灰分对高硫煤热解部分气化硫变迁的影响

采用分步脱除矿物质方法,对义马原煤及HCl,HCl-HF,HCl-HNO₃处理后煤样,分别在固定床反应器中考察了热解部分气化下硫的脱除规律.结果表明:一方面在热解过程中原煤及酸处理煤样H₂S和COS的析出均呈双峰趋势,其析出值主要受温度、原煤中灰分和HNO₃氧化作用;另一方面,在部分气化和酸处理后煤样热解半焦在600℃～900℃范围内硫脱除率可达50%～80%,800℃时,无机硫可完全脱除.而原煤热解半焦总硫,无机硫的脱除率在700℃时最大.气化温度的升高,加强了碱性矿物质的固硫作用,其结果是900℃气化时,总硫和无机硫脱除率降低.酸处理后有机硫含量基本保持不变,其噻吩结构只随碳骨架的气化而析出.     

流化床煤气炉炉内脱硫分析研究

硫在煤中以无机硫和有机硫的形式存在，在煤的气化过程中主要形成硫化氢，温度，气体环境和加热率都对煤所含硫的释放有影响。非催化气－固反应是清除热烟气中硫化氢的一种方法，常用脱硫有碱土金属合物，重金属氧化物，混合金属氧化物等。氧化锌及混合金属氧化物脱除硫化氢很有效但受温度限制钙其脱硫剂脱硫效率高，便宜，但有些涉及石灰石应用的总是值得注意。     

煤燃烧脱硫过程中影响无机矿物转化行为的因素

以合山煤(HS)和万盛煤(WS)为研究对象,分别讨论了当石灰石作固硫剂时钙硫比、温度等因素对固硫效率的影响;运用XRD测试手段,研究了不同脱硫条件对其灰渣产物矿相组成的影响规律,并利用CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂三元相图进行分析,从而初步揭示出煤燃烧脱硫过程中无机矿物质间的转化行为.实验表明:燃烧温度和钙硫比对固硫率及灰渣产物的矿相组成都具有很重要的影响.升高温度或提高Ca/S,能明显促进CaO与煤粉中无机成分间的固相反应,利于C₄AF、C₂AS、β-C₂S等矿物的形成,但大于1050℃后易使硬石膏发生分解,而引起固硫率下降.固硫产物中含硫矿物的形式与含量决定了不同温度下固硫效率.本实验中,石灰石对合山煤的最佳固硫条件为Ca/S＝2～3,t=850～900℃,此时固硫率高达90%左右.     

焦煤、塑料和粉尘共热解失重分析

在以N₂载气,其流量为30mL/min、升温速率为5℃/min、热解终温为1000℃的条件下,运用Setaram Lab-sysYM热重分析仪系统分析了塑料、冶金粉尘和焦煤的热解过程以及它们之间的相互影响.不同配比的塑料、冶金粉尘和焦煤混合热解过程分析表明:在低温段,煤和塑料热解产生大量活泼自由基,然后通过自由基内部重排或自由基间相互结合的方式稳定化,其中的硫元素主要形成气态硫化物(如H₂S、COS等),并与粉尘中的金属氧化物作用生成固态金属硫化物而固硫;高温段产生的H₂、CO及粉尘中所含有的C等增强了反应体系的还原性,加剧了粉尘中金属氧化物的还原气化,从而更有利于实现焦炭的有效脱硫可见,运用添加塑料、冶金粉尘到焦煤中的方法可以实现炼焦过程中的焦炭和煤气同时脱硫的双重效果.     

煤中硫及其脱除方法

1 煤中的硫煤中的硫主要以有机硫、黄铁矿硫及硫酸盐硫三种形态存在。有机硫与煤的碳氢化合物相化合,因此只有通过断裂化学键才能脱硫,而用常规的洗选技术不能达到脱硫目的。黄铁矿硫可以分成共生的和后生的两种,前者在煤中呈微细颗粒状分布,用一般的洗选技术难以脱除;后者则呈较大颗粒状分布,易于脱除。硫酸盐硫能溶解于水,去除简便,但其只占煤中硫含量的一小部分。有机硫分布相当均匀,而黄铁矿硫则变化很大。在低硫煤中,以有机硫为主。有机硫含量一般随黄铁矿硫含量的增高而升高,但并非以相同比例变化。煤燃烧前脱硫     

长焰煤低温干馏脱硫动力学实验

按照温度时间取样路线图,采用HYLZ-2型铝甑低温干馏炉热解东胜长焰煤,分析了热解方式、温度和时间对脱硫的影响,研究了恒速升温阶段和恒温阶段的动力学参数。结果表明:以5℃/min恒速从20℃升至245℃,有20%的硫从固态煤中析出;热解终温在460～510℃恒温320 min后,仍有60%～64%的硫留在固态煤焦中;恒速升温阶段的平均脱硫率活化能和平均脱硫率指前因子分别为30.23 k J/mol和35.51;恒温阶段的脱硫率活化能E和脱硫率指前因子自然对数ln A值分别为196.72 k J/mol和25.689。     

煤流化床气化的床内脱硫研究

在φ１００ｍｍ加压流化床气化装置上,进行了义马、大同、夏庄和南定４种煤及２种钙基脱硫剂的床内脱硫试验。结果表明,所选石灰石和白云做为床内脱硫剂是可行的,脱硫率随Ｃａ／Ｓ摩尔比增加而提高,比为３达最大值。操作压力对脱硫率的影响与床层温度和ＣＯ２分压是有关,反应处于脱硫剂煅烧不受压力影响,在非煅烧区脱硫率随压力而降低。原煤中全硫增加脱硫效率提高。本试验范围所得脱硫率５０－８５％。     

电石渣和铝土粉的高温燃烧脱硫特性及微观分析

研究了电石渣和铝土粉作为燃煤添加剂的高温脱硫特性及其微观反应机理，发现在1200℃下燃煤中同时添加电石渣和铝土粉时，低温硫析出峰与只添加电石渣时几乎一致，而高温硫析出峰则大大降低，从而使脱硫率由30．5％明显提高到45．19％．XRD和SEM分析表明：电石渣中富含的CaO以及铝土粉中富含的Al2O3，与燃煤固硫过程中生成的部分CaSO4在高温下反应生成了耐热物相“硫铝酸钙”，是钙铝基添加剂比单纯钙基具有更高脱硫率的最主要原因．另外铝土粉增强了电石渣燃煤固硫渣的熔融程度，从而使硅酸盐熔融物有更多机会将CaSO4等固硫产物包裹以抑制其高温分解，是它具有更高脱硫率的另一个原因．     

无烟煤脱硫特性试验研究

以石灰石为脱硫剂,对晋城高硫无烟煤的脱硫特性进行了试验研究．定性分析不同温度和钙硫摩尔比条件下,高硫无烟煤中硫的析出特性;给出不同条件下的脱硫率和钙利用率,确定了晋城无烟煤的最佳脱硫温度和钙硫摩尔比;并同长广高硫烟煤的析出特性和脱硫率进行了比较,发现晋城高硫无烟煤析出的硫份主要是低温段析出的,高温段析出的硫份基本上被脱硫剂脱除;在相同条件下,无烟煤的硫份先于长广烟煤析出,脱硫效果相对较差．     

BGL气化炉用于煤气化的环境效益

BGL气化炉是原料和气化产物对流流动的固定床气化炉(见图1)。煤和石灰助熔剂从顶部加入,蒸汽和氧气通过炉栅的间隙喷入燃料床的底部。在气化炉上部区域,煤被加热到500℃,煤在此脱除其挥发份,焦油、油类和酚类释放出来。另外,硫、氯和氮转化成H_zS、COS、HCl、NH_3和HCN。生成的半焦向下移动并被气化;煤中的灰分与助熔剂在～1900℃结合而形成熔渣。产品煤气从气化炉顶部逸出,急冷后     

造纸污泥燃烧、热解与孔结构特性实验研究

对造纸污泥、造纸污泥焦、煤、煤焦热重和压汞实验,以及燃烧、热解和孔结构进行特性分析。通过对实验现象和数据的处理与分析,得到了反应动力学参数和孔结构特性参数。热重实验显示,造纸污泥与煤基本都要经历加热、挥发份析出、挥发份着火及燃烧、固定碳着火及燃烧四个阶段。造纸污泥的燃烧、热解特性与煤有较大差异。造纸污泥在失重分解过程中挥发份所起作用远大于固定碳所起作用。得到了比孔容、比表面积、孔数与孔径分布的关系,造纸污泥、造纸污泥焦的孔隙率比煤、煤焦的大很多。造纸污泥的焦粒属于多孔介质,使得空气易于扩散到其中的气孔中,有利于燃烧。     

Heavy metal removal from aqueous solution using carbonaceous K2S-impregnated adsorbent

A novel carbonaceous adsorbent for heavy metal removal was prepared from raw coal by one-step simple sulfur impregnation using K2S. Raw coal was mixed with K2S powder and then heated at 800°C for 30 min in nitrogen to produce K2S char. The sulfur content and form in K2S char were determined, and the ability of K2S char to adsorb Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ was examined. The K2S impregnation was e ective at impregnating sulfur into coal, especially in the form of elemental, thiophenic and sulfatic sulfur. The sulfur content of K2S char was higher than those of raw coal and pyrolysis char. The Zn2+ removal in 2.4 mmol/L of Zn2+ solution by K2S char was higher than raw coal with the removal rate of 100%. K2S char adsorbed Pb2+ and Cd2+ in 24 mmol/L of Pb2+ and Cd2+ solution with the removal rate of 97% and 35%, respectively. The elution extents of adsorbed Pb2+ and Cd2+ were zero in distilled water and 27% in 0.1 mol/L HCl solution. These results indicated that an e ective adsorbent for heavy metal ions was prepared from coal using K2S sulfur impregnation, and that the adsorbed metals were strongly retained in K2S char.     

Heavy metals removal from aqueous solution using carbonaceous K_2S-impregnated adsorbent

A novel carbonaceous adsorbent for heavy metal removal was prepared from raw coal by one-step simple sulfur impregnation using K_2S. Raw coal was mixed with K_2S powder and then heated at 800℃ for 30 min in nitrogen to produce K_2S char. The sulfur content and form in K_2S char were determined, and the ability of K_2S char to adsorb Zn~(2+), Cd~(2+) and Pb~(2+) was examined. The K_2S impregnation was effective at impregnating sulfur into coal, especially in the form of elemental, thiophenic and sulfatic sulfur. The sulfur content of K_2S char was higher than those of raw coal and pyrolysis char. The Zn~(2+) removal in 2.4 mmol/L of Zn~(2+) solution by K_2S char was higher than raw coal with the removal rate of 100%. K_2S char adsorbed Pb~(2+) and Cd~(2+) in 24 mmol/L of Pb~(2+) and Cd~(2+) solution with the removal rate of 97 % and 35 %, respectively. The elution extents of adsorbed Pb~(2+) and Cd~(2+) were zero in distilled water and 27% in 0.1 mol/L HCl solution. These results indicated that an effective adsorbent for heavy metal ions was prepared from coal using K_2S sulfur impregnation, and that the adsorbed metals were strongly retained in K_2S char.     

用智能测硫仪测定水中可吸附有机硫

采用智能测硫仪,使吸附在活性炭上的有机硫在高温空气流中燃烧、分解、定量地转化为二氧化硫,用库仑滴定法测定。水中无机硫化物的干扰用乙酸铜均匀沉淀法去除。     

流化床煤部分气化、热解脱硫过程试验研究

在一小型流化床试验台上进行煤部分气化、热解脱硫过程的试验研究.该试验系统由启动燃烧室、流化床本体、灰循环子系统、加料子系统、排渣子系统、蒸汽发生子系统以及测量控制子系统等组成.流化床本体直径为0.1m,高为4.22m,采用烟气夹套加热的方法维持床体温度.试验结果如下:当风煤质量比从2.5增加到5.0时,脱硫效率先增加后降低;当汽煤比从0.45增加到0.63时,脱硫效率也是先增加后降低;钙硫比增加,脱硫效率增加;床温升高,脱硫效率增加.与此同时,还研究了石灰石种类对脱硫效率的影响,以及气化、热解效率与脱硫效率间的相互关系.     

Investigation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from coal gasification

The hazardous organic pollutants generated from coal gasification, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), are highly mutagenic and carcinogenic. More researchers have paid particular attention to them. Using air and steam as gasification medium, the experiments of three kinds of coals were carried out in a bench-scale atmospheric fluidized bed gasifier. The contents of the 16 PAHs specified by US EPA in raw coal, slag, bag house coke, cyclone coke and gas were measured by HPLC to study the contents of PAHs in raw coal and the effects of the inherent characters of coals on the formation and release of PAHs in coal gasification. The experimental results showed that the distributions of PAHs in the gasified products are similar to raw coals and the total-PAHs content in coal gasification is higher than in raw coal(except Coal C). The totaI-PAHs contents increase and then decrease with the rise of fixed carbon and sulfur of coal while there has an opposite variation when volatile matters content increase. The quantities of PAHs reduce with the increase of ash content or the drop of heating value during coal gasification.     

初温和终温对废轮胎热解产物分布影响

以热重分析和固定床热解实验为基础,研究初温和终温对废轮胎热解产率及气相产物特性影响。实验结果表明:废轮胎的热解过程存在两个主要失重过程,第一失重温度区间为200～500℃,第二失重温度区间为650～800℃;升温速率仅改变了热解的最大失重速率,并未改变废轮胎最终热解失重率。固定床实验表明:初始温度低于100℃时,废轮胎在800℃时热解已基本结束;当终温为800℃,初始温度在100～550℃范围内时,随着初始温度的提高,固、气两相产物产率均提高,而液相产物产率降低;其中气相中H2、CO、CH4的含量高于初始温度小于100℃时的含量;分析认为:可通过调节热解的初始温度调节废轮胎热解在不同热解阶段的时间分配,适当提高热解初始温度有利于提高整个热解过程中的时间利用效率、改变废轮胎热解产物的分布;废轮胎热解气化的最佳温度区间为500～800℃。     

Nitrogen removal from coal gasification wastewater by activated carbon technologies combined with short-cut nitrogen removal process

A system combining granular activated carbon and powdered activated carbon technologies along with shortcut biological nitrogen removal （GAC-PACT-SBNR） was developed to enhance total nitrogen （TN） removal for anaerobically treated coal gasification wastewater with less need for external carbon resources. The TN removal efficiency in SBNR was significantly improved by introducing the effluent from the GAC process into SBNR during the anoxic stage, with removal percentage increasing from 43.8%49.6% to 68.8%-75.8%. However, the TN removal rate decreased with the progressive deterioration of GAC adsorption. After adding activated sludge to the GAG compartment, the granular carbon had a longer service-life and the demand for external carbon resources became lower. Eventually, the TN removal rate in SBNR was almost constant at approx. 43.3%, as compared to approx. 20.0% before seeding with sludge. In addition, the production of some alkalinity during the denitrification resulted in a net savings in alkalinity requirements for the nitrification reaction and refractory chemical oxygen demand （COD） degradation by autotrophic bacteria in SBNR under oxic conditions. PACT showed excellent resilience to increasing organic loadings. The microbial community analysis revealed that the PACT had a greater variety of bacterial taxons and the dominant species associated with the three compartments were in good agreement with the removal of typical pollutants. The study demonstrated that pre-adsorption by the GAC-sludge process could be a technically and economically feasible method to enhance TN removal in coal gasification wastewater （CGW）.