祁连山七一冰川物质平衡的时空变化特征

基于2011-2016年七一冰川的野外观测资料,结合气象站数据及1975-2015年的遥感影像,分析了冰川末端变化、物质平衡时空变化特征及其对气候变化的敏感性,结果表明:1975年以来,七一冰川末端持续退缩235 m,平均退缩速率为5.9 m/a,冰川面积减少0.13 km²(4.5%)。2011-2016年,七一冰川的平均物质平衡为-476 mm w.e.,平均ELA为4941 m a.s.l.,物质平衡梯度为2.9 mm/m。从季节变化看,受风吹雪和冰面升华影响,11月至次年3月冰川呈负平衡;4月和9月物质平衡受降水控制,随海拔变化呈现降水效应;强消融期(6-8月)物质平衡随海拔升高线性增加;消融期末由9月初延后至9月底。敏感性分析结果表明,物质平衡对气温变化的敏感性为-178.7 mm w.e.°C^-1a^-1,对降水变化的敏感性为+2.93 mm w.e. mm^-1a^-1。即61 mm的降水增加才能弥补暖季气温升高1°C引起的冰川净物质损失。     

基于水文集成模型ParFlow的黑河流域下游地下水-地表水相互作用模拟研究

地下水-地表水相互作用是水文循环过程中的重要环节,研究地下水-地表水相互作用的机理过程及其对环境变化的响应对流域生态环境和可持续发展具有重要意义.利用基于三维物理过程的开源、大规模并行模拟计算软件ParFlow求解紧密耦合的地下水和地表水偏微分方程组,建立流域水文集成模型,从而精确解译土壤水分运移的动力学机制,最终实现...     

西北干旱区典型流域生态系统服务价值变化

论文选择西北干旱区塔里木河流域、玛纳斯河流域、石羊河流域以及黑河流域4个典型流域为研究对象,以1994年土地利用分类图、TM影像,2005年CBERS影像数据为基础,参照谢高地等提出的\"中国生态系统服务价值当量因子表\",在对这4个典型流域生态系统服务价格根据其消费指数以及不变价格订正的基础上,逐项估计了这4个流域农田、森林、草地以及水体生态系统各项生态系统面积、服务价值及其变化。结果表明,这4个流域提供环境保护的支撑生态系统(森林、草地、水体)面积2005年普遍小于1994年,而农田生态系统面积增加显著,并且相对于较大面积的内陆河流域,小流域内各类型生态系统面积变动比较大,变动速度相对较快;塔里木河流域生态系统服务价值最大,具有较高的稀缺性,但黑河流域生态系统服务价值的增加幅度最大,这两个流域相比,黑河流域各生态系统的服务功能对于该区域人们的生活生产更为重要,影响更直接;塔里木河流域农田生态系统面积增加幅度最大,但其区域内人们对农田生态系统服务价值支付意愿的增长速度却保持最低,这说明该区域内部人们对这种生态系统服务功能的支付意愿与其资源丰富程度并不对称,需要加强宣传水土安全保护与生态经济发展的观念。     

黑河流域生态环境恶化状况与治理建议

运用野外调查和地理信息系统相结合的方法,系统调查了黑河流域生态环境恶化的现状,分析其影响的原因,提出治理建议。指出,黑河水资源合理利用、土地资源适度开发,必要的水利工程和科学的上、中、下游分水方案是治理黑河流域生态环境恶化所必须采取的措施。      

Temporal variations of C2 concentration near land surface and its response to meteorological variables in Heihe River Basin, northwest China

Atmospheric CO2 concentration （CC） near land surface and meteorological variables have been measured at four sites, named Yeniugou （alpine meadow and permafrost）, Xishui （mountainous forest）, Linze （oasis edge） and Ejina （lower desert）, respectively, in Heihe River Basin, northwest China. The results showed that, the half hourly CC at night was larger than in daytime, and the daily averaged CC was the largest in winter. The averaged CC of 932 d at the Linze was about 418 ppm, was about 366 ppm in the 762 d at the Ejina. In the same period from September 23 to November 9, 2004, the averaged CC was about 625,334, 436 and 353 ppm, at Yeniugou, Xishui, Linze and Ejina, respectively. The linear relationship between daily averaged CC and air temperature T was negative, between CC and relative humidity （RH） was positive. The linear CC-atmospheric pressure （A P） relationship was negative at the Linze and Yeniugou, was positive at the Ejina. The relationship between CC and global radiation R was exponent, and soil temperature Ts was negative linear, and soil water content was complex. The correlation between CC and wind speed was not existent. Using meteorological variables together to simulate CC, could give good results.     

Temporal variations of CO2 concentration near land surface and its response to meteorological variables in Heihe River Basin, northwest China

Atmospheric CO2 concentration (CC) near land surface and meteorological variables have been measured at four sites,named Yeniugou (alpine meadow and permafrost), Xishui (mountainous forest), Linze (oasis edge) and Ejina (lower desert),respectively, in Heihe River Basin, northwest China. The results showed that, the half hourly CC at night was larger than in daytime,and the daily averaged CC was the largest in winter. The averaged CC of 932 d at the Linze was about 418 ppm, was about 366 ppm in the 762 d at the Ejina. In the same period from September 23 to November 9, 2004, the averaged CC was about 625,334, 436 and 353 ppm, at Yeniugou, Xishui, Linze and Ejina, respectively. The linear relationship between daily averaged CC and air temperature T was negative, between CC and relative humidity (RH) was positive. The linear CC-atmospheric pressure (A P) relationship was negative at the Linze and Yeniugou, was positive at the Ejina. The relationship between CC and global radiation R was exponent, and soil temperature Ts was negative linear, and soil water content was complex. The correlation between CC and wind speed was not existent.Using meteorological variables together to simulate CC, could give good results.     

Loss coefficient of nitrogenous non-point source pollution under various precipitation conditions

In this study, calibrations of non-point source (NPS) pollution models are performed based on Black River basin historical real-time runoff data, sedimentation record data, and NPS sources survey information. The concept of NPS loss coefficient for the watershed or the loss coefficients (LC) for simplicity is brought up by examining NPS build-up and migration processes along riverbanks in natural river systems. The historical data is used for determining the nitrogenous NPS loss coefficient for five land use types including farmland, urban land, grassland, shrub land, and forest under different precipitation conditions. The comparison of outputs from Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and coefficient export method showed that both methods could obtain reasonable LC. The high Pearson correlation coefficient (0.94722) between those two sets of calculation results justified the consistency of those two models. Another result in the study is that different combinations of precipitation condition and land use types could significantly affect the calculated loss coefficient. As for the adsorptive nitrogen, the order of impact on LC for different land use types can be sorted as: farm land > urban land > grassland > shrub land > forest while the order was farmland > grass land > shrub land > forest s>urban land for soluble nitrogen. __________ Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2006, 26(3): 392–397 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

塔里木河流域出山径流水化学特征研究

本文以区域地质为背景,对塔里木河流域山区径流水化学组分特征进行分析,探讨溶质的来源及其控制因素.结果表明:塔里木河流域出山径流水体以硅酸盐岩的碳酸化溶滤水为主,离子类型为HCO3--Ca2+型,其次为SO42--(Ca2++Mg2+)混合型.南缘昆仑山/帕米尔高原各子流域的出山径流中,TDS(溶解性总固体)和离子总量的...     

黑河流域中游地区生态环境变化特征及驱动力

多角度分析黑河流域中游地区植被覆盖度时空变化特征,并建立基于演变过程的生态系统灰色关联度模型,分析生态环境变化的驱动因子.研究表明:1)1999~2008年,平原旱地、低覆盖草地、有林地年最大归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)增幅较大,达0.1~0.2,疏林地2004年后保持高速增长,年最大NDVI增幅0.208,增长了77.6%; 2)张临高盆地年最大植被覆盖度线性拟合年均增幅0.0063,生长季节平均植被覆盖度在小幅波动中呈现稳定增长趋势,拟合优度达0.74;甘州区生态治理成效最显著,年增长幅度集中在0.03~0.3;临泽县和高台县以增长为主,但局部过渡带地区下降幅度达0.1~0.3; 3)植被7~10月覆盖度呈现明显增长趋势,峰值从6~7月延迟到7~8月,2007年达0.39;植被覆盖度分级结构呈现优化趋势,极低覆盖度植被逐渐转化为低覆盖度植被,2007年相比2000年降低25%以上,高覆盖度植被1998~2008年间增长约16%; 4)根据3种植被覆盖度变化与各驱动因子关联分析,气象水文因子主要包括降雨量、蒸发量、径流量,最大关联度分别为0.91、-0.83、0.76,社会经济因子主要包括农作物播种面积、第一产业产值、农业科技水平,最大关联度分别为-0.81、0.78、0.81.     

GPM卫星降水数据在黑河流域的适用性评价

论文分别从时间和空间两个角度对GPM卫星降水数据在黑河流域适用性进行评价。以TRMM卫星的降水产品和气象观测站点实测的降水数据作为参考,选用相关系数（R）、均方根误差（RMSE）、相对误差（BIAS）、平均误差（ME）以及标准偏差（SD）多种统计分析指标进行精度评价。结果表明：1）GPM卫星降水数据具有与观测数据较好的一致性以及良好的时间模式;2）GPM卫星降水数据与观测数据之间有着较高的相关系数（R>0.72）以及较低的误差范围 （-0.59%~1.62%）;3）相比TRMM,GPM具有较低的均方根误差（RMSE<28.76）,尤其是对夏季降水,GPM具有相对更高的相关系数（R>0.76）和更小的相对误差（BIAS<1.14）;4）卫星估测降水量的精度与高程具有明显的相关性。总的来说,GPM卫星降水数据在地形复杂的干旱半干旱区域也能够具有较好的精度,能够较为准确地反映干旱半干旱地区的降水分布。     

潮白河流域1980—2013年平均水平衡特征研究

论文采用潮河、白河流域1980—2013年间气象、水文资料,基于水热耦合模型方法,分析了潮河、白河流域水循环要素相应于不同土地覆被类型结构变化和水平衡的特征。通过对未来10 a流域下垫面状况的预估,预测了未来变化环境条件下流域径流量的变化情况。研究对预测潮白河流域水资源变化特征、确保密云水库水资源安全具有重要意义。研究结果显示:该模型在潮、白河流域适用;在现有下垫面资料的基础上,利用林地面积和草地流域下垫面参数相结合的方法,对潮河流域和白河流域未来下垫面的变化分别做出了11种预测情景,并在11种情景的基础上预测两流域的未来10 a径流变化,结果显示潮河流域的径流深在26.47~53.55mm范围内波动,而白河流域的径流深在17.57~41.53 mm范围内变动。研究的创新点为,在对未来下垫面状况预测的基础上,利用水热耦合模型预测流域未来的可能径流状况。