好氧颗粒污泥研究进展

好氧颗粒污泥具有厌氧颗粒污泥与活性污泥不可比拟的优势,成为目前的研究热点,通过从好氧颗粒污泥的形成机理、混凝强化培养、连续培养及好氧颗粒污泥微生物检测与流体CFD模拟等方面进行综述,提出混凝强化与连续培养相结合是快速培养好氧颗粒污泥的发展方向,现阶段高能量测序与CFD技术是研究好氧颗粒污泥形成的重要有效手段.参32.     

北京市污水厂污泥中的内分泌干扰效应物质

采用重组基因酵母法检测了北京市16个污水处理厂污泥的雌激素、雄激素和孕激素效应.结果表明,各污水厂污泥中均可检测到雌激素受体诱导效应,范围在0.587～6.76ngEEQ·g-(1dw)之间.各水厂污泥均未检测出雄激素诱导效应和孕激素诱导效应,大部分污水厂污泥样品表现出较明显的雄激素抑制效应和较强的孕激素抑制效应.与国外相比,北京市污水厂污泥中的雌激素活性值相对较低.堆肥处理不能有效去除雌激素类物质和孕激素抑制物质,但对雄激素抑制物质的去除明显.     

山东省印染行业废水处理污泥危险特性研究

为了改善印染污泥管理混乱的状况,对印染行业废水处理污泥的产生情况及特征污染物进行分析,结合山东省典型印染企业污泥的危险特性检测数据,得出印染行业废水处理污泥不具有危险特性的结论。建议通过编制印染污泥鉴别技术规范和行业指南,加强企业日常管理等手段解决印染污泥管理问题。     

污泥处理热干燥工艺的研究进展

介绍了国外污泥热干燥工艺的现状和干燥设备的类型,阐述了热干燥方法,包括对撞流干燥、过热蒸汽干燥、燃气红外辐射干燥、间壁式热干燥和流化干燥等,及其在污泥干燥中的应用原理和发展。并分析了污泥干燥处理技术综合利用的几种途径和发展趋势,认为污泥热干燥技术拓展了污泥的处置手段,为污泥的安全、可靠利用与处理提供了保障。     

回流液对剩余污泥厌氧消化的影响

随着污泥产量的不断增加,未能妥善处置的污泥会给环境带来许多隐患.污泥厌氧消化技术可使污泥“无害化”“减量化”“资源化”,是污泥处置的主流技术路线之一.但污泥的厌氧消化效率低,限制了该技术的推广应用.利用污泥厌氧发酵罐的回流沼液,对污水处理厂脱水的市政污泥进行酸化预处理,从而提高污泥的产沼气效率.结果表明,污泥厌氧发酵最...     

污水处理中的污泥减量新技术

污水好氧处理会产生大量污泥，剩余污泥的处理成本高昂，减少污泥产量势在必行。文章介绍了代谢解偶联、增加维持能量消耗、隐性生长、微型动物捕食、高溶解氧工艺和膜生物反应器等污泥减量技术，比较了各种技术的优缺点，指出了不同技术结合将成为污泥减量技术的发展方向。     

城市污水处理厂污泥处理处置的政策分析

简要介绍了城市污水处理厂污泥处理处置技术，提出污泥产业发展政策的建议，指出土地利用是符合我国国情的污泥处置的方向之一：污泥处理技术主要有减量化、浓缩、脱水、消化、堆肥等；污泥处置技术主要有焚烧、填埋、土地利用、建材利用等。污泥处理处置应按照减量化、稳定化、无害化原则，鼓励污泥资源化综合利用。合理确定污水处理厂污泥处理处置设施的布局和设计规模；鼓励对污泥处理处置给与税、费优惠政策，明确将污泥处理处置的运营费用列入污水排污收费范围，建立科学的价格补偿机制；政府在污泥产业发展中起着较为重要的作用，主要体现为服务与监督，包括承诺、保障和协调三个方面。     

氧化-絮凝调理改善污泥脱水性能的研究进展

预氧化处理和絮凝剂因能有效改善污泥脱水性能,且操作简单、反应迅速,受到研究者的关注,在污泥减量化等领域具有重要价值。本文主要回顾了各种基于氧化的污泥调理技术的脱水原理、絮凝剂的种类和处理效果,并分析比较了各种脱水方法的优缺点,为污泥减量化的可持续发展提供理论依据和技术参考。     

污水处理厂污泥中几种典型酚类内分泌干扰物的调查

采用超声萃取-C18柱富集净化和柱前衍生气相色谱/质谱方法,检测了我国北方某市四个典型污水处理厂不同工艺段污泥中烷基酚和聚氧乙烯醚的几种典型中间降解产物以及双酚A等内分泌干扰物质.2003年,2004年和2006年三年的分析结果表明,所有的污泥样品中都检测到了壬基酚类物质的存在,总浓度范围为1.00-128.45 mg·kg-1之间,在活性污泥中以壬基酚单氧乙烯醚和壬基酚二氧乙烯醚为主,消化污泥和浓缩污泥中则以壬基酚为主.随着时间的推移,这类物质在城市污泥中有逐渐降低的趋势.辛基酚和双酚A都低于检出限.     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱法同时测定城市污水处理厂污泥中12种抗生素

建立了一种固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定污泥中4类12种抗生素的方法.采用SAX串联Oasis HLB固相萃取柱净化富集污泥样品中的抗生素,选定p H 3、洗脱体积8 m L作为最佳前处理条件.采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测抗生素样品,以0.3%的甲酸和乙腈作为流动相,经梯度洗脱进行分离,在多反应检测模式下进行测定.经测定,污泥样品中磺胺类抗生素、脱水红霉素和罗红霉素平均回收率为50%—80%,其余抗生素的平均回收率为82%—119%,12种抗生素在污泥中的定量限为0.001—0.008μg·kg~(-1)dw.并用该法对天津市某污水处理厂污泥样品进行检测,证明该方法可满足实际检测要求.     

Optimal locations of monitoring stations in water distribution systems under multiple demand patterns: a flaw of demand coverage method and modification

A flaw of demand coverage method in solving optimal monitoring stations problem under multiple demand patterns was identified in this paper. In the demand coverage method, the demand coverage of each set of monitoring stations is calculated by accumulating their demand coverage under each demand pattern, and the impact of temporal distribution between different time periods or demand patterns is ignored. This could lead to miscalculation of the optimal locations of the monitoring stations. To overcome this flaw, this paper presents a Demand Coverage Index (DCI) based method. The optimization considers extended period unsteady hydraulics due to the change of nodal demands with time. The method is cast in a genetic algorithm framework for integration with Environmental Protection Agency Net (EPANET) and is demonstrated through example applications. Results show that the set of optimal locations of monitoring stations obtained using the DCI method can represent the water quality of water distribution systems under multiple demand patterns better than the one obtained using previous methods.     

基于机器视觉的鱼类模式生物在线监测技术方法研究

水污染的防治问题是我国关注的重中之重,现有理化监测方法的实时性和综合性较差,特别是对于一些极端可变化的环境,更需要新的方法以辅助和解决。生物式水质监测方法被提出,通过利用生物对环境污染或变化所产生的反应来直接或间接体现水质的污染情况。然而,观测指标与量化标准是面临的一大难题。文章利用机器视觉的方法,以青鳉鱼为模式生物,并以青鳉鱼的生理特征以及运动特征(呼吸频率、胸鳍摆动频率、摆尾频率)为观测指标,两方面综合评定青鳉鱼应激状态,实时监测与分析。实验结果表明该方法能为生物式水质监测和预警的发展提供一定支持与参考。测得青鳉鱼呼吸频率为3.06 Hz,胸鳍摆动频率为4.83 Hz,尾鳍摆动频率为5.08 Hz,结果与实际指标一致。     

TEOM法与实验室称重法监测大气中TSP的对比研究

用数理统计的方法计算出TEOM法与称重法监测结果的偏差,用F检验法检验TEOM法与称重法监测结果之间的致性,用r检测法检验TEOM法与称重法监测结果之间的相关性,用t检验法检验TEOM法与称重法监测结果之间的差异,通过对比研究,找出TEOM法与称重法之间的相互关系和规律。     

垃圾卫生填埋技术

介绍我国第一座现代化城市生活垃圾卫生填埋场－深圳市下坪固体废弃物填埋场的卫生填埋技术设施,如防渗设施、垃圾渗沥液导流设施、场外排水设施和场内清污分流设施等;垃圾卫生填埋工艺技术及作业方法,如分区分层填埋法、单元作业法和高效作业法;垃圾填埋场的环境监测项目及监测成果。     

Developing a Monitoring Program for Invertebrates: Guidelines and a Case Study

Abstract:  Invertebrates provide the majority of ecosystem services; thus, it is important that they be inventoried, monitored, and protected. Nevertheless, inventories, monitoring, and management generally focus on vertebrates and flowering plants. Consequently, there are few guidelines or case studies for invertebrates. We present a procedure for developing a monitoring program for species-rich invertebrates that entails (1) characterizing the community; (2) identifying surrogates for biodiversity; and (3) establishing efficient methods to monitor surrogates and any ecologically important or sensitive taxa. We used these procedures, biodiversity-based statistical advances, and a survey of arthropods to develop a monitoring plan for the forests of Shenandoah National Park, Virginia (U.S.A.). Our case study revealed that mixed hardwood and hemlock forests had significantly different compositions of arthropods in their soil and understory strata. Of the 10 orders tested Coleoptera and Hymenoptera were the only two to pass most of the five surrogate tests, and their combination improved predictions of overall arthropod diversity. Because arthropods represent the majority of macroscopic species in most ecosystems, the ability of this assemblage to predict overall arthropod diversity makes it a powerful surrogate. Of the 11 collecting methods used, the beat-sheet method was the most efficient for monitoring this surrogate assemblage. To complement this coarse-filter approach to monitoring at-risk, invasive, or other important taxa (fine filter), we used ordination analyses to match 66 taxa with the methods that most effectively sampled them. Our methods serve as a model for developing an invertebrate monitoring plan and should facilitate linking such monitoring with ecosystem functions and management.     

天然水体中有机酸当量浓度的确定方法

本文根据天然水体中溶解有机在碳与化学需氧量和生化需氧量之间的相关性，以及有机酸当量和水体溶解有机碳之间的近似定量关系，提出了由化学需氧量或生化需氧量得到溶解有机碳或总有机碳浓度，最终得到有机酸和有机酸根当量浓度的转换方法，为大区域天然水体有机酸碱缓冲作用的评估提供了一个实用的转换途径。     

Raumgliederung für die Ökologische Umweltbeobachtung des Bundes und der Länder

Ecoregionalizations are important for the evaluation of monitoring networks. In this article a method is decribed concerning how to define Germany’s ecoregions by using ecological data on soil, vegetation, climate and elevation through the aid of classification and regression trees. The resulting ecoregions can be linked to metadata (parameters, methods, quality control and assurance measures) from thousands of Germany’s environmental monitoring sites. Together with GIS procedures, multivariate statistics and geostatistics, ecoregions are useful for integrating data of environmental measurements according to ecological and spatial criteria.     

~(35)S标记法研究土壤中SO_4~(2-)的吸附-解吸行为

本文比较了~35S同位素标记法和两种常规化学分析、一种电化学分析法测定环境样品中SO_4~2-的优劣.用本法和BaCrO_4分光光度法研究土壤对SO_4~2-的吸附-解吸特征,表明两者测定结果接近,且所得规律一致.酸雨研究中,在样品数量多、SO_4~2-分析任务重且仪器、设备条件具备时,本法为便捷、准确、较理想的SO_4~2-测定技术.     

应用底栖动物为指示生物的松花江干流水生态预警研究

指示生物监测及水生态预警是利用水环境中指示物种的数量、群落结构指标和个体生理指标等描述水生态系统的健康状态,其相比于常规理化监测和预警更直接地反映水体的生态质量。本研究在松花江干流2012—2015年大型底栖无脊椎动物监测结果的基础上,结合各监测点生态质量管理目标,通过分析物种的种类、出现的频次、物种污染敏感性(耐污值),尝试提出了松花江干流监控断面以底栖动物为指示生物的水生态预警模式,研究思路和结果对流域水环境风险管理指标的拓展有积极作用。     

Bayesian estimation of European sulphur emissions using monitoring data and an acid deposition model

A statistical method for estimating national emissions of acidifying air pollutants in Europe is presented. The method uses an acid deposition model to match official emissions data from European countries and measured depositions from a monitoring network. An application to 1990 sulphate data demonstrates the method and suggests some tendencies in the reported emissions. The proposed framework may prove useful for verifying national compliance with emissions standards, and the method should be applicable also to other substances than sulphur dioxide. The problem of designing an optimal monitoring network may also be assessed within the proposed statistical framework.