粤东龙眼立地土壤养分限制因子系统调查

用“土壤养分状况系统研究法”对粤东８ 片龙眼园土壤进行大、中、微量营养元素含量测定、土壤吸附试验及盆栽诊断试验。结果表明,全部供试土壤均缺 Ｎ 和 Ｐ,８８ ％ 土壤缺 Ｋ 和 Ｍｇ ,７５ ％ 土壤缺 Ｃａ 和 Ｓ,６３ ％ 土壤缺 Ｃｕ ,５０ ％ 土壤缺 Ｂ。在缺素土壤中若不配施这些元素,指示作物（ 高粱） 的干物产量分别下降 Ｎ ６０ ．３ ％ , Ｐ６５ ．３ ％ , Ｋ ２９ ．５ ％ , Ｃａ ４６ ．２ ％ , Ｍｇ ３３ ．５ ％ , Ｃｕ １９ ．３ ％ , Ｓ１７ ．９ ％ , Ｂ１５ ．５ ％ 。综合各营养元素的施肥效应及缺乏的普遍性显示,粤东龙眼立地土壤养分限制因子排序为： Ｎ ＞ Ｐ＞ Ｍｇ ＞ Ｋ ＞ Ｃａ ＞ Ｃｕ ＞ Ｓ＞ Ｂ;碱性紫色土则富 Ｃａ 。     

转化血型用蕃茄α－D－半乳糖苷酶的分离、纯化及理化性质

成熟蕃茄匀浆后，经硫酸铵盐析，ＤＥＡＥ－ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＡ－５０离子交换层析，ＳｅｐａｄｅｘＧ－１００凝胶过滤和Ｍｅｌｉｂｉｏｓｅ－Ａｇａｒｏｓｅ亲和层析，获得了α－Ｄ－半乳糖苷酶（Ｃ．Ｅ．３．２．１．１１）。酶制剂经ＰＡＧＥ检测为一条带；ＳＤＳ－Ｇ－ＰＡＧＥ测得酶Ｍｒ为３４０００；比活力５２．９Ｕ／ｍｇ·；提纯倍数为５２９０１产率为４５％．酶专－催化以α－Ｄ－半乳糖为末端ａ－（１，３）连接的糖苷键，以ＰＮＰＧ（对硝基苯－α－Ｄ－半乳糖昔）为废物，酶催化反应的Ｋｍ＝０．１１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｖｍａｘ为６７μｍｏｌ·ｍｇ１－·ｍｉｎ－１．ｔ稳定范是０～３５℃；ＰＨ稳定范围是４．０～７．０．最适ｐＨ为５．１．半乳糖是酶的竞争性抑制剂；Ｃｕ２＋、Ｚｎ２＋、Ｍｎ２＋、Ｆｅ３＋、Ａｇ＋和ＥＤＴＡ对酶活性无影响．纯酶制剂可作为Ｂ型血向Ｏ型血转化的工具酶液．     

PCDDs在氯仿溶液中的紫外光解

使用ＮＤＣ－３型化学反应仪、３００Ｗ汞灯和１５ｍｌ反应管，于４３℃进行了２，３，７，８－ＴＣＤＤ，１，２，３，７，８－Ｐ５ＣＤＤ，１，２，３，４，７，８－ＨｘＣＤＤ，１，２，３，４，６，７，８－ＨｐＣＤＤ和ＯＣＤＤ在氯仿溶中的紫外光解，其一级反应速率常数测得值依次为０．５４，０．２９，０．１５，０．１５和０．１９ｍｉｎ＾－１，反应半衰期ｔ１／２均在５ｍｉｎ以内，还原脱氯是主要的光解途径，并有大量低     

H2O2对抗旱性不同玉米品种愈伤组织抗氧化系统的影响

两个玉米品种愈伤组织经１０－４ｍｏｌＬ－１、１０－３ｍｏｌＬ－１和１０－２ｍｏｌＬ－１Ｈ２Ｏ２处理３ｈ后,电解质泄漏率加大;Ｈ２Ｏ２和ＭＤＡ含量增加;ＡｓＡ和ＣＡＲ含量的减少．１０－４ｍｏｌＬ－１的Ｈ２Ｏ２处理对愈伤组织产生的氧化伤害较小．抗旱性较强品种ＰＡＮ６０４３愈伤组织的抗氧化酶（ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ、ＡＰ和ＧＲ）活性高于抗旱性较弱品种ＳＣ７０１,ＡｓＡ和ＣＡＲ含量的下降程度低于ＳＣ７０１．ＰＡＮ６０４３愈伤组织具有较强的抗Ｈ２Ｏ２能力,与含高活力抗氧化系统密切相关     

土壤中结合态苯氧羧酸类除草剂的测定

利用超临界ＣＯ２流体萃取的方法提取２甲４氯(ＭＣＰＡ),２,４－Ｄ和除草醚在三种土壤中的结合残留．结果表明,在培养２００ｄ的时间内,ＭＣＰＡ的结合残留量为１．０ｌ－５．１２ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１,占添加总量的２．０－１０．１%;２,４－Ｄ的结合残留量为０．２４－２．６５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１,占添加总量的０．５－５．３%;除草醚的结合残留量为６．５３－１９．３０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１,占添加总邑的１２．９—３８．２%．农药结合态与游离态含量的比值随时间的延长而增加．     

链霉菌碱性脂肪酶的研究

从杭州土壤中获得的一支链霉菌,通过ＵＶ、ＤＥＳ和Ｃｏ６０ － γ射线的５ 代诱变,选育成功了高产的Ｚ９４－ ２ 菌株,经过对Ｚ９４ －２ 的发酵研究,产碱性脂肪酶活力达５９６ ｕｍＬ,其最适培养基（λｕ Ｌ－１） 为：糊精１０、黄豆饼粉３０、尿素１０ 、Ｋ２ＨＰＯ４０ ．５、ＭｇＳＯ４·７Ｈ２Ｏ０ ．５、ＮａＣｌ１ 和ＡＥＯ９ ０．５ ,产酶的最适条件为：初始ｐＨ９．０～１０．０ ,２６℃培养４８ ｈ．对Ｚ９４－ ２ 与其他菌株的碱性脂肪酶的特性作了比较     

土壤中水溶性有机碳与铜的相互影响

通过向土壤溶液中加入Ｃｕ２＋和可溶性有机碳(ＤＯＣ),研究它们之间的相互作用．结果发现,加入铜可以显著改变土壤水溶性有机碳(ＷＳＯＣ)的吸着平衡,并降低了其水溶性．影响程度在０．８ｍｍｏｌ·ｌ－１Ｃｕ以下随铜浓度的增加而增加．加入０．５ｍｍｏｌ·ｌ－１铜的土壤中 ＷＳＯＳ含量从 ０．２７ｍｇ Ｃ·ｇ－１降至０．０４７ｍｇ Ｃ·ｇ－１,吸着系数从６．６×１０－３ｌ·ｇ－１降至３．３×１０－３ｌ·ｇ－１．另一方面,用Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ方程描述铜离子在土壤中的吸附行为(液相浓度单位取ｍｍｏｌ·ｌ－１,固相浓度取ｍｍｏｌ·ｇ－１土),ｋ＝９．ｌ×１０－３;ｎ＝３．４０． 加入ＤＯＣ后,ｋ＝９．２×１０－３;ｎ＝３．６６,没有明显改变土壤对铜的吸附性能．加入小同浓度的ＤＯＣ,结果仍说明该浓度范围内ＤＯＣ(＜８ｍｇ Ｃ·ｌ－１)的加入没有明显改变土壤对铜的吸附性能．     

酸性红壤施石灰对甘蔗养分状况某些酶活性及生长的影响

研究结果表明．酸性红壤施适量石灰，能改善甘蔗的Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ养分状况，提高Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶和中性转化酶活性，减缓甘蔗在伸长期Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性降低的幅度，极显著地促进甘蔗生长。石灰施用量与甘蔗叶片Ｎ、Ｋ含量、Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性及甘蔗株高里极显著或显著的二次函数曲线相关；与甘蔗叶片含Ｐ量、中性转化酶活性亦呈二次函数曲线相关，但相关性未达显著水平。研究结果还表明，施石灰量不同对甘蔗各生长时期株高的影响很大，施用量为１．２ｔ／ｈｍ２左右时，甘蔗前、中、后期的株高都极显著的高于对照，小于０．４ｔ／ｈｍ２或大于２．０ｔ／ｈｍ２时，甘蔗生长后期的株高与对照差异不显著．     

Fe~(3 )、Mg~(2 )对跨界融合子Foaz中β-类胡萝卜素水平的影响

测定了由光合细菌 Ｐ９４７９ 株与酵母 Ｙ９４０７ 株经原生质融合构建的跨界融合子 Ｆｏａｚ 及其亲株在净化豆制品废水反应中０ 、０ ．１ 、５ ．０ 、１０ ．０ 、１００ ．０ ｍｇ／ Ｌ Ｆｅ３ ＋ 质量浓度和０ 、１５０ 、３００ 、４００ 、８００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ Ｍｇ２ ＋ 质量浓度下的β－类胡萝卜素色素含量及 Ｂ Ｏ Ｄ５ 去除效率．结果表明, Ｆｅ３ ＋ 对融合子 Ｆｏａｚ 及光合细菌中β－ 类胡萝卜素的合成有明显的促进作用,当ρ（ Ｆｅ３ ＋ ） 为５ ．０ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 时,融合子 Ｆｏａｚ 及光合细菌中β－ 类胡萝卜素的质量分数ｗ 达到最高水平,分别为４ ．９ ｍｇ／ｇ 和２ ．４ ｍｇ／ｇ ．而 Ｍｇ２ ＋ 对融合子及其亲株中β－ 类胡萝卜素的合成有一定抑制作用     

絮凝剂PAN-DCD与甲基橙相互作用中的热力学研究

用平衡渗析法研究了有机高分子絮凝剂ＰＡＮ－ＤＣＤ与甲基橙（ＭＯ）在２０,２５,３０,３５℃下相互作用的热力学,求得结合常数Ｋ和热力学参数△Ｇ,△Ｈ,△Ｓ,在对不同絮凝剂结构进行表征的基础上,探讨了不同ＰＡＮ,ＤＣＤ配比对合成的絮凝剂与ＭＯ相互作用的影响,结果表明：ＰＡＮ－ＤＣＤ与ＭＯ的相互作用中能量作用是主要的：随ＰＡＮ与ＤＣＤ的比值增大,合成的絮凝剂ＰＤ１,ＰＤ２,ＰＤ３在常温下与ＭＯ的结合程试     

胡椒施用白云石灰和微量元素的效果初探

在浅海沉积物砖红壤胡椒园上，白云石灰配施微量元素可显著提高胡椒产量．白云石灰加锌效果最佳．白云石灰加钼效果次之，施硼则没有增产效应．植株钙、镁、锌、硼含量团白云石灰和微肥的施用而提高，氮、磷、钾的含量未受影响．     

青檀天然群落土壤成分及其对青檀生长的影响

对湖北省三潭风景区青檀（Pteroceltis tatarinowii）天然群落土壤主要元素进行测定,并通过因子相关分析,探讨了土壤成分与青檀生长指标之间的相关性,研究结果可为青檀野生资源的保护和合理利用提供科学依据。结果表明,土壤水溶性Ca2＋、Mg2＋平均质量分数为3.598和0.176 g·kg-1,速效钾、全氮、有效磷的平均质量分数分别是133.324 mg·kg-1、4.413 g·kg-1和3.569 mg·kg-1,有机质平均质量分数为3.295%。土壤水溶性Ca2＋与青檀生长指标之间无显著相关关系;土壤可溶性Mg2＋与乔木、灌木的丛生植株数量呈显著正相关,当Mg2＋浓度处于0.191~0.221 g·kg-1之间时,青檀的丛生植株数量大;全氮与青檀乔木平均高度、平均胸径呈极显著正相关,与单生植株数量呈显著负相关;有效磷与乔木平均高度和胸径呈显著正相关;速效钾与乔木丛生植株数量及乔木总数量呈显著正相关;有机质灌木冠幅呈显著正相关。按土壤成分可将青檀群落聚成3类,3个聚类组的土壤水溶性Mg2＋、全氮（TN）、速效钾（TK）、有效磷（TP）、有机质以及青檀乔木植株总数量存在着显著差异。     

桉树人工林生态系统养分循环与平衡研究Ⅰ. 桉树人工林生态系统的养分贮存

采用田间试验和定位方法，在标准样地中研究养分的输入、输出和贮存。桉树人工林生态系统的养分贮存，包括土壤、桉树林分和凋落物三者贮存的养分。在田间试验的基础上，获得了大量的分析数据。论述了刚果W5桉树人工林生态系统土壤养分的贮存量、林分的养分贮存量和凋落物层的养分贮存量以及上述分系统内大、中量元素的含量比例。土壤养分的贮存量，全量养分以K最多，其次为N、P；有效养分贮存量大小的顺序为N，K，Ca，P，Mg，Mn，Zn，Cu，B。桉树林分的总养分贮存量，是逐年增加的，但以第2年的增量最大；各元素贮量大小，则每年不同。凋落物层的养分贮存量，总体上逐年增长，但以第4年最多；各元素贮存量大小的顺序为N，Ca，Mg，K，P。这些结果，对于指导桉树施肥，有重要的参考价值。     

紫花芒果NPKCaMg叶片诊断的DRIS标准初步研究

按诊断与推荐综合系统（DRIS）标准建立的常规方法.通过比较低产和高产组叶片N、P、K、Ca、Mg养分含量以及两元素间的养分比和养分积,初步筛选出N／P、N／K、N／Ca、N／Mg、K／P、Ca/P、P／Mg、K／Ca.K／Mg和Ca／Mg作为DRIS参项,并初步提出紫花芒果DRIS诊断标准.     

Effects of cadmium on nutrient uptake and translocation by Indian Mustard

Plants that hyperaccumulate metals are ideal subjects for studying the mechanisms of metal and mineral nutrient uptake in the plant kingdom. Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) has been shown to accumulate moderate levels of Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn, and Cu. In this experiment, 10 levels of Cd concentration treatments were imposed by adding 10-190 mg Cd kg(-1) to the soils as cadmium nitrate [Cd(NO3)2]. The effect of Cd on phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and the micronutrients iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in B. juncea was studied. Plant growth was affected negatively by Cd, root biomass decreased significantly at 170 mg Cd kg(-1) dry weight soils treatment. Cadmium accumulation both in shoots and roots increased with increasing soil Cd treatments. The highest concentration of Cd was up to 300 mg kg(-1) d.w. in the roots and 160 mg kg(-1) d.w. in the shoots. The nutrients mainly affected by Cd were P, K, Ca, Fe, and Zn in the roots, and P, K, Ca, and Cu in the shoots. K and P concentrations in roots increased significantly when Cd was added at 170 mg kg(-1), and this was almost the same level at which root growth was inhibited. Zn concentrations in roots decreased significantly when added Cd concentration was increased from 50 to 110 mg kg(-1), then remained constant with Cd treatments from 110 to 190 mg kg(-1). However, Zn concentrations in the shoots seemed less affected by Cd. It is possible that Zn uptake was affected by the Cd but not the translocation of Zn within the plant. Ca and Mg accumulation in roots and shoots showed similar trends. This result indicates that Ca and Mg uptake is a non-specific process.     

串叶松香草生物量和营养成分动态及其对土壤理化性质的影响

田间试验和化学分析结果表明,串叶松香草两个品种４个生育期的茎、叶产量均以Ａ型＞Ｂ型,在３ａ内串叶松香草产量随生长年限增加,且以Ａ型品种产量高．串叶松香草３个生育期叶片氨基酸和蛋白质含量高于茎,并以Ａ型品种现蕾期为最高;两个品种氨基酸组分以Ａｓｐ、Ｇｌｕ、Ｌｅｕ和Ｌｙｓ含量高,各生育期氨基酸组分含量变化规律不同．串叶松香草的粗脂肪、Ｃａ、Ｐ和灰分含量以叶＞茎,而粗纤维和可溶性糖含量却以茎中较高．除粗纤维外,其余饲用成分含量均随生育期的出现而呈递降之趋势．串叶松香草现蕾期Ｎ、Ｋ含量和莲座期Ｐ含量达最高．种植３ａ后串叶松香草明显改善土壤物理性质,提高土壤酶活性,明显降低土壤有效Ｎ、Ｐ和Ｋ含量     

贵州中部喀斯特山地三种优势灌木养分分布

选择贵州喀斯特山区广泛分布的灌木林和灌草丛生态系统,探讨了三种优势灌木养分分布格局及其与土壤的关系。结果表明：（1）三种优势灌木叶片和果实的氮和钾元素含量高于茎干和根系,果实和茎干的磷含量比其他器官高,而钙镁主要集中在茎干和叶片。（2）在灌草丛中,三种灌木根系和茎干的N：P之间差异显著且变异很大,而在灌木林中,三种灌木根系的N：P比值变异较大,但它们之间没有差异。（3）根际有效态养分含量与叶片养分含量呈正相关关系,叶片磷与根际有效态磷显著正相关     

桉树人工林生态系统养分循环和平衡研究Ⅲ. 桉树人工林生态系统的养分平衡

在当地现行的生产技术规程和营林措施的条件下，刚果W5桉树人工林生态系统中，N和K的收支帐为亏损，P、Ca、Mg为盈余。在一个轮伐期内，每公顷养分质量的收入中，N为327．13kg／hm^2，P为110．48kg／hm^2，K为206．13kg／hm^2。，Ca为679．53kg／hm^2，Mg为173．72kg／hm^2；每公顷养分质量的支出中，N为366．59kg／hm^2，P为35_3lkg／hm^2，K为212．22kg／hm^2，Ca为452．77kg／hm^2，Mg为79．52kg／hm^2。但这仅仅是一种表观数字。桉树人工林生态系统养分不平衡的主要原因，是桉树凋落物和采伐剩余物不能回归土壤，以及严重的水土流失。解决问题的关键是转变思想认识，制定有效的措施，使桉树凋落物和采伐剩余物回归土壤，同时在桉树行间间种豆科绿肥牧草。     

The Nutrient Status of Some Graminaceous Species in Britain. 2. Deschampsia Flexuosa (L.) Trin

Above-ground biomass of Deschampsia flexuosa from 40 sites throughout Britain was analysed for concentrations of elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Na), with matching analyses of nutrient levels in the soils, together with pH and LOI. Seasonal variation in the nutrients was also studied in detail at one of the sites. the grass was found on acid sites ranging between pH 3.1 and 4.7. the soil humus content varied widely, and there were significant correlations between that and elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn and Na) in the soil. Concentrations of zinc and manganese in the plant material were the only elements that significantly correlated with extractable levels in the soils. Tissue concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium declined throughout the growing season, whereas the other elements showed a tendency to build up until the end of September. Calcium, magnesium and manganese concentrations then declined as growth ceased. the results are compared with above-ground concentrations of minerals in other plants and the growth strategy of this perennial grass.     

Not just the usual suspects: insect herbivore populations and communities are associated with multiple plant nutrients

The relationship between plant nutrient content and insect herbivore populations and community structure has long interested ecologists. Insect herbivores require multiple nutrients, but ecologists have focused mostly on nitrogen (an estimate of plant protein content), and more recently phosphorus (P); other nutrients have received little attention. Here we document nutrient variation in grass and forb samples from grassland habitats in central Nebraska using an elemental approach; in total we measured foliar concentrations of 12 elements (N and P, plus S, B, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu). We detected significant variability among sites for N, P, Mg, Na, K, and Cu. We next used a model selection approach to explore how this nutritional variation and plant biomass correlate with grasshopper densities (collectively and at the feeding-guild level), and principal component analysis to explore nutrient correlations with grasshopper community species composition. When all grasshoppers were pooled, densities varied among sites, but only P was associated with abundance of the elements shown to vary between sites. Different responses occurred at the feeding-guild level. For grass specialists, densities were associated with N, plus P, Mg, and Na. For forb specialists, N and P were often associated with density, but associations with Na and K were also observed. Finally, mixed-feeder abundance was strongly associated with biomass, and to a lesser extent P, Mg, Na, and Cu. At the community level, B, Ca, Zn, and Cu, plus biomass, explained > 30% of species composition variation. Our results confirm the positive association of N and P with insect herbivore populations, while suggesting a potential role for Mg, Na, and K. They also demonstrate the importance of exploring effects at the feeding-guild level. We hope our data motivate ecologists to think beyond N and P when considering plant nutrient effects on insect herbivores, and make a call for studies to examine functional responses of insect herbivores to dietary manipulation of Mg, Na, and K. Finally, our results demonstrate correlations between variation in nutrients and species assemblages, but factors not linked to plant nutrient quality or biomass likely explain most of the observed variation.