The Sustainable Use of Sensitive Countryside Sites for Sport and Active Recreation

Sport and active recreation, as an important area of leisure activity that can take place in the countryside, has recently been the subject of much discussion both in central government reports and statutory agencies' studies. This paper examines principles for their planning and management, particularly in sensitive areas such as National Parks, Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty and Sites of Special Scientific Interest. It takes the view that effective recreation management should be promoted, suggesting that the designation of countryside areas should not imply that they are unchanging, or that environmental policies should be applied uniformly. The Government's UK Sustainable Development Strategy 1994 emphasizes the importance of assessing capacity and of management and monitoring in providing for leisure. Yet knowledge of recreation impacts is incomplete. A number of principles for the management of countryside recreation are given, and examples given of such principles in use. These stress the need for effective participation by the various interests involved at sites and the importance of voluntary approaches to the resolution of conflicts.     

论综合型休闲娱乐场所环境影响评价的工作重点

娱乐及餐饮业近年来发展迅速,开展这类项目的环境影响评价工作首先应确保其环保审批手续的前置性。环评单位应在项目筹划初期介入,工作中应以项目合理选址和提出具有可操作性的污染防治措施这两个侧重面开展工作,作出准确的评价结论,给出可行的污染防治措施及方案。只有这样,才能编制出较为完善的环境影响评价文件,才能达到预防或减轻不良环境影响的最终目的。     

An Assessment of the Economic Effectiveness of Recreation Policy Using Contingent Valuation

Arrangements within the UK to enhance recreation opportunities in the countryside are currently implemented in a somewhat ad hoc manner. This paper analyses the economic effectiveness of such provision in Grampian Region, Scotland. This is achieved by quantifying, using the contingent valuation method, the economic benefits accruing from recreation enhancements and comparing these benefits with the level of expenditure currently being undertaken on these improvements. The subsequent analysis provides a strategic framework for the assessment of recreation needs in the region, thus enabling future priorities for provision to be identified. It is argued that the quantification of public preferences for recreation enhancements provides a powerful tool to aid strategic planning of recreation provision. The issue of using public funds to finance recreation facilities in the countryside is also discussed.     

Tourist Perceptions of Degradation Caused by Coastal Nature-Based Recreation

Tourist perceptions of environmental degradation caused by nature-based tourism activities in a coastal environment were determined in the Central Coast Region of Western Australia. Structured surveys were administered to 702 visitors over two peak seasons. Visitors were required to indicate their perceptions on a Likert-type scale. Activities assessed were swimming, boating, fishing, diving and snorkelling, (wind)surfing, sandboarding, four-wheel driving, (bush)walking, camping, horseriding and sightseeing. Tourists had significantly variable demographic characteristics over two seasons and participated in different activities. However, perception of environmental degradation of individual activities did not vary significantly between seasons, except for fishing, four-wheel driving and sandboarding. The age, origin and level of education of visitors had more effect on perceptions than gender or income group. Participation in an activity affected perceptions only for those who went fishing, sandboarding, four-wheel driving and sightseeing. Visitor perceptions were comparable to real impacts documented in the recreation ecology literature. The results of this research indicate a need for improved visitor education and interpretation facilities.     

环境评价污染气象观测与分析的几个问题

就实际环评工作中污染气象观测与分析中资料的选取与分析,地面常规气象资料的统计与分析,大气边界层观测与分析等几个问题提出了看法和建议。     

成都市城市游憩商业区的发展研究

旅游城市化趋势,使城市越来越成为旅游吸引的中心.城市游憩商业区作为城市游憩系统的重要组成部分,成为现在研究的热点问题.在介绍游憩商业区(RBD)的概念和研究现状的基础上,分析了成都城市RBD的形成与发展.     

Conflict and Coalitions: An Examination of Outdoor Recreation Magazines

We examined whether value differences between various recreation interest/activity groups are created and sustained by the textual information presented to their readers in magazines. Using a two-stage qualitative approach, our research sought to explore the exact nature of the dialogue in the magazines. We sought detailed, intimate information on a selected number of magazines to assess how the popular press socially constructs knowledge about recreation groups, and we sought to better understand how various recreation group members assign meaning to their activities and interpret the interests of other groups. Findings revealed limited negativity of activity users towards one another; most of the conflict found in the text of the articles in recreational magazines was characterized as macrodispositional. Accordingly, in the articles most of the antipathy was directed towards government because of stricter regulation of activity or towards commercial consumers whose exploitation of resources is perceived to threaten groups' activities. Moreover, such conflict crosscuts various groups whose issues and concerns are often similar. Since environmental battles are no longer any one group's issue, many have coalesced and engaged in conflict with lawmakers and commercial consumers. It is clear that the recreational magazines do play a role in shaping readers' attitudes.     

搞好生态建设,转移农村剩余劳动力

大量闲置劳动力会造成巨大生态压力,加剧生态退化,但只要转移消化得当,便能化为强大的力量和优势。本文从区域→行业→企业→家庭→生态建设联合体五个层次和角度,对各种有效的和有可能的转移消化闲置劳动力生态建设途径进行了探索。     

Improving the Integration of Recreation Management with Management of Other Natural Resources by Applying Concepts of Scale from Ecology

In this article, we examine how issues of scale affect the integration of recreation management with the management of other natural resources on public lands. We present two theories used to address scale issues in ecology and explore how they can improve the two most widely applied recreation-planning frameworks. The theory of patch dynamics and hierarchy theory are applied to the recreation opportunity spectrum (ROS) and the limits of acceptable change (LAC) recreation-planning frameworks. These frameworks have been widely adopted internationally, and improving their ability to integrate with other aspects of natural resource management has significant social and conservation implications. We propose that incorporating ecologic criteria and scale concepts into these recreation-planning frameworks will improve the foundation for integrated land management by resolving issues of incongruent boundaries, mismatched scales, and multiple-scale analysis. Specifically, we argue that whereas the spatially explicit process of the ROS facilitates integrated decision making, its lack of ecologic criteria, broad extent, and large patch size decrease its usefulness for integration at finer scales. The LAC provides explicit considerations for weighing competing values, but measurement of recreation disturbances within an LAC analysis is often done at too fine a grain and at too narrow an extent for integration with other recreation and resource concerns. We suggest that planners should perform analysis at multiple scales when making management decisions that involve trade-offs among competing values. The United States Forest Service is used as an example to discuss how resource-management agencies can improve this integration.     

Recreation impacts in some riparian forests of the Eastern United States

Ecological impacts on camp and picnic sites were examined in three National Park Service units along the Delaware and New rivers, in the eastern United States. All sites experienced pronounced impact to trees, groundcover vegetation, and soils. The nature and magnitude of impacts in these riparian forests were quite similar to those reported in wilderness areas in the mountainous western states and northern Minnesota, despite more favorable growing conditions. The relationship between amount of use and amount of impact and the importance of differences in type of use and environment were also roughly comparable. High-use sites were more heavily impacted than low-use sites, but differences were small when compared with differences in amount of use. The areal extent of impact was the major difference between sites in different environments and sites used by different clienteles. This suggests that the effectiveness of basic strategies for managing impact should not differ greatly between regions. Here, as elsewhere, actions taken to control the areal extent of impact appear to be particularly important.     

大都市郊区游憩开发与规划研究综述

从大都市区和大都市郊区的定义与特征、开发与规划研究的原则与方法、方向与模式、策略等方面总结了近年来国内的研究进展，评析了研究现状，指出未来重点要在理论建设、居民行为、市场营销、规划管理、规划影响等方面加深研究。     

Recreation benefits of natural area characteristics at the El Yunque National Forest

The paper applies the Contingent Valuation Method using a visitor survey to determine trip values to three rivers in northeastern Puerto Rico. Sample data were obtained from 984 interviews conducted in 13 sites during the summer months. The trip value is statistically decomposed into components representing natural features and recreation activities. The median net economic value of a river visit without waterfalls or foot trails is $96. Recreation at rivers with both waterfalls and foot trails has a median value of $138 per trip. The presence of waterfalls accounts for $23 and foot trails $19 per trip. This information can be pertinent for managers in selecting recreation site locations and protecting them from competing uses.     

湖南小城市居民娱乐休闲意向研究

为了准确把握湖南省城市居民娱乐休闲意向的特征及其影响因素,进行了一项辅助和补充研究。通过对宁乡和常德的居民抽样调查得到基础数据,运用因子分析和聚类法得出3个大类生活形态相异的细分市场,采用对应分析和多重反应分析,得出了不同生活形态细分市场的娱乐休闲意向差异,为湖南省的娱乐市场营销问题提供基础数据和结论。     

秦皇岛市海港区城市游憩绿地发展对策研究

从秦皇岛市海港区城市游憩绿地存在的空间分布不均匀、设计不完善、疏于管理、服务设施不足等问题出发,提出了从宏观调控、游憩绿地设计、管理、法制、可持续发展和建设投入角度发展海港区城市游憩绿地的对策,从而提高城市人居环境质量,充分发挥城市游憩绿地系统在整个城市绿地系统中的重要地位。     

Ecological Settings and State Economies as Factor Inputs in the Provision of Outdoor Recreation

State parks play a substantial role in the provision of outdoor recreation opportunities within the United States. Park operators must make crucial decisions in how they allocate capital expenditures, labor, and parkland to maintain recreation opportunities. Their decisions are influenced, in part, by the ecological characteristics of their state’s park system as well as the vitality of their state’s economy. In this research, we incorporate the characteristics of states’ ecosystems and their local economies into a formal production analysis of the states’ park systems from the years 1986 to 2011. Our analysis revealed all three factors of production were positive and inelastic. Expenditures on labor had the largest effect on both park utilization and operational expenditures. Our analysis also found a large degree of variability in the effects of ecological characteristics on both utilization and operating expenditures. Parkland utilization and operational expenditures were more elastic in areas such as Oceania and Mediterranean California relative to other ecological regions. These findings lead us to conclude that state park operators will experience variable levels of difficulty in both accommodating increasing demands for recreation from state parks and maintaining the existing quality of outdoor recreation provided within their system.     

Wildland Recreation and Human Waste: A Review of Problems, Practices, and Concerns

It is difficult to make general recommendations that apply to all ecosystems. There is still a relative dearth of studies that allow the manager or visitor to come up with specific practices that are the best for their area. The preferred method of disposal remains to dig a small hole (cat hole) and bury the waste. Other site specific methods are also discussed. Treatment of drinking water has become standard practice for most backcountry travel. With such treatment, there is little evidence currently to suggest that the health hazard to humans is great enough to impose further regulation in areas currently using cat holes.     

我国农村人力资源的开发现状及其对策

农村人力资源的开发和利用，在很大程度上决定着农村经济发展速度和农民的收入水平，甚至决定着整个国民经济的发展潜力。我国农村人力资源开发的现状不容乐观，作者认为必须加大人力资本投资力度，把农村劳动力资源开发与乡镇企业发展及非农化进程、城镇化战略结合起来，以推动农村人力资源的开发向深度和广度迈进。     

Toward the Improvement of Trail Classification in National Parks Using the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum Approach

Trail settings in national parks are essential management tools for improving both ecological conservation efforts and the quality of visitor experiences. This study proposes a plan for the appropriate maintenance of trails in Chubusangaku National Park, Japan, based on the recreation opportunity spectrum (ROS) approach. First, we distributed 452 questionnaires to determine park visitors’ preferences for setting a trail (response rate = 68 %). Respondents’ preferences were then evaluated according to the following seven parameters: access, remoteness, naturalness, facilities and site management, social encounters, visitor impact, and visitor management. Using nonmetric multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis, the visitors were classified into seven groups. Last, we classified the actual trails according to the visitor questionnaire criteria to examine the discrepancy between visitors’ preferences and actual trail settings. The actual trail classification indicated that while most developed trails were located in accessible places, primitive trails were located in remote areas. However, interestingly, two visitor groups seemed to prefer a well-conserved natural environment and, simultaneously, easily accessible trails. This finding does not correspond to a premise of the ROS approach, which supposes that primitive trails should be located in remote areas without ready access. Based on this study’s results, we propose that creating trails, which afford visitors the opportunity to experience a well-conserved natural environment in accessible areas is a useful means to provide visitors with diverse recreation opportunities. The process of data collection and analysis in this study can be one approach to produce ROS maps for providing visitors with recreational opportunities of greater diversity and higher quality.     

新农村建设污水处理工程实例

山海关区新民居污水治理工程采用水解酸化+接触氧化+曝气生物滤池为主的工艺进行污水治理,实际运行结果表明:系统运行稳定,处理出水COD≤48 mg.L-1,BOD5≤9 mg.L-1,SS≤10 mg.L-1,NH3-N≤4.5 mg.L-1,TP≤0.47 mg.L-1,处理出水达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级A标准,出水用于农村绿化和农灌,经济效益和环境效益明显。     

Blowing Smoke in Yellowstone: Air Quality Impacts of Oversnow Motorized Recreation in the Park

Snowmobile use in Yellowstone National Park has been shown to impact air quality, with implications for the safety and welfare of Park staff and other Park resource values. Localized impacts have been documented at several high-use sites in the Park, but the broader spatial variability of snowmobile emissions and air quality was not understood. Measurements of 87 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were made for ambient air sampled across the Park and West Yellowstone, Montana, during 2 days of the 2002–2003 winter use season, 1 year before the implementation of a new snowmobile policy. The data were compared with similar data from pristine West Coast sites at similar latitudes. Backward trajectories of local air masses, alkyl nitrate-parent alkane ratios, and atmospheric soundings were used to identify the VOC sources and assess their impact. Different oversnow vehicle types used in the Park were sampled to determine their relative influence on air mass pollutant composition. VOCs were of local origin and demonstrated strong spatiotemporal variability that is primarily influenced by levels of snowmobile traffic on given road segments at different times of day. High levels of snowmobile traffic in and around West Yellowstone produced consistently high levels of benzene, toluene, and carbon monoxide.