Cogeneration in Developing Countries: Prospects and Problems

The analysis reveals that although cogeneration alone will not resolve power-shortage problems, it could produce more scheme in developing countries. The paper estimates the cogeneration potential in selected countries and identifies the technical, economic/financial and institutional issues of importance to cogeneration development in developing countries. The analysis reveals that although cogeneration alone will not resolve power-shortage problems, it could produce more than a 10% increase in the electricity-generation capacity in developing countries. Most of this potential is in the industrial sector and can be economically developed.     

Utilization of Subsurface Space in Developing Countries

This paper summarizes the subject matter covered at the United Nations Interregional Workshop on the Utilization of Subsurface Space convened in Stockholm, Sweden, 24–29 October 1982. The utilization of subsurface space has largely been confined to developed countries so far, and the purpose of the meeting was to focus attention upon its potential use in developing countries. Participants at the Workshop discussed the utilization of subsurface space in relation to the underground storage of food and commodities, water, petroleum and gas, and also energy production and utilization. Additional topics included transportation systems and public utilities. The implementation of such projects is discussed with respect to technology and technology transfer and to the economics of subsurface development. As capital, in particular, is a limited resource in developing countries, attention was devoted to the financing of such undertakings. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the conclusions reached with specific attention to the possible role of United Nations organizations in this increasingly important area. Cet article résume le sujet traité par le Groupe de travail interrégional des Nations Unies sur l'utilisation de l'espace souterrain qui s'est tenu à Stockholm, en Suède, du 24 au 29 octobre 1982. Ce n'est que dans les pays industriels qu'on a jusqu'à présent largement utilisé l'espace souterrain et le but de ce Groupe de travail a été d'attirer l'attention sur le potentiel qu'il représente dans les pays en développement. Les participants ont discuté de l'utilisation de l'espace souterrain dans le cadre du stockage d'aliments et de biens de consommation, de l'eau, du petrole et du gaz, et aussi de la production et l'utilisation de l'énergie. Ils ont également discuté d'autres sujets, tels que les transports souterrains et l'enfouissement des structures industrielles. De plus, l'article traite de la mise en oeuvre de ces projets en ce qui concerne leur technologie et les transferts de technologie ainsi que des aspects économiques de la mise en valeur de l'espace souterrain. Les ressources financières étant, en particulier, limitées dans les pays en développement, le Groupe de travail s'est attaché au mode de financement de telles entreprises. L'article se termine par une brève discussion des conclusions auxquelles sont parvenus les participants en étudiant le rôle possible des organismes des Nations Unies dans ce domaine dont l'importance s'accroît. Este articulo resume el tema tratado en el Seminario Interregional de las Naciones Unidas sobre la utilización del Espacio en Subsuelo que tuvo lugar en Estocolmo, Suecia, del 24 al 29 de octubre de 1982. El espacio en subsuelo ha sido mayormente utilizado sólo por los países en desarrollo por lo cual el propósito de la reunión fue enfocado al caso de los países en desarrollo. Los participantes en la reunión discutieron la utilización del espacio en subsuelo con relación al almacenamiento de alimentos y otros bienes, agua, petróleo y gas y tambien en relación con la producción y utilización de energía. Tópicos adicionales incluyeron los sistemas de transporte y servicio público. La ejécución de tales proyectos se discuten con respecto a la tecnología del desarrollo del subsuelo. Debido a que el capital es la particular en recurso limitado en los países en desarrollo, se dió atención al financiamiento de tales proyectos. El artículo termina con una discusión breve de las conclusiones de la reunión, en especial, aquellos que se refieron al posible rol de las organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas en este área de importancia creciente.     

Matching Water Supply Technology to the Needs and Resources of Developing Countries

Over the past decade the water supply and sanitation sector has seen the development of several appropriate low-cost technologies which are now being successfully introduced in many full-scale projects worldwide. The principal difficulties facing this sector relate to institutional development and project implementation strategies. This paper takes up questions of: (1) incompatibilities between the appropriate technologies and the institutions trying to implement them in the field, (2) tied-aid policies and their effect on the sector and (3) integration of the community participatory approach into government programmes. It also recommends measures for improving technology management and implementation strategies in low-income communities of the developing world.     

An Assessment of Future Energy Demand in Developing Countries

The statistical data show that the rapid growth in oil and energy demand in less-developed countries (LDCs) can be attributed to the rapid growth in gross domestic products (GDP) and the relatively high energy intensity in LDCs. The statistical analysis confirms that the GDP elasticities of aggregate energy and oil demand are high and the energy price elasticities are relatively low for the 15 LDCs studied. The projection shows that the future oil and aggregate energy demands are likely to increase at fairly rapid rates in LDCs. Furthermore, there are reasons to believe that these high growth rates may be sustained.     

Energy Planning in Developing Countries: The Role of Microcomputers

Microcomputers are beginning to be used for energy analysis in many developing countries, and have the potential for making a significant contribution to the resolution of difficult analytical and data problems, and to improving communications between analyst and decision-maker. Successful introduction of a microcomputer based on analytical capability, however, requires attention to several important factors in order to avoid the mistakes of the earlier mainframe computer era. This paper reviews the key issues of matching models to staff capabilities, of training, and of the operating environment, based on the author's first-hand experience with microcomputer projects in Uruguay, Haiti and Sri Lanka.     

Economics of Energy Conservation in Developing Countries and Analysis of Investment Incentives

This paper analyzes the economics of energy conservation in developing countries, compares the cost of energy conservation with the cost of enhancing domestic energy supply, and examines the effect of government investment incentive policies on the financial feasibility of energy conservation projects. A representative sample of 21 projects from six Indian industries shows that investing in energy conservation is more economical to a country than investing in domestic energy supply. Moreover, the nature of the conservation effort, i.e. housekeeping improvements, waste heat recovery or process change, is more important in determining the economics of energy conservation than is the type of industry. Analysis of government investment incentives shows that most of them are effective in making uneconomical energy conservation projects financially feasible and that the most effective incentive for the private investor to invest in energy conservation is the removal of fuel subsidies.     

我国开发太阳能的紧迫性与可行性对策研究

太阳能是一种具有无限性、无偿性、清洁性特征的自然能源,开发太阳能对缓解我国资源短缺、保护生态环境、促进生产力的可持续发展具有重要战略意义.分析了我国开发太阳能的紧迫性和可行性,探讨了我国太阳能开发的制约因素,提出了建设性的对策.     

四川省农村非农业用地的现状与问题

本文对四川省农村中非农业用地的现状和问题进行了探讨，提出了切实保护好耕地的建议。     

Petroleum Company Operations and Agreements in the Developing Countries

Book revewed in this article:
Petroleum Company Operations & Agreements in Developing Countries Author : Raymond F. Mikesell     

Continuing Issues in the Limitations of Pesticide Use in Developing Countries

The rationale for pesticide use in agriculture is that costs associated with pesticide pollution are to be justified by its benefits, but this is not so obvious. Valuing the benefits by simple economic analysis has increased pesticide use in agriculture and consequently produced pesticide-induced “public ills.” This paper attempts to explore the research gaps of the economic and social consequences of pesticide use in developing countries, particularly with an example of Nepal. We argue that although the negative sides of agricultural development, for example- soil, water, and air pollution; pest resistance and resurgence; bioaccumulation, bio-magnification; and loss of biodiversity and ecosystem resilience caused by the use of pesticides in agriculture, are “developmental problems” and are “unintentional,” the magnitude may be increased by undervaluing the problems in the analysis of its economic returns. Despite continuous effort for holistic system analyses for studying complex phenomena like pesticides impacts, the development within the academic science has proceeded in the opposite direction that might have accelerated marginalization of the third world subsistence agricultural communities. We hypothesize that, if these adversities are realized and accounted for, the benefits from the current use of pesticides could be outweighed by the costs of pollution and ill human health. This paper also illustrates different pathways and mechanisms for marginalization. In view of potential and overall negative impacts of pesticide use, we recommend alternative ways of controlling pests such as community integrated pest management (IPM) along with education and training activities. Such measures are likely to reduce the health and environmental costs of pesticide pollution, and also enhance the capabilities of third world agricultural communities in terms of knowledge, decision making, innovation, and policy change.     

我国农村耕地利用及保护对策

论述了当前我国土地资源利用中存在的耕地数量减少、耕地质量下降、土地利用结构和布局不合理、土地资源未能得到有效配置等问题，分析了这些问题产生的原因，并在此基础上提出了相应的耕地保护对策。     

西部地区农村人力资源的开发利用--对岩镇农村人力资源开发现状的调查分析

首先论述了农村人力资源开发的重要地位和作用,然后通过对西部地区雅安市对岩镇村人力资源状况的调查与分析,结合实际及当前经济发展的需要,就如何搞好对岩镇农村人力资源的开发以服务于地方经济,提出了一系列切实可行的措施,以供西部地区的类似小镇借鉴。     

The Role of the Private Sector in Providing Water in Developing Countries

The purpose of this article is to describe the role of the private sector in the supply of water in developing countries. In addition to citing some of the advantages to private supply, the paper discusses some of the objections to private provision, namely 'Natural Monopoly', 'Externalities', and the alleged inability to charge for water. It is concluded that the main obstacles to the private supply of water services are political rather than technical or financial, and that the French Affermage system (or variations thereon) seems to be suitable for many developing countries. There also appears to be considerable scope, in both towns and villages, for consumer co-operatives, and for the enhancement of water vending.     

朝阳市农村能源的开发利用

本文简述了朝阳市农村能源的种类、数量及能源消耗状况,分析了农村能源在供需过程中存在的主要问题,并提出了相应的防治对策。