粤西某市小容量河流水污染综合控制研究

对粤西某石化城河段几种主要污染物进行了容量计算，发现即使工业污染源全部达标，其水质状况与目标的差距仍较大，据此提出小容量河流的观点。为保护水环境，结合流域实际情况，本文提出改变以往单纯依靠工业污染源达标控制手段，而采用多手段相结合的综合管理模式来改善水环境的观点，并以中长期水环境规划年内目标值为依据，分析了本方法的有效性、经济性和可操作性，由此对其他具相似条件小容量河流的城市水环境管理起到借鉴性作用。     

常州市太湖流域水环境质量目标管理技术研究——控制单元水环境容量分配方法研究

本研究在控制单元划分的基础上,构建了控制单元内水环境容量三层分配体系。逐层建立评价指标体系,运用综合权重法逐层分配水环境容量。实现了不同类型污染源之间、不同点源之间的水环境容量分配,结合污染源排放现状,得出不同类型污染源及不同点源的污染负荷削减量,为水环境管理提供决策支持。     

北海市水环境容量核算与分区总量控制对策研究

水环境容量核算是城市水环境管理的基础。分析了北海市水环境特征的现状,通过划分陆域控制单元和对应水环境容量核算单元,根据设计水文条件及功能区水质目标等参数,综合选用一维河流非感潮河段容量计算模型、一维河流感潮河段容量计算模型核算了北海市各主要流域地表水水系的水环境容量。在此基础上,结合近海海洋环境容量,核算各控制单元点、面源负荷排放量,分析了北海市基于控制单元分区的可利用水环境容量空间分布特征,并提出了容量资源分区控制利用对策建议。     

江苏如皋经济开发区的水环境质量与环境容量浅析

根据如皋市的第一次全国污染源普查结果,以及水环境质量例行监测数据及相关水文资料,应用水环境容量测算模型,对江苏如皋经济开发区的水环境容量进行了测算。结果表明,该区CODcr排放强度已明显超出理论水环境容量,水环境质量未达到相应功能区的要求。为此,必须采取节能减排、产业结构优化、污染集中处理等综合措施加以改善。     

基于MIKE11的江南平原河网动态水环境容量分析

传统水环境容量以90%保证率下的设计枯水流量作为计算条件,存在水文计算条件单一、计算结果固定等局限性,不能很好地表征水流方向不定、产汇流过程复杂、污染负荷分散的江南平原河网的水环境容量。以宜兴市官林镇水系为研究对象,基于MIKE11水质模型计算河网控制单元水环境容量,以探究江南平原河网水环境容量的动态特性。结果表明：MIKE11模型法下官林控制单元COD、氨氮和总磷月均水环境容量为-152.80、0.92和-1.69 t;桐梓控制单元COD、氨氮和总磷月均水环境容量为220.23、4.49和1.45 t;皇新控制单元COD、氨氮和总磷月均水环境容量为15.42、0.90和0.14 t,呈现出明显动态特征。代表河道水环境容量与流量流速等水文要素有密切关系,市镇级等水质达标河道水环境容量与流速呈正相关,村级等未达标河道水环境容量与流速呈负相关。本研究可为平原河网水环境保护与管理提供重要参考和新思路。     

城市河流水质常规评价技术研究

运用综合水质标识指数法,对我国河流水质评价面临的关键技术问题,包括水质评价方法、水质评价项目,水质级别评价,水环境功能区达标评价、水质定性评价、河流及水系整体水质比较、水质随时间和空间变化等作了明确界定,并介绍了在上海河流水质评价中的应用。     

海门市重点污染源周围水环境现状调查

海门市环境监测站于2003年12月和2004年8月，对重点污染源周围水环境作了统一监测。结果表明，一级河流自净能力强，全年水质较好。几条框河部分断面受到综合污染的威胁，有机物含量偏高。泯沟和横河水质一般，但存在着企业对其影响，不容忽视。提出推行清洁生产，加快城镇生活污水处理厂建设，对水体自净能力差的河流定期疏浚。     

基于时序蒙特卡罗方法的某铬盐场污染地下水泄漏风险

突发性污染地下水泄漏对周围水环境的影响具有重要研究意义。借鉴时序蒙特卡罗(SMC)方法来模拟污染源运行状态,并结合相应的河流水质模型,对污染地下水泄漏后造成的河流水质超标风险概率进行研究;利用健康风险评价模型,对污染物泄漏时水环境造成的人体健康风险进行评价。以某铬盐场为例验证该方法的稳定性和实用性。结果表明,该场地受污染的地下水对人体健康产生的危害程度为中级,其超标风险概率随模拟时间的增加而趋于稳定。     

千岛湖“城中湖”废水允排量计算和富营养化防治对策

根据千岛湖“城中湖”水域的监测资料、水文资料,运用湖泊推流衰减模式得到“城中湖”的降解系数K,KCOD、KTP、KTN分别为0.0011、0.0015d、0.0010d-1。选择质量平衡方程作为水环境容量的计算模型,分别以COD、TP和TN为控制因子,计算“城中湖”的水环境容量,并根据排入“城中湖”的污染源数据,得到“城中湖”废水的允排量。针对“城中湖”的污染现状,提出了防治水体富营养化的措施和建议。     

影响杭州市水环境功能区达标的主要因素分析

通过对杭州市区１９９９年水环境质量现状监测分析,对影响杭州市水环境功能区达标的因素进行了分析和辨别,指出达标难点在运河和城市内河,并结合实际情况提出了具体的治理措施。     

Management of marine cage aquaculture

Goal, Scope and Background Marine cage aquaculture produces a large amount of waste that is released directly into the environment. To effectively manage the mariculture environment, it is important to determine the carrying capacity of an aquaculture area. In many Asian countries trash fish is dominantly used in marine cage aquaculture, which contains more water than pellet feed. The traditional nutrient loading analysis is for pellet feed not for trash fish feed. So, a more critical analysis is necessary in trash fish feed culturing areas. Methods Corresponding to FCR (feed conversion rate), dry feed conversion rate (DFCR) was used to analyze the nutrient loadings from marine cage aquaculture where trash fish is used. Based on the hydrodynamic model and the mass transport model in Xiangshan Harbor, the relationship between the water quality and the waste discharged from cage aquaculture has been determined. The environmental carrying capacity of the aquaculture sea area was calculated by applying the models noted above. Results Nitrogen and phosphorus are the water quality parameters considered in this study. The simulated results show that the maximum nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were 0.216 mg/L and 0.039 mg/L, respectively. In most of the sea area, the nutrient concentrations were higher than the water quality standard. The calculated environmental carrying capacity of nitrogen and phosphorus in Xiangshan Harbor were 1,107.37 t/yr and 134.35 t/yr, respectively. The waste generated from cage culturing in 2000 has already exceeded the environmental carrying capacity. Discussion Unconsumed feed has been identified as the most important origin of all pollutants in cage culturing systems. It suggests the importance of increasing the feed utilization and improving the feed composition on the basis of nutrient requirement. For the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry, it is an effective management measure to keep the stocking density and pollution loadings below the environmental carrying capacity. Conclusions The DFCR-based nutrient loadings analysis indicates, in trash fish feed culturing areas, that it is more critical and has been proved to be a valuable loading calculation method. The modeling approach for Xiangshan Harbor presented in this paper is a cost-effective method for assessing the environmental impact and determining the capacity. Carrying capacity information can give scientific suggestions for the sustainable management of aquaculture environments. Recommendations and Perspectives It has been proved that numerical models were convenient tools to predict the environmental carrying capacity. The development of models coupled with dynamic and aquaculture ecology is a requirement of further research. Such models can also be useful in monitoring the ecological impacts caused by mariculture activities. ESS-Submission Editor: Hailong Wang (hailong.wang@ensisjv.com)     

Spatial distribution and source apportionment of water pollution in different administrative zones of Wen-Rui-Tang (WRT) river watershed, China

Water quality degradation in river systems has caused great concerns all over the world. Identifying the spatial distribution and sources of water pollutants is the very first step for efficient water quality management. A set of water samples collected bimonthly at 12 monitoring sites in 2009 and 2010 were analyzed to determine the spatial distribution of critical parameters and to apportion the sources of pollutants in Wen-Rui-Tang (WRT) river watershed, near the East China Sea. The 12 monitoring sites were divided into three administrative zones of urban, suburban, and rural zones considering differences in land use and population density. Multivariate statistical methods [one-way analysis of variance, principal component analysis (PCA), and absolute principal component score—multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) methods] were used to investigate the spatial distribution of water quality and to apportion the pollution sources. Results showed that most water quality parameters had no significant difference between the urban and suburban zones, whereas these two zones showed worse water quality than the rural zone. Based on PCA and APCS-MLR analysis, urban domestic sewage and commercial/service pollution, suburban domestic sewage along with fluorine point source pollution, and agricultural nonpoint source pollution with rural domestic sewage pollution were identified to the main pollution sources in urban, suburban, and rural zones, respectively. Understanding the water pollution characteristics of different administrative zones could put insights into effective water management policy-making especially in the area across various administrative zones.     

太湖湖滨带的缓冲效果

在以农田．防护林．鱼塘为主的农业缓冲带一宜兴周铁太湖湖滨带内,比较和分析了不同降水时期和不同鱼塘排水时期湖滨带的缓冲效果。结果显示湖滨带的主要污染物是有机污染物、TN和Chla,尤其是有机污染物;TP污染相对较轻,NH4＋-N和BOD5污染很少。太湖湖滨带对N、P、COD等指标均有一定的缓冲效果,但对不同指标的缓冲能力不同,其中对N的缓冲效果更为明显。除COD外,湖滨带出水口基本可以达到IV类水水平。同时,强降雨导致大量污染物进入水体,导致水体污染物输出浓度显著增高,最为突出的是TN、TP和有机污染物。在垂直于太湖段,除NO3--N和NO2--N浓度略微下降外,其他水质指标均呈上升趋势。因此,该湖滨带的缓冲能力不足以净化来自地表和鱼塘的污染物质。在平行于太湖段。除NO3--N和NO2--N浓度逐步增高外,其他水质指标均呈下降趋势,说明包括河流在内的整个湖滨带的缓冲能力较高,净化作用大于湖滨带纳入的污染物质,缓冲效果好。鱼塘排水对水体的影响非常明显,这种影响大概可以持续2周左右。通过对不同时期的采样结果进行显著性分析,发现COD差异性不显著,且含量高,即有机污染物在各时期都是主要污染物。在鱼塘放水时期（已进入冬季）,各指标下的采样点之间均不显著,湖滨带的缓冲作用较低。     

长三角示范区饮用水水源水质安全与实体性制度协同立法

在对长三角生态绿色一体化发展示范区(以下简称示范区)饮用水水源保护所涉立法和实务部门进行广泛调研的基础上,研究和探讨了示范区饮用水水源的立法现状与水质状况、水质安全问题的主要成因、协同立法的理论基础和有利条件,并就协同立法的形式选择和核心内容提出了具体建议.研究发现,水质安全与相关实体性制度的构建是示范区饮用水水源保护...     

沉积物与水间相互作用的研究进展

本文综述了沉积物／水之间的相互作用的研究进展,主要讨论了污染物在沉积物／水界面间的物质传输：水体中污染物在颗粒物上的吸附作用;与沉积物相关的水质、健康和管理等方面的问题     

New indicator approaches for effective urban air quality management

Measurements of urban air quality at monitoring stations in developed countries have frequently involved the criteria gaseous pollutants, particulates, hazardous air pollutants, perceived air quality and relevant meteorological conditions. Large numbers of indicators have therefore been established to quantify emissions, concentrations and environmental and human health impacts of each of these groups of substances. To simplify the data for management, several indicators have been grouped together to form urban air quality indices but the weightings of individual variables is contentious. In industrialising and developing countries, data may be limited and traditional air pollutant indicators cannot often be constructed. The emphasis therefore has to be placed on the development of policy-relevant indicators, such as Response Indicators that reflect different policy principles for regulating air pollutant emissions. Indices that quantify the air quality management capabilities and capacities at the city level provide further useful decision-relevant tools. Four sets of indices, namely, 1. air quality measurement capacity, 2. data assessment and availability, 3. emissions estimates, and 4. management enabling capabilities, and a composite index to evaluate air quality management capability, were constructed and applied to 80 cities. The indices revealed that management capability varied widely between the cities. In some of the cities, existing national knowledge on urban air quality could have been more effectively used for management. It was concluded that for effective urban air quality management, a greater emphasis should be given, not just to monitoring and data capture programmes, but to the development of indicators and indices that empower decision-makers to initiate management response strategies. Over-reliance on restricted, predetermined sets of traditional air quality indicators should be avoided.     

The role of biogeochemical hotspots,landscape heterogeneity,and hydrological connectivity for minimizing forestry effects on water quality

Protecting water quality in forested regions is increasingly important as pressures from land-use, long-range transport of air pollutants, and climate change intensify. Maintaining forest industry without jeopardizing sustainability of surface water quality therefore requires new tools and approaches. Here, we show how forest management can be optimized by incorporating landscape sensitivity and hydrological connectivity into a framework that promotes the protection of water quality. We discuss how this approach can be operationalized into a hydromapping tool to support forestry operations that minimize water quality impacts. We specifically focus on how hydromapping can be used to support three fundamental aspects of land management planning including how to (i) locate areas where different forestry practices can be conducted with minimal water quality impact; (ii) guide the off-road driving of forestry machines to minimize soil damage; and (iii) optimize the design of riparian buffer zones. While this work has a boreal perspective, these concepts and approaches have broad-scale applicability.     

区域污染物总量控制动态化管理技术应用研究

在对近十年江苏省扬州市社会经济环境方面几十个指标上万个数据进行科学分析的基础上,揭示出区域污染物总量控制与社会、经济、环境建设和发展相关联性,总量控制具有宏观性.区域污染物总量可纳入各级政府和相关部门行政首长政绩考核中.首次建立区域污染物总量控制考核指标体系水平等级的评定模式和动态管理的应用技术.该成果不仅为城乡可持续发展奠定了基础,也为区域实现污染物总量控制动态化、规范化管理提供技术支撑和启示.     

Impact of land use changes on water quality in headwaters of the Three Gorges Reservoir

The assessment of spatial and temporal variation of water quality influenced by land use is necessary to manage the environment sustainably in basin scales. Understanding the correlations between land use and different formats of nonpoint source nutrients pollutants is a priority in order to assess pollutants loading and predicting the impact on surface water quality. Forest, upland, paddy field, and pasture are the dominant land use in the study area, and their land use pattern status has direct connection with nonpoint source (NPS) pollutant loading. In this study, two land use scenarios (1995 and 2010) were used to evaluate the impact of land use changes on NPS pollutants loading in basins upstream of Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), using a calibrated and validated version of the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model. The Pengxi River is one of the largest tributaries of the Yangtze River upstream of the TGR, and the study area included the basins of the Dong and Puli Rivers, two major tributaries of the Pengxi River. The results indicated that the calibrated SWAT model could successfully reproduce the loading of NPS pollutants in the basins of the Dong and Puli Rivers. During the 16-year study period, the land use changed markedly with obvious increase of water body and construction. Average distance was used to measure relative distribution patterns of land use types to basin outlets. Forest was mainly distributed in upstream areas whereas other land use types, in particular, water bodies and construction areas were mainly distributed in downstream areas. The precipitation showed a non-significant influence on NPS pollutants loading; to the contrary, interaction between precipitation and land use were significant sources of variation. The different types of land use change were sensitive to NPS pollutants as well as land use pattern. The influence of background value of soil nutrient on NPS pollutants loading was evaluated in upland and paddy field. It was found that total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP) in upland were more sensitive to NPS pollutants loading than in paddy fields. The results of this study have implications for management of the TGR to reduce the loading of NPS pollutants into downstream water bodies.     

水环境数学模型的研究进展

在作者多年研究工作和查阅大量文献资料的基础上,本文综述了环境数学模型国内外的研究现状、发展历史及未来趋势。重点介绍了这方面研究的最新进展。该文还介绍了本领域所涉及的理论和实际应用问题,提出了今后值得进行研究的若干前沿课题,给出了60余篇关于水环境数学模型研究的主要参考文献目录。