The spectral sensitivity of a passerine bird is highest in the UV

The work was supported by a grant from the DFG, SFB 4, E6.     

NOx和/或NH3气氛下SO2在高岭土表面非均相转化的实验研究

利用自制气溶胶反应器研究了NO_x和/或NH_3气氛下SO_2在高岭土表面的非均相转化过程,应用扫描电镜(SEM)对高岭土颗粒物形貌进行了表征.结果表明:高岭土颗粒表面的SO_2非均相转化致使其成分和形貌产生了较大变化.相同实验条件下,SO_2转化的协同作用程度由高到低依次为NH_3、NO_x/NH_3和NO_x气氛,相对湿度40%、有光照条件下,SO_2转化量增幅最高可分别达125%、75%和50%.所有气氛下,协同作用在无光照时在高相对湿度(40%~70%)区间更为突出,有光照时其显著性则体现在低相对湿度(20%~40%)区间.SO_2、NO_x、NH_3三者共存时,在高岭土颗粒表面发生的非均相反应过程既有协同作用又存在竞争反应.     

鱼腥藻在满江红-鱼腥藻共生体系去除水中铀时的作用

通过分离有藻满江红中的鱼腥藻,获得无藻满江红和鱼腥藻.采用水培试验的方法分别研究了无藻满江红、有藻满江红和鱼腥藻对水中铀的去除行为,并采用红外光谱技术分析了它们富集铀前后化学基团的变化.结果表明,对于初始浓度分别为2.5和5.0 mg·L-1的铀溶液,在有藻满江红的作用下,分别经过27和36 d生物富集后浓度能降低至GB 23727-2009规定的0.05 mg·L-1排放标准以下,而在无藻满江红和鱼腥藻的作用下,铀浓度无法达到排放标准.相对于无藻满江红,鱼腥藻提高了有藻满江红对水中铀的富集量、富集系数及对铀的抗胁迫能力,从而提高了有藻满江红对水中铀的去除效率.红外分析表明,在富集铀后,与无藻满江红相比,有藻满江红体内出现了芳环和醇类或苷类化合物,而这些新的物质是鱼腥藻在富集铀的过程中产生的,其可能促进了有藻满江红对铀的富集.     

Evidence of earliest human occurrence in Europe: the site of Pirro Nord (Southern Italy)

Some flint lithic artifacts were discovered in the fissure fillings of the well-known Pirro Nord site (Apulia, Southern Italy). The lithic industry, composed by three cores and some flakes, has been found to be associated to an Early Pleistocene vertebrate fossil assemblage. The fossil association contains a wide range of micromammals, including Allophaiomys ruffoi and Episoriculus gibberodon and large mammals including Bison degiulii and Equus altidens together with African elements as the gelada baboon Theropithecus and the saber-toothed cat Megantereon whitei. It defines the latest Villafranchian chronological unit (Pirro Nord Faunal Unit) in the Western European mammal biochronology. The lithic industry of Pirro Nord represents the oldest occurrence of the genus Homo in Europe as it is attributable to a chronological interval between 1.3 and 1.7 Ma. This supports the hypothesis that the genus Homo, with Oldowaian technology, extended its range in Europe, probably from western Asia, during the first half of the Early Pleistocene. The new discovery from Pirro Nord changes the chronology of the first arrival of hominids in Europe and offers new perspectives in the debate about the human dispersal in the Early Pleistocene.     

The European land leech: biology and DNA-based taxonomy of a rare species that is threatened by climate warming

The European land leech Xerobdella lecomtei was discovered in 1868 and is one of the rarest animals on Earth. During the 1960s, several individuals of these approx. 40 mm long, cold-adapted terrestrial annelids that inhabit the moist soils of birch forests around Graz, Austria, were investigated. Only one original research paper has been published on the biology of this species. Between 2001 and 2005, we re-investigated the morphology of preserved specimens and searched for living individuals in their natural habitat that appeared to be intact. We found only one juvenile individual (length approx. 10 mm), indicating that this local leech population became largely extinct over the past four decades. The feeding behaviour of our ‘lonesome George of the annelids’ was studied and is described here in detail. After its death, the Xerobdella individual was used for chemical extraction and molecular studies (deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA] barcoding, based on one gene, the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I). In addition, novel DNA barcodes for a land leech from Madagascar and a recently discovered species from Europe were obtained. Our phylogenetic tree shows that X. lecomtei is not a member of the tropical land leeches (family Haemadipsidae), as previously thought, but represents a separate line of descent (family Xerobdellidae). The decline of the local leech population around Graz correlates with a rise in average summer temperatures of +3°C between 1961 and 2004. This warming led to a drastic reduction in the moisture content of the soil where X. lecomtei lives. We suggest that human-induced climate change without apparent habitat destruction can lead to the extinction of populations of cold-adapted species that have a low colonization ability.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域不同水体氢氧同位素特征

研究黄土丘陵沟壑区不同水体间同位素特征及水体转化关系,可以更好了解黄土丘陵沟壑区水循环特征,为评价区域环境、气候、生态建设和水资源形成机制提供依据.通过野外采集2017年整年生态建设治理条件良好的韭园沟研究区降水、河水及浅层地下水中δD和δ18O日及月平均数据及相关气象资料,运用稳定同位素技术,分析了不同水体中稳定氢氧同位素的组成关系、影响因子及时空变化,结合二端元混合模型揭示了研究区不同水体中稳定同位素间转化特征.结果显示:河水氘盈余参数在观测期间内呈现出随海拔升高而增大的趋势,河水δ18O值随着距河源距离的增大而富集,随着高度的递增而降低;气温、风速、相对湿度和降水量对大气降水氢氧同位素值均影响显著;河水在非汛期表现为降水和浅层地下水补给河水,比例分别为46%和54%,在汛期为河水和降水补给浅层地下水,比例分别为60%和40%.表明研究区"降水-河水-浅层地下水"间具有良好转化关系,生态建设措施的实施对小流域不同水体转化产生了一定影响.通过以上结果可为流域水资源开发保护及流域生态水文过程研究提供帮助,为建立黄土丘陵沟壑区流域水循环模型提供依据.     

太湖蓝藻水华期间水体和底泥中产毒微囊藻与非产毒微囊藻种群丰度研究

运用实时荧光定量PCR(Quantitative real-time PCR,QPCR)技术研究了太湖蓝藻水华期间不同湖区水体和底泥中产毒微囊藻与总微囊藻种群丰度.结果表明,湖区间产毒微囊藻种群和总微囊藻种群丰度明显不同:在水体中,竺山湾(N5)和梅梁湾(N2)产毒微囊藻和总微囊藻种群丰度高于贡湖湾(N4)和湖心(S4...     

Model-based evaluation on the conversion ratio of ammonium to nitrite in a nitritation process for ammonium-rich wastewater treatment

Modeling for nitritation process was discussed and analyzed quantitatively for the factors that influence nitrite accumulation. The results indicated that pH, inorganic carbon source and Hydraulic Retention Time(HRT) as well as biomass concentration are the main factors that influenced the conversion ratio of ammonium to nitrite. A constant high pH can lead to a high nitritation rate and results in high conversion ratio on condition that free ammonia inhibition do not happen. In a CSTR system, without pH control, this conversion ratio can be monitored by pH variation in the reactor. The pH goes down far from the inlet level means a strongly nitrite accumulation. High concentration of alkalinity can promoted the conversion ratio by means of accelerating the nitritation rate through providing sufficient inorganic carbon source(carbon dioxide). When inorganic carbon source was depleted, the nitritation process stopped. HRT adjustment could be an efficient way to make the nitritation system run more flexible, which to some extent can meet the requirements of the fluctuant of inlet parameters such as ammonium concentration, pH, and temperature and so on. Biomass concentration is the key point, especially for a CSTR system in steady state, which was normally circumscribed by the characteristics of bacteria and may also affected by aeration mode and can be increased by prolonging the HRT on the condition of no nitrate accumulation when no recirculation available. The higher the biomass concentration is, the better the nitrite accumulation can be obtained. accumulation     

Contribution of anadromous fish to the diet of European catfish in a large river system

Many anadromous fish species, when migrating from the sea to spawn in fresh waters, can potentially be a valuable prey for larger predatory fish, thereby efficiently linking these two ecosystems. Here, we assess the contribution of anadromous fish to the diet of European catfish (Silurus glanis) in a large river system (Garonne, southwestern France) using stable isotope analysis and allis shad (Alosa alosa) as an example of anadromous fish. Allis shad caught in the Garonne had a very distinct marine δ¹³C value, over 8‰ higher after lipid extraction compared to the mean δ¹³C value of all other potential freshwater prey fish. The δ¹³C values of European catfish varied considerably between these two extremes and some individuals were clearly specializing on freshwater prey, whereas others specialized on anadromous fish. The mean contribution of anadromous fish to the entire European catfish population was estimated to be between 53% and 65%, depending on the fractionation factor used for δ¹³C.     

Convergent evolution in the antennae of a cerambycid beetle, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Onychocerus albitarsis,</Emphasis> and the sting of a scorpion

Venom-injecting structures have arisen independently in unrelated arthropods including scorpions, spiders, centipedes, larval owlflies and antlions, and Hymenoptera (wasps, ants, and bees). Most arthropods use venom primarily as an offensive weapon to subdue prey, and only secondarily in defense against enemies. Venom is injected by biting with fangs or stinging with a specialized hypodermic structure used exclusively for the delivery of venom (usually modified terminal abdominal segments). A true sting apparatus, previously known only in scorpions and aculeate wasps, is now known in a third group. We here report the first known case of a cerambycid beetle using its antennae to inject a secretion that causes cutaneous and subcutaneous inflammation in humans. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the terminal antennal segment of Onychocerus albitarsis (Pascoe) has two pores opening into channels leading to the tip through which the secretion is delivered. This is a novel case of convergent evolution: The delivery system is almost identical to that found in the stinger of a deadly buthid scorpion.     

Community fire use,resource change,and livelihood impacts: The downward spiral in the wetlands of southern Sumatra

Fire is an important community wetland management tool in Indonesia, but its increasing use in the wetlands of southern Sumatra is degrading the landscape and diminishing household incomes and livelihood options. We studied evolving community land and fire use, resource and livelihood impacts on two sites of roughly 250 km² each using satellite image analysis and biological and socio-economic surveys. Uncontrolled fire use expanded over time in relation to sonor or swamp rice cultivation, logging, fishing, grazing, and annual cropping on drained wetlands. As a result, most of the landscape has been subject to repeated fires of varying intensities, more extensive in El Niño years. Direct burning by companies played a smaller transitory role in fire ignition over the two decades. But company activities and other large-scale developments contributed to expanding community fire-based land use by bringing in more people, improving access to remote wetlands or making them more flammable. Widespread, repeated fires have transformed the landscape from mature high swamp forests to uniform stands of fire-resistant Gelam (Melaleuca cajuputi) forests and thickets, open savannas and grasslands. These new types of land cover are also degrading. Local communities have rapidly adapted to the changing resources and new opportunities. Logging and fishing declined in importance, and sonor and harvesting of Gelam expanded. But resource depletion has led to falling incomes and fewer livelihood options. The impacts extend beyond local areas as workers migrate into neighbouring forests to extract resources. Large-scale developments, community fire-based management practices and landscape transformation are spreading from accessible to formerly more remote wetlands.     

The energetic costs of stereotyped behavior in the paper wasp, Polistes dominulus

Polistes wasps engage in many behavioral interactions. Although there has been debate over the meaning of these interactions, these stereotypical behaviors can be used to determine a colony’s linear dominance hierarchy. Due to the implicit relationship between behavioral and reproductive dominance, behavioral interactions are commonly used to distinguish the reproductively dominant alpha foundress from the beta foundress. It has been suggested that in order to maintain reproductive control, the alpha foundress is forced to remain at a physiologically constrained activity limit. This, in turn, may allow aggressive interactions to be used as determinants influencing reproductive partitioning between cooperating individuals. Energetic costs can place important limitations on behavior, but the energetic cost of the interactions has not previously been measured. To address this, we measured the CO₂ production of 19 non-nestmate pairs displaying interactive and noninteractive behavior. The rate of energy used during interaction behavior was positively associated with published rankings of aggression. However, our results indicate that interactions are not very energetically costly in Polistes, particularly when compared to the likely cost of foraging. These data suggest that maintaining reproductive dominance is not very energetically expensive for the dominant and that the dominant foundress expends energy at a lower rate than the subordinate foundress. Electronic Supplementary Material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

基于地下水中四环素去除的缓释剂构建及其性能

为了有效去除地下水中抗生素等有机污染物,本文首次提出有序介孔氧化锰（O-MnO_x）为活性催化剂和过硫酸钠（Na₂S₂O₈）为氧化剂制备活化过硫酸钠缓释剂,并将其用于地下水中四环素的降解修复过程.通过有序O-MnO_x与H₂O₂和Na₂S₂O₈构建的两种类芬顿催化反应体系,明确了O-MnO_x对过硫酸钠的活化及其对水中四环素优异的降解性能.以O-MnO_x与Na₂S₂O₈为活性组分制备的缓释剂在地下水中可以缓慢释放过硫酸根离子.缓释剂中O-MnO_x加入比例增加,其释放性能减弱,而Na₂S₂O₈加入比例减少,过硫酸根释放速率就会加快.O-MnO_x可以活化过硫酸根溶...     

中国重型柴油车后处理技术研究进展

我国柴油车（尤其是重型柴油车）污染问题突出,亟须重点控制.为此,对我国重型柴油车后处理技术的主要研究进展进行了综述与展望.结果显示:我国自柴油车国Ⅳ标准实施以来,后处理技术已经成为柴油车尾气污染控制的必备技术.目前发展出的主要后处理技术包括用于控制CO和HC排放的柴油机氧化催化剂（DOC）、用于控制PM排放的柴油颗粒捕集器（DPF）、用于控制NO_x排放的选择性催化还原技术（SCR）.我国国Ⅳ和国Ⅴ阶段主要采用SCR技术路线控制重型柴油车污染排放,而国Ⅵ阶段严苛的标准要求为柴油车污染物排放控制带来巨大挑战,需要将多种后处理技术进行耦合,并且需要将后处理系统与发动机系统进行融合.除柴油车新车外,我国在用柴油车也需要有针对性地开展污染治理,主要涉及NO_x和PM高效协同减排技术和排放在线监管技术.      

闽江河口互花米草海向入侵对湿地土壤nirS型反硝化微生物群落结构及多样性的影响

2020年秋季,在闽江河口鳝鱼滩东部的互花米草分布区,由陆向海方向选择互花米草海向入侵前的光滩(MF)、入侵1～2年的互花米草湿地(SAN)和入侵6～7年的互花米草湿地(SA)为研究对象.基于高通量测序技术,探讨了互花米草海向入侵对土壤nir S型反硝化微生物群落结构及多样性的影响.结果表明,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)均是互花米草不同入侵阶段土壤中nir S型反硝化微生物的优势门(90.41%～97.36%),其次是厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria),三者在SAN和MF土壤中的丰度均与SA存在显著差异(p<0.05).不同入侵阶段土壤中共有的nir S型反硝化细菌属为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、偶氮弧菌属(Azoarcus)、陶厄氏菌属(Thauera)、Sulfurifustis属、副球菌属(Paracoccus)、鲁杰氏菌属(Ruegeria)、红肠命菌属(Rubrivivax)、趋磁螺菌属(Magnetospirillum)和福格斯氏菌属(Vogesella),其中,假单胞菌属是...     

Salt glands in the Jurassic metriorhynchid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Geosaurus</Emphasis>: implications for the evolution of osmoregulation in Mesozoic marine crocodyliforms

The presence of salt-excreting glands in extinct marine sauropsids has been long suspected based on skull morphology. Previously, we described for the first time the natural casts of salt-excreting glands in the head of the Jurassic metriorhynchid crocodyliform Geosaurus araucanensis from the Tithonian of the Vaca Muerta Formation in the Neuquén Basin (Argentina). In the present study, salt-excreting glands are identified in three new individuals (adult, a sub-adult and a juvenile) referable to the same species. New material provides significant information on the salt glands form and function and permit integration of evolutionary scenarios proposed on a physiological basis in extant taxa with evidence from the fossil record. G. araucanensis represents an advanced stage of the basic physiological model to marine adaptations in reptiles. G. araucanensis salt glands were hypertrophied. On this basis, it can be hypothesized that these glands had a high excretory capability. This stage implies that G. araucanensis (like extant pelagic reptiles, e.g. cheloniids) could have maintained constant plasma osmolality even when seawater or osmoconforming prey were ingested. A gradual model of marine adaptation in crocodyliforms based on physiology (freshwater to coastal/estuarine to estuarine /marine to pelagic life) is congruent with the phylogeny of crocodyliforms based on skeletal morphology. The fossil record suggests that the stage of marine pelagic adaptation was achieved by the Early Middle Jurassic. Salt gland size in the juvenile suggests that juveniles were, like adults, pelagic.     

Present status and changes of the phytoplankton community after invasion of Neosalanx taihuensis since 1982 in a deep oligotrophic plateau lake, Lake Fuxian in the subtropical China

Phytoplankton assemblages in the subtrophical oligotrophic Lake Fuxian, the second deepest lake in China, were investigated monthly from September 2002 to August 2003. A total of 113 species belonging to seven phyla were identified, among them, a filamentous green alga, Mougeotia sp., dominated almost throughout the study period and comprised most of the total phytoplankton biomass.Mougeotia sp. has made a substantial development during the past decades: it was absent in 1957, only occasionally present in 1983,increased substantially in 1993, and became predominant in 2002--2003. It is likely that natural invasion of the Taihu Lake noodlefish (Neosalanx taihuensis) has led to a change of dominant herbivorous zooplankton from small to large calanoid, which has increased grazing pressure on small edible algae, and thus has indirectly favored the development of the inedible filamentous Mougeotia sp.     

Pseudomonas flava WD-3固定化技术及其强化SBR污水处理的应用研究

由南四湖底泥中分离纯化出一株低温菌Pseudomonas flava WD-3,为提高其处理污水的效率并实现重复利用,本试验选取在低温(6~8℃)条件下,采用天然材料海藻酸钠(SA)和人工合成材料聚乙烯醇(PVA)共同作用的复合材料为包埋载体,利用正交试验探索其最优的固定化条件;并将最优的Pseudomonas flava WD-3固定化小球投入到SBR污水处理工艺中,探究其投加量和水力停留时间对生活污水处理效果的影响.结果发现,当SA质量分数为4%,PVA质量分数为6%,Ca Cl_2质量分数为5%,交联时间为24 h时,Pseudomonas flava WD-3固定化小球的物理性能最好,且对污水的处理效果最佳,分别是游离菌对COD、TP和NH+4-N去除效率的1.11、1.17、1.14倍.在SBR工艺中,通过连续3个月的监测数据发现,Pseudomonas flava WD-3的固定化小球对污水NH+4-N、TP、COD和TN的去除率分别介于72.78%~77.48%、62.04%~69.26%、89.08%~92.72%和85.08%~89.08%,且平均去除效率分别为未投加该菌的1.13、1.91、1.25、1.56倍,最终采取的最佳水力停留时间为8 h.并且,Pseudomonas flava WD-3在不同投加量及不同水力停留时间条件下,对污水中各污染物的降解过程符合一级动力学模型.     

长江三角洲2018年土壤NO排放特征

土壤是大气一氧化氮（NO）重要的来源之一,在大气化学中起着重要的作用.基于最新的BDSNP算法构建长三角地区2018年土壤NO排放清单,并进一步分析其时空特征和不确定性.结果表明,长三角地区2018年土壤NO排放量为213.6 kt,占人为源NO_x排放总量的7.3%,排放高值区主要集中在安徽省北部和江苏省大部分地区.从月变化来看,土壤NO排放在6月达到峰值,占全年排放的19.9%,占6月人为源NO_x排放量的19.7%;从小时变化来看,土壤NO排放在16:00点达到峰值,占全天的5.5%.土壤NO排放包括土壤本底、氮肥施用和氮沉降这3个部分;氮肥施用是土壤NO排放的主要来源,占比高达77.8%.随着机动车和工业等NO_x排放的深入减排,土壤NO排放的重要性将日益凸显.     

鳗鲡仔鱼(Anguilla japonica Temn. et Schl.)对铜离子的回避反应

本文力图用回避实验的方法分析铜离子对闽江鳗鲡及其他水产资源的影响。实验在流水中进行,温度为16±0.5℃,pH为7.43±0.2,溶解氧为62-68.9%;鱼体长为46-69.5mm,重量为174.2-226.6mg;每一浓度测试20次。当浓度为0.0001ppm时,回避度为12.81%;浓度为0.016ppm时,有明显的回避反应,回避度为58.28%;浓度升至0.064ppm时,回避度84.74%,为完全回避。