遗传禁忌搜索的能量均衡深井安全监测WSN分簇路由算法

针对深井巷道无线传感器网络（Wireless Sensor Networks,WSN）安全监测中节点能量消耗不均匀导致网络生命周期较短的问题,在分析低功耗自适应集簇分层型算法（Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy,LEACH）、遗传算法（Genetic Algorithm,GA）和禁忌搜索算法（Tabu Search Algorithm,TS）的基础上,提出遗传禁忌搜索的能量均衡深井安全监测WSN分簇路由算法（GTSR-EB）,以分簇方式来减少数据发送量与寻优开销,利用优化GA算法和TS算法进行多路径搜索以选出一条能耗均衡、路径传输距离最短的最优路径。仿真实验表明:GTSR-EB算法网络存活周期为LEACH算法的2.17倍、GA算法的1.18倍,GTSR-EB网络能量利用率更高、生存周期更长。     

加油站定量和定性系统安全评价

论述加油站系统单元划分方法,研究加油站工艺过程,认为事故发生的原因一方面是由于系统各单元危险源的存在和控制措施的不完善,另一方面是由于工艺过程系统节点参数(流量、压力、温度等)发生有效偏差和偏差的传递造成的。针对上述两方面原因,首先从系统安全的角度,将加油站系统划分为5部分,并应用安全检查表方法对各子系统进行了定性安全评价;然后将工艺过程划分为6个节点,应用模糊危险与可操作性研究Fuzzy-HAZOP方法,对各个节点发生有效偏差的原因进行了定量的系统安全分析,并得到半定量化结果;最终从定性和定量两个方面完成了加油站系统安全评价。     

铀尾矿库WSN安全监控镜像约束域定位算法

铀尾矿库的WSN安全监控监测技术是一门新型领域技术,是实现铀尾矿库安全综合治理的重要前提,定位技术因其能够快速定位事件发生区域的地理位置而成为WSN的关键技术之一。RSSI测距定位技术因其易于实现、成本低等特点而被广泛应用,然而其在铀尾矿库中会受到多径、非视距等因素的影响,远距离得到的RSSI值测距误差较大。为此,提出一种镜像最小通信圆约束域定位算法,未知节点利用多个近距离RSSI测距值生成最小通信圆,以锚节点坐标镜像最小通信圆生成镜像圆,多条件约束形成定位区域进行区域定位。仿真结果表明:多最小通信圆定位效果优于单最小通信圆,且比传统RSSI和RSSI质心算法具有更高的定位精度和较小的误差均方差。     

基于RFID及WSN技术的矿山实时三维定位及灾害预警平台

通过对比分析国内外矿山灾害死亡事故数据,突显我国矿山安全生产形势十分严峻,提出了构建矿山实时三维定位及灾害预警平台的重要性。平台基于无线射频识别技术和无线传感网络技术,实现井下工作人员、井下移动设备的三维定位,实现井下巷道工作环境的各种参数（如温度、湿度、井巷通风风速、有害气体含量等）的实时监测,分析实时监测数据,预警井下数据异常区域,防止灾害发生,分析灾害发生位置、原因及发生时井下人员、移动设备等信息,为灾后救援工作提供有价值的决策参考。     

Safety Recommendations — The engine that drives change

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) considers the recommendations it makes to prevent accidents and improve the safety of the United States transportation system to be its most important product.In its 25-year history the NTSB has made almost 9,000 safety recommendations covering needed improvements in all the modes of transportation to more than 1,250 recipients. These recommendations are made to anyone the NTSB believes can make the change that is necessary to improve safety. Recommendations have been directed to federal, State and local government agencies, private transportation companies, labor unions, trade associations and others.Overall, more than 80 percent of the NTSB's safety recommendations have been accepted by the recipients and the changes called for have been implemented. This has had a very significant positive impact on the safety of the US transportation system. The NTSB is very proud of this record. The changes that have taken place as a result of the NTSB's recommendations have saved thousands of lives and prevented many accidents.How has the NTSB achieved such a good record? The basic foundation and most important reason for this achievement is the NTSB's independence. This independence lends the NTSB credibility. Recipients of the NTSB's recommendations are more willing to carefully and seriously consider taking the action recommended. The second essential reason for the NTSB's credibility is the highly competent, technical qualifications of its investigators and the thoroughness of its investigations and studies. The NTSB also is very careful and prudent in making its recommendations. Each proposed recommendation is carefully evaluated to make sure it is practical, feasible and capable of being implemented. The credibility of the NTSB has grown over the years, and along with that has come an increase in the acceptance rate of the recommendations.This paper will describe the NTSB's safety recommendation program, how it achieves improved safety, and its important elements, such as the Most Wanted Safety Recommendation Program and the Safety Recommendation Information System.     

基于动态元网络的地铁施工安全事故致因分析

为有效避免地铁施工安全事故的发生,将动态元网络的分析方法应用于地铁施工安全事故致因分析,建立地铁施工安全事故网络节点体系,提出重点控制因素。以杭州地铁一号线施工安全事故为例,在充分考虑人的主观能动性后,建立以人员、行为、事件和组织为节点的节点体系,确定节点的数量及节点之间的相互关系,建立施工安全事故网络模型并进行分析,对打击效果进行对比分析,找到比较理想的打击策略,确立节点的重要度排序,研究结果表明:应重点控制有效的监督相关节点,即可有效地避免或者减少此类事故的发生。得出的结论与事故通报结果基本相符,这为避免地铁施工安全事故提供了新的研究思路。     

空管安全风险管理信息系统分析与设计

针对空中交通服务管理系统(简称为"空管",下同)中存在的安全管理不规范、安全信息不畅通和信息化程度低等安全管理问题,根据空管安全风险管理信息系统(SRMIS)的工作原理,提出SRMIS的业务流程和组织结构,设计了SRMIS的总体结构、风险管控和指标预警等主要功能,研究实现过程中的指标评价、部门评价和模糊综合评价等信息评价方法以及指标预警、因素预警和综合预警等预警预控方法和关键技术。该系统能进行持续的风险识别和综合预警,定期自检、自查、自审,不断改进安全管理工作,并在武汉空管中心实证有较好的应用效果,为空管中心的安全风险管理提供了信息化管理的工具和途径。     

关于注册安全工程师执业资格制度发展战略的几点思考

提出注册安全工程师发展战略中的几个重要环节,阐述实施注册安全工程师制度的重大意义;结合注册安全工程师的岗位特点和安全工程学科的属性,提出注册安全工程师科学的立体分类的方法,指出注册安全工程师须具备的安全知识和能力;根据现阶段我国安全生产形势的需要和安全生产人才队伍状况,分析现阶段我国安全生产领域急需管理型注册安全工程师,他们应具备的知识、技能结构;针对注册安全工程师的考试平台、注册安全工程师的发展及其使用等重大战略问题进行讨论并提出了关于注册安全工程师制度建设几点建议。     

基于Web的安全评价辅助系统的研究

随着我国经济的迅速发展,安全生产的问题在国民经济中的地位越来越重要,安全评价工作正在各个行业开展。目前,对系统安全状况的评价主要通过人工方式,其主要缺点有评价数据精度不高、评价速度慢、评价操作复杂等。本文设计了一个适合政府部门和企业的安全评价辅助系统。将计算机技术应用于安全评价过程中,较好的克服了人工方式的缺点,并能将评价信息及时完整的反馈给安全工作者。该系统运用MicrosoftSQLServer2000和．NET技术,构建了基于B／S／D／C结构的安全评价辅助系统平台,实现了安全评价报告的撰写等功能。其具有一定的实用性,能满足一般用户对安全评价报告的撰写、快速浏览添加以及统计管理等功能。     

日本安全生产管理及其对我国的启示

针对我国安全生产管理现状,分析日本安全生产发展历程和特点,并借鉴日本经验,提出进一步加快建立健全我国安全生产监管体系、法律法规体系、颁布实施安全生产规划、建立强有力的安全生产技术支撑体系、在我国探索开展伤害预知预警活动和重点落实企业主体责任等一系列完善我国安全生产体制和机制的建议;给出了我国完善的安全生产监管体系框图。通过对日本安全生产特点研究,结合我国安全生产面临的严峻形势,对探索增强我国企业和从业人员安全意识,逐步完善安全生产工作方式、方法和机制,以期为提高我国安全生产工作水平提供科学依据和有益的借鉴。     

大型公园道路网络关键节点脆弱性评价*

为更加科学有效地辨识景区道路网络中的客流关键节点,以节点脆弱性为度量指标,提出1种基于FIM模型的关键节点脆弱性评价方法。以某大型公园为例,首先通过ArcGIS软件将该公园的道路网络信息转换成可编译的文本信息,经过Java枚举可行路径,然后利用嵌入FIM算法的Lingo进行优化,得出网络节点的重要度。最后综合节点容量、流量、吸引度等信息加权得出网络节点的脆弱性。结果表明:该方法能够有效地对道路网络节点进行脆弱性度量并排序,景区可据此制定相应的客流导向方案以提高景区资源的利用率,提高游览的安全性。     

Safety evaluation of drowsy driving advisory system: Alabama case study

Introduction: The present study discusses roles, characteristics, and safety assessment of a drowsy driving advisory (DDA) system, implemented on rural interstates of Alabama. The DDA system is an engineering countermeasure designed to reduce the likelihood of drowsy driving crashes. It consists of a series of roadside signs with warning and advisory messages for drowsy drivers. The DDA system was implemented upstream of rural rest areas based on a comprehensive crash analysis. Method: A post-implementation study was conducted three years after the DDA system implementation to assess its safety effects. An empirical bayes (EB) method along with predictive methods of the Highway Safety Manual was used in the safety assessment. To overcome the underreported issue of drowsy driving crashes in the crash analysis, the present study used a concept called, expanded definition of drowsy driving (EDD) crashes. Result: The analysis found that the DDA system could reduce total and EDD crashes by 64% and 49%, respectively. It is important to note that such huge crash reduction effects are due to a combined effect of both rest areas and the DDA system, not because of a single treatment. The safety effect of a rest area itself, without considering the effect of the DDA system, was also investigated. Results show that total and EDD crashes would increase about 12–45% and 5–33%, respectively if there is no presence of a rest area. Conclusion: Our findings conclude that the DDA system could significantly reduce both total and drowsy driving crashes when it cooperates with a rest area facility. Practical Application: The findings also provide the guidance of using the DDA system on high-speed roads as a safety countermeasure of drowsy driving crashes. Readers can find details of the DDA system used in this study with its layout, dimension, and roadside safety messages.     

Using an expanded Safety Failure Event Network to analyze railway dangerous goods transportation system risk-accident

In order to improve the reliability and safety of railway dangerous goods transportation system (RDGTS), and prevent the similar accidents happened again, an easier operated, dynamic, systemic and quantitative approach called expanded Safety Failure Event Network (SFEN) is proposed to analyze the past typical RDGTS accidents. The expanded SFEN focuses on transfer the traditional safety occurrence process into a visible Accident Analysis Network (AAN) platform. To improve the previous SFEN approach, the risk factors categories are expanded including Human actions, Technical failure, Nature of transported goods, Environment factors, Management failure and External factors of the system. An AAN is established by using the risk factors as the nodes and using the interactions among these risk factors as the edges, the RDGTS risk analysis problem is transferred into a quantitative network structure analysis problem from a network perspective. After that, based on the AAN, TouchGraph and NetMiner are applied to calculate and rank the centrality degree of each sub-risk factor (or sub-heading) in a network. A RDGTS accident happened in 2001 is analyzed, the results show that TouchGraph and NetMiner can present the same interactions and importance of sub-risk factors (or sub-headings) through visible circle images in the platform, NetMiner is more digital because the results can be presented as the centrality degree values. The greatest contributed sub-risk factors are Equipment maintenance failure and Railway inspection agency failure, followed by cargo packaging problems, illegal entrainment problem. Misbehaves of the freight inspector with centrality degree 0.523810 shows that this sub-heading has the greatest contribution to the accident.     

汽车色彩设计对交通安全的影响研究

人的因素对道路交通安全的影响最大,色彩作用于人的生理与心理,能给人不同的心理感受.介绍了色彩的属性和几种常见颜色的色彩心理;根据色彩的生理心理特性,从车身和驾驶室配色等方面,采用安全心理学和色彩心理学以及定性分析的方法,分析了汽车色彩对交通安全和驾驶员反应的重要影响;最后提出了对汽车进行安全色彩设计的构想,并给出汽车安全色彩设计的原则、体系和步骤;对车身和驾驶室进行安全色彩设计,其中合理的色彩模拟系统的开发是关键.与其他有效的交通管理措施相结合,从而达到交通系统和谐的效果.     

大坝安全评价的可接受风险研究与评述

评述了国内外安全领域可接受风险研究的历史和现状.根据事故后果对风险进行分类,对不同类型风险给出风险定量表示方法,针对不同的风险定量表示方法,应用F-N曲线和ALARP准则研究相应的可接受风险确定方法,并就其在大坝安全风险评价领域的应用进行探讨.     

On the use of probabilistic and deterministic methods in risk analysis

Risks to human beings arise from an inherent characteristic to make plans and try to make them happen, while external forces resist and tend to move our endeavours away from the plan. Any such “endeavour” is a complex ensemble of a bewildering variety of interacting elements which together form something “whole”, usually called a “system” (e.g. a chemical process plant, a nuclear power plant, the stock market, air traffic control). A system has a certain state in the present and subsequent states in the future. There are deterministic and probabilistic systems and corresponding approaches to analyse them, that is to make their current states apparent and predict their future behaviour. In this paper, it is shown in which ways both analyses appear in risk analysis and it is hypothesised that both approaches are modelling the same process, though probabilistic analysis may reveal more information since it explicitly incorporates uncertainty in the form of numbers (and “there is safety in numbers”). The overall objective of this paper is to make clear what the differences between the two approaches really are. Their respective main strengths and weaknesses are discussed. A more refined objective is to discuss the specific role of probabilities in risk analysis. Examples of both approaches are given from applications in the nuclear power and chemical process industries, and some of the main problems encountered thereby are identified. Further, the challenge to system analysis posed by “chaos theory” is discussed. Due to its non-linear dynamic character, the future behaviour of a “chaotic system” is difficult to predict over a long period of time because it depends on arbitrarily small and thus not observable variations in the current state. Such behaviour might have serious consequences for human operators involved in the control of such systems. The paper concludes that, although both approaches to risk analysis can provide adequate safety levels to systems if applied in a correct and non-biased way, probabilistic methods seem to be more cost-effective and the results easier to communicate to decision- and policy-makers.     

城市小康社会安全指标体系设计

城市安全是我国小康社会安全的关键和重要组成部分 ,科学地设计城市小康社会的安全指标体系 ,对于定量地分析和认识城市安全的状况 ,科学地评价安全的社会价值有着现实的意义。笔者首先提出了安全小康社会的概念及其发展目标的体系和原则 ;然后结合我国的政府管理部门需要 ,定义了城市安全的 12大领域 ,并设计了指标体系 ,包括社会稳定、社会治安、公共场所安全、公共卫生、交通安全、生产安全、食品安全、减灾防灾、人口安全、环境安全、能源安全及宏观综合。每个具体指标都是在研究该安全领域具体现状的基础上 ,经过分析影响其安全状况的重要因素设计而成的。城市小康社会安全指标体系能够应用于评价城市的总体安全状况。     

基于安全信息的安全执行及其失效机制研究

为了提高系统安全执行的有效性,改善系统的安全状况,开展基于安全信息的安全执行及其失效机制研究。首先,对安全执行的基础问题进行研究,包括其定义及一般过程;其次,从安全信息出发,结合解决问题的一般路径,对安全执行机制进行研究;最后,在上述分析的基础上,研究安全执行失效机制,并构建模型,明确安全执行过程中的重要节点。研究结果表明:基于安全信息能厘清安全执行过程中的细节及重点,对于未来系统中人群的安全执行力的提升能起到积极的指导作用。     

人的安全性评价研究

随着人们对人在整个安全系统中的重要性认识的不断提高 ,如何对人的安全性进行科学的评价也就越来越显得重要。笔者在综合论述了目前我国对机车乘务人员、起重机械作业人员、驾驶员以及电力运行人员的安全性研究以及国外相关研究的基础上 ,提出了有关人的安全性评价的定义 ,并提出如何建立人的安全性评价体系以及对人的安全性评价的通用指标 ,探讨了在实际工作中如何运用上述指标去评价人的安全性。为人的安全性评价提供了一种有效的方法和新的研究思路