值.     

新型湿式湍流除尘器及在电厂输煤系统中的应用

介绍了针对火电厂输煤系统作业环境粉尘治理而研制开发的新型湿式湍流除尘器的设计思路、设备结构、技术特点及在电厂输煤系统的应用情况.     

新型湿式湍流除尘器及在电厂输煤系统中的应用

介绍了针对火电厂输煤系统作业环境粉尘治理而研制开发的新型湿式湍流除尘器的设计思路、设备结构、技术特点及在电厂输媒系统的应用情况。