河北环境气象智能评估系统研发与应用

基于B/S架构(Browser/Server,浏览器/服务器模式)和WebGIS(网络地理信息系统),建立环境气象智能评估系统,实现减排调控效果模拟评估、源排放清单动态反演、颗粒物来源解析、气象贡献评估、运行监控管理五大功能.基于"Web"前台操控Linux系统自动运行脚本和数值模式作业,利用"云后台"集合了多源气象和...     

县域土壤资源管理与施肥决策信息系统的建立——以北京市平谷区为例

以作物推荐施肥模型为智能决策支撑,建立了基于地块的县域土壤资源管理与施肥决策信息系统。该系统采用C/S和B/S混合结构,采用Delphi开发语言和GIS组件技术,对GIS、数据库和模型进行耦合与集成,实现了土壤资源和决策信息查询、更新;养分资源管理决策与咨询;耕地质量评价;耕地环境质量预警等四个主要功能。系统在北京市平谷区得到应用和验证,应用表明该系统对于区域土壤资源信息高效管理、决策和面向公众的土壤信息服务具有重要意义。     

系统方法在畜牧业生态系统中的应用

畜牧业生产系统是一个集畜牧生态、经济管理、资源等因素为一体的复杂系统。对这一系统的研究随着电子计算机技术的引入,人们为建立合理的、协调的良性畜牧业生态系统,已建立了各种优化模型,在实际生产中取得了明显的经济效益,显示出其广阔的应用前景。系统方法应用于畜牧业生产上,必将为解决我国畜牧生产系统中能量耗损多、周转慢、低效益等问题开辟一条新的途经,推动畜牧业协调稳步地发展。本文就各种建模方法及其在畜牧业中的应用作一综述。     

生物修复技术研究进展

生物修复在治理受有毒有害有机物污染的环境的作用日益突出，因而生物修复的研究愈加受到重视。文中对生物修复的发展情况进行了综述，涉及生物通气法、生物注射法、污染地下水及其上部污染土壤的生物修复系统、地耕处理、植物生物修复、堆肥法、生物反应器和厌氧处理等方面．同时就遗传工程微生物系统等方面研究对发展生物修复技术的意义作了展望．     

微生物分子生态学进展[综述]

现代分子生物学技术在生态学研究中的应用大大推动了微生物生态学的发展,导致了微生物分子生态学的产生．微生物分子生态学方法弥补了传统的微生物生态学方法的不足,使人们可以避开传统的分离培养过程而直接探讨自然界中微生物的种群结构及其与环境的关系．微生物生态学研究中采用的分子生物学方法主要有核酸探针技术、ＰＣＲ扩增技术、ｒＲＮＡ序列同源性分析方法、剃度凝胶电泳方法等．这些技术方法的采用,取得了一系列重要的成果和微生物生态学研究中的突破［１～６］,使得对某些微生物的研究成为可能,并在分子水平上阐述了生态问题…     

黄花菜高产、优质栽培与加工技术

黄花菜以花蕾食用,是一种营养十分丰富的蔬菜,含有人体需要的蛋白质、维生素、多糖、钙、铁、磷等多种元素成分,是很受人们欢迎的绿色健康食品,衡阳市现种植面积达20万亩,还在逐年扩大,发展前景非常广阔．为了提高黄花菜产量和品质．本文提出了黄花菜高产,优质栽培与加工技术．表2,参5．     

对惯用语的转喻分析

认知语言学认为,转喻是人们认识事物的一种重要方式,也是基于人们的基本经验,其本质是概念性的,是自发的、无意识的认知过程,是丰富语言的重要手段．语言学界对转喻现象已有所探讨,但对汉语惯用语中转喻现象的认知研究很少有人涉及,该文主要分析了汉语惯用语中运用的七种类型的转喻．图1,参7．     

城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰资源化处置技术及产品概述

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰由于其聚集着大量的重金属、二噁英、可溶盐等有害成分,被定义为一种危险废物.现有处置方法是对其进行安全化填埋或资源化利用,前者是目前的主流工艺.然而,随着土地资源的日益紧缺和人们环保意识的提高,更符合可持续发展的飞灰资源化技术近年来得到了广泛的关注.随着人们的持续开发与研究,已形成了多种各具特色的飞灰资源化技术,但总体而言,其仍多处于研究阶段,仅少数技术完成了工业化应用.本文根据最新有关飞灰资源化处理的研究报道,结合相关的行业标准及技术规范,对飞灰资源化处理的技术路线、产品、原理以及其各自存在的优缺点等进行了综述及评述,以期为飞灰资源化处理技术的实际工业化应用提供理论依据和技术参考.     

基于Web的信息技术考试系统的设计与实现过程

基于Web的考试系统是考试的发展方向，是远程教育的一个重要组成部分．它采用B／S模型．本文分析了基于WEB系统的考试模型及功能，研究了考试系统实现的关键技术，并在具体系统中做了实现．     

大数据技术在生态环境领域的应用综述

大数据技术能够有效处理多来源、多类型、多尺度数据,在生态环境领域受到广泛关注,但中国仍处于起步阶段,探索大数据技术在生态环境领域的应用对推动大数据发展具有重要意义,对生态环境精准监管和综合决策具有显著参考价值。基于国内外最新研究,文章将生态环境大数据技术体系分为数据采集、数据处理和实践应用3个部分,数据采集包括地面监测、卫星遥感监测、地理信息、社会统计及网络抓取,数据处理包括存储管理、预处理、深入处理与整合挖掘4个流程,主要应用于生态环境的监测评价、模拟预测与优化管理3个方面。在监测评价方面,大数据技术有利于实时监控、长期跟踪、网格化评价生态环境质量,提高了生态环境监测评价的有效性,但多领域监测数据的耦合分析、智能纠错、评价方法优化能力有待提升;在模拟预测方面,大数据技术与专业模型整合增加了不同时空尺度下复杂环境要素的模拟精度和预测速度,实现动态预警和生态风险评估,但仍缺乏基于大数据技术的高精度存储、分析和集成模型,缺少更专业、更开放的大数据分析系统支撑模型库;在优化管理方面,促进污染的有效溯源、科学控制与全过程监管,但新型污染物和特征污染物时空分布特征尚不明确,系统性数学模型与风险评价管理体系尚不完善,给基于大数据平台的优化管理带来局限性。因此,应有效集成多领域生态环境监测数据,提升数据处理技术能力,推进大数据应用,以满足政府多源管控需求,提升政府科学决策效果。     

铁路客车空调换热器的电算法

介绍利用计算机对铁路客车空调换热器进行设计计算,建立空调换热器的数学模型,绘制流程图,根据实际经验指出了编制程序过程中应注意的问题.以CA25B型空调餐车为例,利用所编程序,对其蒸发器按不同的管排列方式分别进行了设计,指出差排比顺排更适用于空调列车.最后得出结论:电算能大大缩短设计时间,提高计算准确度,并能快速对多种方案进行比较而选取换热器的最佳结构形成,达到节能和节约材料的目的.     

Economic assessment of dredging operations in Mobile Bay,USA and some additional notes on sustainable management of dredged material

This paper describes a study that was performed to determine the cost-effective method of dredging in Mobile Bay in the United States and to explore the possibility of utilizing the dredged materials in an environmentally sustainable way. An analysis of the historical cost and working time data for hopper dredging and pipeline dredging for Mobile Bay showed that there was not a substantial difference in unit costs between the two methods. However, while the disposal methods for dredged materials were taken into consideration, the pipeline dredging seemed to be a more desirable and environmentally friendly option for dredging in Mobile Bay. In addition to cost analysis, the paper discusses several possible ways of sustainable management of dredged materials. The paper also indicates that if the sediment in Mobile Bay is found to be contaminated by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, the pipeline dredging will become a more desirable dredging alternative.     

Accurate DTM generation in sand beaches using mobile mapping

A Mobile Mapping System (MMS) is composed by a set of sensors placed on a mobile platform whose main objective is to obtain attitude and position over time of a referential in the platform together with the image of the objects surrounding the platform. The acquired data allows to obtain georeferenced positions of object points captured by the object sensors. This paper describes a methodology to automatically extract accurate Digital Terrain Models (DTM) of sand beach areas using a Terrestrial Mobile Mapping System (TMMS). The main goal of the presented TMMS is to obtain accurate 3D models of sand beaches. A very important consequence of this will be the abbility to track spatial and temporal changes in coastal geomorphology. The presented methodology has several advantages over more classical approaches: the overall cost, flexibility for regular surveys or at the most convenient epoch, such as after storms. Besides one of the major constraints in Mobile Mapping, that is poor GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) observation conditions, is usually not present in these areas. The TMMS uses two progressive colour video cameras and can work with any type of direct georeferencing system, which obvoiusly has impact in the final accuracy of the derived DTM. For the results herein reported, a dual frequency GNSS receiver and a low grade type of IMU (Inertial Measurement System) were used. The moving platform where the system was installed is a moto quad. The developed methodology for the DTM generation relies on an automatic choice of terrain points whose three-dimensional coordinates are calculated using a presented image matching technique. A cloud of points obtained in a nearly regular grid pattern is the base for the DTM. The proposed methodology was applied on a sector of the Vila Nova de Gaia Coast, in northern Portugal, and the results presented here show that it is possible with this methodology to produce DTMs with a precision of a few centimetres.     

Pharmazeutisch aktive Substanzen in kleinen Fließgewässern

Background

Current hydrological research is increasingly focusing on pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs). Concerning the issue of quality of drinking water, this problem has also become the focus of public interest. However, in spire of the fact that the fate of chemicals in surface waters has been assessed in great detail, the influence of groundwater-exchange is yet only little known.

Goal

This study gives emphasis to the question of how transport and degradation of PhACs interact with the exchange of surface water with groundwater. Special interest is given to alternating groundwater regimes.

Methods

Based on a small stream system in the north of Berlin, Germany, a one-dimensional compartment-model was established using differential mass-balance. The stream which, at its mouth, discharges 0.3 m³ s^?1 is already well investigated and thus provides a good empirical data basis. The processes taken into account by the model were ‘exchange of surface-water with groundwater’, ‘decomposition’ as well as ‘transport’ of PhACs. Calculations were performed using the commonly used analgesic Diclofenac as an example and defining 81 scenarios by different groundwater regimes. Hasse Diagramm Technique was used to compare the scenarios.

Results

All scenarios show a big influence of groundwater-exchange to the fate and concentration of PhACs in surface waters. In the case of the modelled stream system, dilution by groundwater was more responsible for a decrease in concentration than degradation was. Furthermore, on the background of a standard scenario, the loss due to groundwater by 5.4 percent was in the same magnitude as the loss due to decomposition (9.7 percent). A crucial difference between punctual versus linear afflux of groundwater has not been observed.

Discussion

The alteration of discharge resulted in a big influence of the case differentiation between ‘constant velocity’ and ‘constant cross-section’. Furthermore, the model was based on the assumption that groundwater was unloaded with PhACs or diluted very well in comparison to the stream. In contrast, regarding measurements in the catchment, groundwater could even be a diffuse source of the contamination of the stream.

Conclusions

The fate of PhACs in our model is crucially driven by interactions with groundwater. Therefore, assessing the risk emanating from substances like Diclofenac, it is very important to regard their accessibility to decomposition as well as the morphology of the stream-system and its interactions with the groundwater.

Perspectives

In this model, the process of transport from the surface to groundwater back to the surface was dealt with insufficiently; in order to be able to observe fully developed interaction in a further step of modelling, a groundwater-transportmodel should be coupled completely with a surface-water-model.     

智能型数字校园网的探讨

随着计算机网络技术的发展,数字化校园网的建设已经进入成熟的后期阶段,但是纵观现有的各高校的数字化校园网络,其智能型的数字校园网还处于初级发展阶段．因此。通过基于智能型的数字校园网从概念、实现目标、规划与设计等方面进行了初步探讨研究．图1,参5．     

Salivary cortisol and cortisone levels,and breast milk dioxin concentrations in Vietnamese primiparas

There is a great deal of concern regarding the adverse effects of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) present in Agent Orange and other herbicides on Vietnam's population and ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dioxin exposure on adrenal steroids in saliva, and dioxin levels in breast milk, of primiparas in an Agent Orange/dioxin hot-spot and a non-exposed area in Vietnam on the basis of epidemiological research. The subjects were 35 lactating women who had recently given birth to their first or second child. A further sub-study involved eight primiparas from each area. All subjects were aged between 20 and 30 years with infants aged between 4 and 16 weeks. The mean concentration of PCDD, PCDF, and PCDD?+?PCDF toxic equivalents (TEQ) in breast milk in the hot-spot area was significantly higher than in the non-exposed area. Cortisol and cortisone levels in the saliva of primiparas in the hot-spot area were also significantly higher than those in the non-exposed area. There was a significant negative correlation between cortisol and the cortisol/cortisone ratio and PCDD?+?PCDF and PCDF TEQ levels in the hot-spot area. Furthermore, the correlation between cortisol and cortisone and the PCDD + PCDF, PCDD, and PCDF TEQ in the combination of hot spot + non-exposed area was significant according to the curve (bell style). Our results suggest that Agent Orange/dioxin exposure still exerts a major influence on the salivary hormones of the Vietnamese population.     

柑桔高接换种技术

从品种筛选、砧穗选择、嫁接时期与方法、嫁接部位与接芽数量,以及配套管理等方面阐述了柑桔高接换种的技术.     

Does more stringent environmental regulation induce or reduce technology adoption? When the rate of technology adoption is inverted U-shaped

We show that for a broad class of technologies the relationship between policy stringency and the rate of technology adoption is inverted U-shaped. This happens when the marginal abatement cost (MAC) curves of conventional and new technologies intersect, which invariably occurs when emissions are proportional to output and technological progress reduces emissions per output. This outcome does not result from policy failure. On the contrary, in social optimum, the relationship between the slope of the marginal damage curve and the rate of technology adoption is also inverted U-shaped. Under more general conditions, these curves can look even more complicated (e.g., such as inverted W-shaped).     

Does more stringent environmental regulation induce or reduce technology adoption? When the rate of technology adoption is inverted U-shaped

We show that for a broad class of technologies the relationship between policy stringency and the rate of technology adoption is inverted U-shaped. This happens when the marginal abatement cost (MAC) curves of conventional and new technologies intersect, which invariably occurs when emissions are proportional to output and technological progress reduces emissions per output. This outcome does not result from policy failure. On the contrary, in social optimum, the relationship between the slope of the marginal damage curve and the rate of technology adoption is also inverted U-shaped. Under more general conditions, these curves can look even more complicated (e.g., such as inverted W-shaped).