象山港国华电厂强增温海域浮游动物群落结构和多样性的时空特征

为探明电厂强增温海域浮游动物群落结构和多样性的时空特征,于2011年在象山港国华电厂附近海域,采用浮游生物Ⅱ型网(网目160μm)进行10站位2重复的浮游动物季节性采样.结果表明,共识别出62种浮游动物(含幼体),平均丰度为9 531.1 ind.m-3.该海域浮游动物群落主要由桡足类和浮游幼体类组成,且以浮游幼体类为主,比例高达66.6%.相似性分析显示,各月间浮游动物群落结构差异极显著(P<0.01),控制群落结构的优势种有18种,最重要的判别种有瘦尾胸刺水蚤Centropages tenuiremis、大同长腹剑水蚤Oithona similis、伪长腹剑水蚤Oithona fallax、克氏纺锤水蚤Acartia clausi、长尾基齿哲水蚤Clausocalanus furcatus、针刺拟哲水蚤Paracalanus aculeatus和小拟哲水蚤Paracalanus parvus.GLM分析显示,月份间的多样性指数也存在极显著差异(P<0.01),经计算,各多样性指数随水温增加而下降的拐点水温范围为20.31～22.31℃.在断面上,离排水口0.2 km断面(D02)的平均水温比2 km断面高2.16℃.受温度影响,主要优势种如瘦尾胸刺水蚤和大同长腹剑水蚤倾向于向D02断面移动,克氏纺锤水蚤、尤其是大型浮游动物倾向于远离排水口,并向1.2 km断面聚集,使D02断面的种类数最少(33种)、丰度最低(5 522.8 ind.m-3),而1.2 km断面的种类数(53种)和丰度(16 491.0 ind.m-3)最高;同时,D02断面的多样性指数也明显低于其它断面.经线性回归分析,海域增温使多样性指数极显著下降(P<0.01),每增温1℃浮游动物丰富度下降12.3%.     

扬州瘦西湖浮游动物和水质污染评价

本文报道了扬州瘦西湖Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ站从1989—1990一周年浮游动物种类组成和数量的调查结果,通过对各站浮游动物种群和数量变化的分析,分别用①指示生物②生物多样性指数③有机污染综合评价值等方法,对瘦西湖的水质进行了评价,同时还对瘦西湖的水污染治理及环境保护提出了一些建议.     

抚仙湖后生浮游动物种类组成及水质评价

通过对湖区内11个采样位点进行浮游动物采集,分析了抚仙湖浮游动物种类及数量组成,共检出浮游动物33种,幼体3类。其中轮虫27种,隶属9科14属;枝角类5种,隶属于4科4属;桡足类1种,主要优势种为螺形龟甲轮虫（Keratellacochlearis）、胶鞘轮虫（Collotheca sp．）、小型腹尾轮虫（Gastropus minor）、广生多肢轮虫（Ployarthravalgaris）、象鼻潘（Bosmina sp．）、舌状叶镖水蚤（Phfllodiaptomus tunguidus）及桡足类幼体（Copepodalarva）。轮虫Margalef多样性指数为3．42,浮游动物Shannon—Wiener多样性指数2．34,两项指标均反映抚仙湖的水质为清洁水体。,另外,浮游动物Shannon—Wiener多样性指数与高锰酸盐指数呈显著负相关。     

电厂增温对中小型浮游动物群落结构的影响

为探明电厂增温可能导致邻近海域浮游动物的小型化问题,对小网目（网目77μm）采集的象山港国华电厂排水口附近样品数据进行了分析.结果表明：本次调查共鉴定出75种浮游动物（包括浮游幼体、卵与仔鱼）,优势种18种,年平均丰度为27690.0ind/m³.该海域主要由中小型桡足类和浮游幼体组成,且个体体长以<1000μm中小型浮游动物占绝对优势.其中,体长<500μm小型浮游动物丰度在各月份和各断面均最高,平均丰度占总丰度比例>58.2%;体长500~1000μm占比>34.8%;而体长>1000μm所占比例仅为7%.经群落相似性分析（ANOSIM）,群落结构具显著的季节性差异（P<0.05）,但不同断面的空间结构无显著差异.群落相似性百分比（SIMPER）分析显示,导致群落结构时空差异的主要判别种有大同长腹剑水蚤（Oithona similis）、异体住囊虫（Oikopleura dioica）和砂壳虫（Difflugia sp.）等.电厂增温导致大型浮游动物（>2000μm）全部远离排水口0.2km断面（D02断面）,主要幼体类群的桡足类无节幼体和桡足幼体则在增温海域分布较均匀,几乎不受影响.而一些高丰度小型浮游动物,如砂壳虫、短角长腹剑水蚤（Oithona brevicornis）、伪长腹剑水蚤（Oithona fallax）大量聚集于排水口,使D02断面的浮游动物丰度最高,达35704.1ind/m³.多样性分析显示,海域增温与种类数（S）间的线性关系不显著（P>0.05）,而与Shannon指数（H'）、Pielou均匀度（J'）、Simpson指数（D'）间均存在显著的线性关系（P<0.01）.据回归方程斜率计算,每增温1℃会导致浮游动物H'、J'、D'和S分别降低5.4%、5.0%、3.8%和2.9%.     

2009-2021年夏季长江口海域浮游生物群落结构时空分布特征及其影响因素研究

为了探究夏季长江口海域浮游生物群落结构特征及其影响因素,根据2009-2021年夏季长江口海域大中型浮游生物及水质监测数据,通过盐度5‰和25‰等值线将长江口海域划分为口门区(盐度<5‰)、河口区(盐度5‰～25‰)和海水区(盐度>25‰),通过优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数以及排序分析法,分区分析浮游生物群落结构时空分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明：(1)时间上,浮游植物物种数量和细胞数量呈上升趋势,群落结构以硅藻为主,甲藻占比近年来有所升高.浮游动物物种数量、密度和生物量整体呈下降趋势,群落组成以桡足类动物为主.空间上,浮游植物和浮游动物物种数量呈现出由口门区向海水区递增的趋势,与盐度分布较为一致.(2)浮游动物多样性水平整体优于浮游植物,二者生物多样性空间分布较为一致.其中,海水区浮游生物多样性和丰富度均较高,结构复杂;口门区浮游生物种类少,但均匀度较高;河口区浮游生物种类较多但分布不均匀.(3)冗余分析结果表明,水温、盐度、光照、营养盐是影响浮游生物生长的主要因素.除环境要素外,生物间的捕食作用对...     

藏北高寒草甸土壤线虫群落对模拟增温的响应

为了解气候变暖对藏北高寒草甸土壤线虫群落的影响,该研究在西藏那曲县西藏大学—中国科学院青藏高原研究所那曲生态环境综合观测研究站高寒草甸样地进行了为期3年的模拟增温实验。结果表明,增温降低了土壤线虫个体密度,增大了均匀度,并改变了土壤线虫群落的空间分布和季节动态。同时,增温也改变了土壤线虫群落的物种组成,Longidorella等属是增温后出现的种类,Nothotylenchus等属对温度升高比较敏感,增温后消失。Shannon-Weiner多样性指数所指示的生物多样性在模拟增温条件下没有明显的改变。增温导致营养类群中植食性线虫、食细菌性线虫种类增加,杂食/捕食性线虫种类减少,食真菌性线虫种类则没有变化。群落结构的改变带来了生态系统功能的变化,线虫通路比值显示,增温促进了以细菌为主的土壤有机质降解通道;成熟度指数升高、植物寄生线虫指数降低的趋势则表明土壤线虫群落受到增温干扰后,适应能力逐渐增强,高寒草甸生态系统趋于更加稳定的状态。     

辽河口海域浮游动物多样性及对河口环境的指示

于2013年8月（夏）、10月（秋）和2014年5月（春）在辽河口海域开展浮游动物多样性监测,研究了浮游动物种类组成和数量分布的时空变化特征,探讨了浮游动物多样性与河口盐度变化、富营养化等的关系。结果表明:辽河口海域浮游动物种类的季节更替明显,从夏季到秋季更替率为40.91%;从秋季到春季更替率为35.29%;夏季第一优势种为小拟哲水蚤（Paracalanus parvus）,春、秋季为双毛纺锤水蚤（Acartia bifilosa）。夏季浮游动物种（类）数明显高于春、秋季,由夏季阶段性浮游动物类群数增加所致,而桡足类的种类数季节间差异很小。春季浮游动物数量显著高于夏、秋季,其数量高达（6.4±1.3）×104 ind./m3,秋季数量最低为（5.5±0.6）×103 ind./m3。夏季多样性指数和均匀度指数高于春、秋季。浮游动物多样性的平面分布与盐度呈显著正相关,与无机氮和磷酸盐浓度显著负相关。河口指示性种类火腿伪镖水蚤（Pseudodiaptomus poplesia）的数量的平面分布与盐度呈显著负相关,与无机氮、磷酸盐浓度显著正相关。本研究能够为我国河口海域的生态监测和管理等提供参考依据。     

单甲脒农药对草型塘模型生态系统影响的初步研究

在室外中等规模草型塘模型生态系统（Ｖ＝３ｍ＾３）中，实验研究了国产新农药单甲脒盐酸盐水剂对池塘生态系统结构与功能的影响，在１２．５、２５．０和５０．０ｍｇ／Ｌ的农药浓度下１周左右，大型水生植物，浮游植物，浮游动物，底栖动物均受到不同程度的损伤的破坏，种类，密度，多样性指数下降，高浓度组中浮游生物全部消亡；水层中的好氧异养菌数量则明显增加，单甲脒浓度越高异养菌数量加越多，与此同时，群落产氧量减少，呼     

ITS高通量测序研究黄海微型真核浮游生物多样性及分布特征

微型真核浮游生物是海洋生物群落的重要组成部分,对维持海洋生态系统的稳定发挥着重要的作用.本研究对黄海水环境样本的标记基因ITS进行Illumina高通量测序,探讨了黄海微型真核浮游生物的多样性及群落结构特征,并分析了其与环境因子之间的关系.结果表明:(1)基于标记基因ITS的高通量测序技术可获得较丰富的真菌、浮游植物、浮游动物种类,其中真菌OTUs浮游植物OTUs浮游动物OTUs,真菌reads数浮游动物reads数浮游植物reads数.(2)不同水域微型浮游生物的物种丰度及多样性程度不同,Ace指数及Chao1指数表现为南黄海北黄海东海北部冷水团,Simpson指数及Shannon-Wiener指数表现为东海北部北黄海南黄海冷水团,冷水团水域的物种丰度及多样性最低.(3)随着温度的升高,真菌、浮游植物、浮游动物reads数、OTUs均呈现出上升的趋势;随着盐度的增加,真菌的reads数、OTUs升高,而浮游植物、浮游动物的reads数、OTUs下降,其中浮游植物的reads数、OTUs显著下降(P0.05);在北纬30°~40°范围内,随着纬度的升高,真菌、浮游动物的Shannon-Wiener指数上升,而浮游植物Shannon-Wiener指数下降;与海岸线的距离越大,真菌、浮游植物、浮游动物Shannon-Wiener指数越低.本研究首次以ITS为扩增子高通量测序研究海洋微型真核浮游生物,丰富了微型真核浮游生物的认识,揭示了高通量测序技术在该海域研究的可行性,为其他海域微型真核浮游生物的研究提供了借鉴.     

强降雨对胶州湾浮游动物群落结构的影响

2012年8月2日台风达维登陆青岛,青岛市降大到暴雨(平均降水量69.9 mm)。为研究此次强降雨对胶州湾浮游动物群落结构的影响,本文利用降雨前(7月17日)和暴雨后(8月5日)采集的浮游动物样品,分析了胶州湾海域大中型浮游动物的种类组成、优势种、丰度和生物多样性等群落结构特征变化。结果表明:强降雨前后胶州湾浮游动物的种类数均为51种,但受强降雨带来的剧烈物理冲击和海洋环境快速改变的影响,强降雨后胶州湾浮游动物的平均丰度由1003.4 ind/m3下降为659.4 ind/m3。受海域地形等因素影响,不同海域所受影响程度不同,海湾东部浮游动物丰度下降趋势较西部明显,中部较湾口下降明显。同时,强降雨后浮游动物优势种更替明显,生物多样性指数略有增长。本研究可为深入了解异常极端天气对浮游动物群落结构的影响等研究提供基础资料。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.