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1.
The proximity principle—disposing of waste close to its origin—has been a central value in municipal solid waste (MSW) management
in Japan for the last 30 years and its widespread adoption has helped resolve numerous “Not in My Backyard” issues related
to MSW management. However, MSW management costs have soared, in large part because of aggressive recycling efforts and because
most MSW is incinerated in a country that has scarce landfill capacity. In addition, smaller, less sophisticated incinerators
have been closed because of high dioxin emissions. Rising costs combined with the closure of smaller incinerators have shifted
MSW management policy toward regionalization, which is the sharing of waste management facilities across municipalities. Despite
the increased use of regionalized MSW facilities, the proximity principle remains the central value in Japanese MSW management.
Municipal solid waste management has become increasingly regionalized in the United States, too, but different driving forces
are at work in these two countries. The transition to regionalized MSW management in Japan results from strong governmental
control at all levels, with the central government providing funds and policy direction and prefectures and municipalities
being the primary implementing authorities. By contrast, market forces are a much stronger force with US MSW management, where
local governments—with state government oversight—have primary responsibility for MSW management. We describe recent changes
in Japan’s MSW programs. We examine the connections between MSW facility regionalization, on the one hand, and, on the other
hand, the proximity principle, coordination among local governments, central government control, and financing mechanisms. 相似文献
2.
Underwood JG 《Environmental management》2011,47(1):121-129
Habitat loss is major factor in the endangerment and extinction of species around the world. One promising strategy to balance
continued habitat loss and biodiversity conservation is that of biodiversity offsets. However, a major concern with offset
programs is their consistency with landscape-level conservation goals. While merging offset polices and landscape-level conservation
planning is thought to provide advantages over a traditional disconnected approach, few such landscape-level conservation-offset
plans have been designed and implemented, so the effectiveness of such a strategy remains uncertain. In this study, we quantitatively
assess the conservation impact of combining landscape-level conservation planning and biodiversity offset programs by comparing
regions of San Diego County, USA with the combined approach to regions with only an offset program. This comparison is generally
very difficult due to a variety of complicating factors. We overcome these complications and quantify the benefits to rare
and threatened species of implementing a combined approach by assessing the amount of each species’ predicted distribution,
and the number of documented locations, conserved in comparison to the same metric for areas with an offset policy alone.
We found that adoption of the combined approach has increased conservation for many rare species, often 5–10 times more than
in the comparison area, and that conservation has been focused in the areas most important for these species. The level of
conservation achieved reduces uncertainty that these species will persist in the region into the future. This San Diego County
example demonstrates the potential benefits of combining landscape-level conservation planning and biodiversity offset programs. 相似文献
3.
Optimum natural resource management and biodiversity conservation are desirable goals. These, however, often exclude each
other, since maximum economic benefits have promoted drastic reductions in biodiversity throughout the world. This dilemma
confronts local stakeholders, who usually go for maximizing economic inputs, whereas other social (e.g., academic) sectors
are favor conservation practices. In this paper we describe the way two scientific approaches—landscape and participatory
research—were used to develop sound and durable land use scenarios. These two approaches included expert knowledge of both
social and environmental conditions in indigenous communities. Our major emphasis was given to detect spatially explicit land
use scenarios and capacity building in order to construct a decision support system operated by stakeholders of the Comunidad
Indigena de Nuevo San Juan Parangaricutiro in Mexico. The system for decision-making was fed with data from inventories of
both abiotic and biotic biodiversity components. All research, implementation, and monitoring activities were conducted in
close collaboration with members of the indigenous community. As a major result we obtained a number of forest alternative
uses that favor emerging markets and make this indigenous community less dependent on a single market. Furthermore, skilled
members of the community are now running the automated system for decision-making. In conclusion, our results were better
expressed as products with direct benefits in local livelihoods rather than pure academic outputs. 相似文献
4.
Public Sector Reform and Governance for Adaptation: Implications of New Public Management for Adaptive Capacity in Mexico and Norway 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
Although many governments are assuming the responsibility of initiating adaptation policy in relation to climate change, the
compatibility of “governance-for-adaptation” with the current paradigms of public administration has generally been overlooked.
Over the last several decades, countries around the globe have embraced variants of the philosophy of administration broadly
called “New Public Management” (NPM) in an effort to improve administrative efficiencies and the provision of public services.
Using evidence from a case study of reforms in the building sector in Norway, and a case study of water and flood risk management
in central Mexico, we analyze the implications of the adoption of the tenets of NPM for adaptive capacity. Our cases illustrate
that some of the key attributes associated with governance for adaptation—namely, technical and financial capacities; institutional
memory, learning and knowledge; and participation and accountability—have been eroded by NPM reforms. Despite improvements
in specific operational tasks of the public sector in each case, we show that the success of NPM reforms presumes the existence
of core elements of governance that have often been found lacking, including solid institutional frameworks and accountability.
Our analysis illustrates the importance of considering both longer-term adaptive capacities and short-term efficiency goals
in public sector administration reform. 相似文献
5.
Dunja Jaber 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2000,13(1-2):29-42
In their report for the Swiss government on the notion of the dignity of creatures, Philipp Balzer, Klaus-Peter Rippe, and
Peter Schaber analyze the relationship between human dignity and the dignity of creatures, taking them as two categorically
different concepts. Human dignity is defined as the “moral right not to be humiliated,” whereas the dignity of creatures is
taken to be “the inherent value of non-human living beings.” To my mind there is no need to draw a categorical distinction
between the two concepts. Both notions could be brought together under an all-encompassing concept of the inherent value of
living beings, humans and non-humans alike, a concept one could name “the dignity of living beings.” Indeed, this very notion
underlies the position taken in the report, although this is not made explicit by the authors themselves.
As the aim of the paper is only to clarify the concepts used, I do not go beyond this “internal” critique of their position,
i.e., I don’t assess how the claims articulated via these concepts — the claim that humans and/or creatures have an inherent
value consisting in a supposed intrinsic good — are to be justified, although I myself would be rather skeptical that this
might be successfully done. 相似文献
6.
Frans W. A. Brom 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2000,13(1-2):53-63
The notion of Dignity of Creatures has been voted into the Swiss Federal Constitution by a plebiscite. Philipp Balzer, Klaus-Peter
Rippe, and Peter Schaber have given an expert opinion for the Swiss government to clarify the notion of Dignity of Creatures.
According to them, by voting this notion into the Swiss constitution, the Swiss have chosen for a limited biocentric approach
towards biotechnology. In such an approach genetic engineering of non-human beings is only allowed insofar that their own
good is not impaired. It is, however, not clear when the good of a non-human being is impaired. I defend the position that
— even if we confine ourselves to animals — their good goes beyond their well being. 相似文献
7.
Natalie A. Jones Pascal Perez Thomas G. Measham Gail J. Kelly Patrick d’Aquino Katherine A. Daniell Anne Dray Nils Ferrand 《Environmental management》2009,44(6):1180-1195
Participatory modeling is increasingly recognized as an effective way to assist collective decision-making processes in the
domain of natural resource management. This article introduces a framework for evaluating projects that have adopted a participatory
modeling approach. This evaluation framework—known as the “Protocol of Canberra”—was developed through a collaboration between
French and Australian researchers engaged in participatory modeling and evaluation research. The framework seeks to assess
the extent to which different participatory modeling initiatives not only modify perceptions among and interactions between
participants, but also contribute to collective decision-making. The article discusses the development of the framework and
it’s application to three case-studies, two from Australia and one from the Pacific Island of the Republic of Kiribati. The
article concludes with some comments for future use of the framework in a range of participatory modeling contexts. 相似文献
8.
Joshua Farley David Batker Isabel de la Torre Tom Hudspeth 《Environmental management》2010,45(1):39-51
Humans are rapidly depleting critical ecosystems and the life support functions they provide, increasing the urgency of developing
effective conservation tools. Using a case study of the conversion of mangrove ecosystems to shrimp aquaculture, this article
describes an effort to develop a transdisciplinary, transinstitutional approach to conservation that simultaneously trains
future generations of environmental problem solvers. We worked in close collaboration with academics, non-government organizations,
local government and local communities to organize a workshop in Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Philippines. The primary objectives
of the workshop were to: (1) train participants in the basic principles of ecological economics and its goals of sustainable
scale, just distribution and efficient allocation; (2) learn from local community stakeholders and participating scientists
about the problems surrounding conversion of mangrove ecosystems to shrimp aquaculture; (3) draw on the skills and knowledge
of all participants to develop potential solutions to the problem; and (4) communicate results to those with the power and
authority to act on them. We found that the economic and ecological benefits of intact mangroves outweigh the returns to aquaculture.
Perversely, however, private property rights to mangrove ecosystems favor inefficient, unjust and unsustainable allocation
of the resource—a tragedy of the non-commons. We presented the workshop results to the press and local government, which shut
down the aquaculture ponds to conserve the threatened ecosystem. Effective communication to appropriate audiences was essential
for transforming research into action. Our approach is promising and can be readily applied to conservation research and advocacy
projects worldwide, but should be improved through adaptive management—practitioners must continually build on those elements
that work and discard or improve those that fail. 相似文献
9.
This article critically reviews the evolution of urban environmental management in Shanghai since 1978. Established in a transitional
postsocialist economy and shaped by a spectacular urban redevelopment process, the current environmental management framework
of Shanghai has succeeded in mitigating major industrial pollution and improving urban amenities with unprecedented pace and
magnitude. However, it generally failed to take social equity and environmental justice issues into consideration. Based on
Haughton’s models of sustainable urban development, this article proposes four priorities and five principles within the framework
of a fair shares cities model for the future environmental management of Shanghai and briefly discusses their policy implications
and implementation issues. The authors argue that Haughton’s approach is relevant to Shanghai’s case because the essence of
his argument—the multidimensional equity principles—is the core of the concept of sustainable development. 相似文献
10.
The quality of scientific information in policy-relevant fields of research is difficult to assess, and quality control in
these important areas is correspondingly difficult to maintain. Frequently there are insufficient high-quality measurements
for the presentation of the statistical uncertainty in the numerical estimates that are crucial to policy decisions. We propose
and develop a grading system for numerical estimates that can deal with the full range of data quality—from statistically
valid estimates to informed guesses. By analyzing the underlying quality of numerical estimates, summarized as spread and
grade, we are able to provide simple rules whereby input data can be coded for quality, and these codings carried through
arithmetical calculations for assessing the quality of model results. For this we use the NUSAP (numeral, unit, spread, assessment,
pedigree) notational system. It allows the more quantitative and the more qualitative aspects of data uncertainty to be managed
separately. By way of example, we apply the system to an ecosystem valuation study that used several different models and
data of widely varying quality to arrive at a single estimate of the economic value of wetlands. The NUSAP approach illustrates
the major sources of uncertainty in this study and can guide new research aimed at the improvement of the quality of outputs
and the efficiency of the procedures. 相似文献
11.
Jordan M. West Susan H. Julius Peter Kareiva Carolyn Enquist Joshua J. Lawler Brian Petersen Ayana E. Johnson M. Rebecca Shaw 《Environmental management》2009,44(6):1001-1021
Public lands and waters in the United States traditionally have been managed using frameworks and objectives that were established
under an implicit assumption of stable climatic conditions. However, projected climatic changes render this assumption invalid.
Here, we summarize general principles for management adaptations that have emerged from a major literature review. These general
principles cover many topics including: (1) how to assess climate impacts to ecosystem processes that are key to management
goals; (2) using management practices to support ecosystem resilience; (3) converting barriers that may inhibit management
responses into opportunities for successful implementation; and (4) promoting flexible decision making that takes into account
challenges of scale and thresholds. To date, the literature on management adaptations to climate change has mostly focused
on strategies for bolstering the resilience of ecosystems to persist in their current states. Yet in the longer term, it is
anticipated that climate change will push certain ecosystems and species beyond their capacity to recover. When managing to
support resilience becomes infeasible, adaptation may require more than simply changing management practices—it may require
changing management goals and managing transitions to new ecosystem states. After transitions have occurred, management will
again support resilience—this time for a new ecosystem state. Thus, successful management of natural resources in the context
of climate change will require recognition on the part of managers and decisions makers of the need to cycle between “managing
for resilience” and “managing for change.” 相似文献
12.
Franck L. B. Meijboom Nina Cohen Elsbeth N. Stassen Frans W. A. Brom 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(6):559-571
European animal disease policy seems to find its justification in a “harm to other” principle. Limiting the freedom of animal
keepers—e.g., by culling their animals—is justified by the aim to prevent harm, i.e., the spreading of the disease. The picture,
however, is more complicated. Both during the control of outbreaks and in the prevention of notifiable, animal diseases the
government is confronted with conflicting claims of stakeholders who anticipate running a risk to be harmed by each other, and who ask for government intervention. In this paper, we first argue that in a policy that
aims to prevent animal diseases, the focus shifts from limiting “harm” to weighing conflicting claims with respect to “risks
of harm.” Therefore, we claim that the harm principle is no longer a sufficient justification for governmental intervention
in animal disease prevention. A policy that has to deal with and distribute conflicting risks of harm needs additional value
assumptions that guide this process of assessment and distribution. We show that currently, policies are based on assumptions
that are mainly economic considerations. In order to show the limitations of these considerations, we use the interests and
position of keepers of backyard animals as an example. Based on the problems they faced during and after the recent outbreaks,
we defend the thesis that in order to develop a sustainable animal disease policy other than economic assumptions need to
be taken into account. 相似文献
13.
Conflicts over how to “scale” policy-making tasks have characterized environmental governance since time immemorial. They
are particularly evident in the area of water policy and raise important questions over the democratic legitimacy, economic
efficiency and effectiveness of allocating (or “scaling”) tasks to some administrative levels as opposed to others. This article
adopts a comparative federalism perspective to assess the “optimality” of scaling—either upward or downward—in one issue area,
namely coastal recreational water quality. It does so by comparing the scaling of recreational water quality tasks in the
European Union (EU) and Australia. It reveals that the two systems have adopted rather different approaches to scaling and
that this difference can partly be accounted for in federal theoretical terms. However, a much greater awareness of the inescapably
political nature of scaling processes is nonetheless required. Finally, some words of caution are offered with regard to transferring
policy lessons between these two jurisdictions. 相似文献
14.
Wibeck V 《Environmental management》2012,49(4):776-787
In managing environmental problems, several countries have chosen the management by objectives (MBO) approach. This paper
investigates how focus group participants from the Swedish environmental administration used metaphors to describe the mode
of organization needed to attain environmental objectives. Such analysis can shed light on how an MBO system is perceived
by actors and how it works in practice. Although the Swedish government intended to stimulate broad-based cooperation among
many actors, participants often saw themselves as located at a certain “level,” i.e., “higher” or “lower,” in the MBO system—that
is, their conceptions corresponded to a traditional, hierarchical interpretation of MBO. Prepositions such as “in” and “out”
contributed to feelings of inclusion and exclusion on the part of MBO actors. However, horizontal metaphors merged with vertical
ones, indicating ongoing competition for the right to interpret how the system of environmental objectives should best be
managed. The paper concludes that any organization applying MBO could benefit from discussing alternate ways of talking and
thinking about its constituent “levels.” 相似文献
15.
Integrated Resource Management: Moving from Rhetoric to Practice in Australian Agriculture 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
/ Implementing the concept of sustainability through integrated approaches to natural resource management poses enormous challenges for both the rural communities and government agencies concerned. This paper reviews the underlying rhetoric of sustainable agricultural systems and the integrated resource management paradigm and identifies some of the challenges being experienced in translating this rhetoric into practice. A relatively recently implemented community-based integrated catchment management (ICM) process in a rural community in northeast Australia is examined in terms of some of the lessons learned that may be relevant to other similar integrated resource management (IRM) processes. It reveals a pragmatic, opportunistic, and evolving implementation process based on adaptive learning rather than a more traditional "rational" planning approach. Some essential characteristics of a community-based IRM process are identified, including fostering communication; providing a structure that fosters cooperation and facilities coordination among community, industry, and government agencies; the integration of IRM principles into local government planning schemes; and an emergent strategic approach to IRM program implementation. We conclude by identifying some essential characteristics of an IRM process that can assist a community to adapt to, and manage change for, sustainable resource use. 相似文献
16.
Paul L. Ringold Barry Mulder Jim Alegria Raymond L. Czaplewski Tim Tolle Kelly Burnett 《Environmental management》1999,23(2):179-192
adaptive monitoring design. Adaptive monitoring design is an iterative process that refines the specifications for monitoring over time as a result of
experience in implementing a monitoring program, assessing results, and interacting with users. An adaptive design therefore
facilitates ecosystem management. We also discuss lessons of temporal and spatial scales raised by the consideration of a
design for ecosystem management. Three additional issues—integration of information from different sources, institutional
infrastructure, and the roles of individuals working in an interagency setting—are also identified, but not developed in detail. 相似文献
17.
This paper offers a field tested community environmental policing model to address the pressing environmental management challenges of reducing e-waste burning in informal e-waste hubs, and enforcement against informal polluting industries more broadly. This is based on our intervention to reduce e-waste burning in a substantial informal e-waste hub in the West Bank, Palestine, a 45 km2 region in which an estimated 5–10 metric tonnes of cables are burnt daily, causing serious environmental and public health consequences. In analogous e-waste hubs in the global South, environmental management solutions have focused on economically attractive alternatives to replace cable burning or policies that integrate informal recyclers with formal e-waste management systems—achieving little success. Our paper describes a two-pronged intervention in Palestine’s e-waste hub, which reduced e-waste burning by 80% through a combination of economically competitive cable grinding services and an “active” community environmental policing initiative that lowered barriers to and successfully advocated for governmental policing of e-waste burning. Our discussion of this intervention addresses the community environmental policing literature, which has documented few successes stories of real improvements to the enforcement of environmental violations. We argue that existing strategies have relied on “passive” approaches comprised of monitoring and reporting environmental violations to advocate for change. Our strategy offers a template to improve outcomes through a more “active” approach, moving from monitoring environmental violations through understanding the rationale and dynamics of violators, identifying environmental policing barriers, and implementing a feasible and persuasive strategy to overcome them. 相似文献
18.
Frank Merry Britaldo Soares-Filho Daniel Nepstad Gregory Amacher Hermann Rodrigues 《Environmental management》2009,44(3):395-407
Logging has been a much maligned feature of frontier development in the Amazon. Most discussions ignore the fact that logging
can be part of a renewable, environmentally benign, and broadly equitable economic activity in these remote places. We estimate
there to be some 4.5 ± 1.35 billion m3 of commercial timber volume in the Brazilian Amazon today, of which 1.2 billion m3 is currently profitable to harvest, with a total potential stumpage value of $15.4 billion. A successful forest sector in
the Brazilian Amazon will integrate timber harvesting on private lands and on unprotected and unsettled government lands with
timber concessions on public lands. If a legal, productive, timber industry can be established outside of protected areas,
it will deliver environmental benefits in synergy with those provided by the region’s network of protected areas, the latter
of which we estimate to have an opportunity cost from lost timber revenues of $2.3 billion over 30 years. Indeed, on all land
accessible to harvesting, the timber industry could produce an average of more than 16 million m3 per year over a 30-year harvest cycle—entirely outside of current protected areas—providing $4.8 billion in returns to landowners
and generating $1.8 billion in sawnwood sales tax revenue. This level of harvest could be profitably complemented with an
additional 10% from logging concessions on National Forests. This advance, however, should be realized only through widespread
adoption of reduced impact logging techniques. 相似文献
19.
Birds feeding on landfill sites cause problems in terms of nuisance to neighbors, flight safety, a threat to public health,
and affecting the day to day site operation. A number of control measures exist to deter problem species; however, research
into their effectiveness across sites and for multiple species has been limited. We use a modeling approach in order to assess
the effectiveness of nine techniques — pyrotechnics, hand-held distress calls, static distress calls, blank ammunition, a
combination of blank and lethal use of ammunition, the use of falcons, the use of hawks, wailers and helium-filled bird-scaring
kites — at deterring three commonly recorded species — the Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus), the Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) and the Lesser Black-backed Gull (Larus fuscus) — from six landfill sites across the United Kingdom. The use of distress calls, falconry, and combinations of lethal and
nonlethal use of ammunition were the most effective techniques for initially deterring birds from these sites. However, when
habituation is considered, there is a clear difference between techniques such as falconry, which have a lethal aspect and
may act to reinforce the deterrence, and the use of techniques such as distress calls, which do not. However there are problems
related to legislation and public perception when lethal techniques are used. 相似文献
20.
In this article we present a framework for assessing climate change impacts on water and watershed systems to support management
decision-making. The framework addresses three issues complicating assessments of climate change impacts—linkages across spatial
scales, linkages across temporal scales, and linkages across scientific and management disciplines. A major theme underlying
the framework is that, due to current limitations in modeling capabilities, assessing and responding to climate change should
be approached from the perspective of risk assessment and management rather than as a prediction problem. The framework is
based generally on ecological risk assessment and similar approaches. A second theme underlying the framework is the need
for close collaboration among climate scientists, scientists interested in assessing impacts, and resource managers and decision
makers. A case study illustrating an application of the framework is also presented that provides a specific, practical example
of how the framework was used to assess the impacts of climate change on water quality in a mid-Atlantic, U.S., watershed. 相似文献