生态正外部性内部化的实现途径与机制创新

随着经济社会发展以及“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念在全社会的深化,迫切需要解决生态服务的区域外部性问题。正外部性内部化是实现生态服务价值的重要手段,主要包括政府购买、协议补偿、生态商品、创建市场等方式。生态正外部性的价值可以通过生态要素的直接市场、包含于生态商品的间接价值以及基于成本—收益的生态补偿标准来确定,而现有的协议补偿标准多基于上游地区的保护成本,应将发展的机会成本作为参考依据。最后,从机制上将收益内部化转变为主体内部化,可以从根本上解决保护与收益主体分离带来的一系列生态保护与经济发展的冲突问题。     

沙湾县三个泉子退耕还草项目区对区域生态环境的影响

沙湾县三个泉子退耕还草项目区的建设,彻底改变了长期以来由于草地在陆地生态系统中的巨大作用和在国民经济发展中的重要地位未被充分认识,加之受传统的重农轻牧,重牧轻草,轻草贱草等社会思想的影响,彻底改变了草地建设等许多措施没有落到实处,尤其是草地生态建设的步伐远远不能适应生态环境发展要求的现状。     

甘肃民勤湖区水资源的合理利用

本文基于民勤湖区水资源贫乏、生态环境严重恶化的情况,提出了水资源合理分配利用的具罚函数 LP-DP 模型。模型解算结果表明,在维持一定粮食产量的条件下,发展林牧业可充分利用土地资源,提高经济效益,促进生态环境良性循环和可得到现有水资源的保证。     

An Empirical Analysis of the Effects of China’s Land Conversion Program on Farmers’ Income Growth and Labor Transfer

In this article, we hypothesize that in addition to participation status and household characteristics, the impact of China’s Sloping Land Conversion Program on income growth and labor transfer is determined by local economic conditions, program range, and political leadership, and the degree of impact on income may vary among different economic sectors. To test these propositions, we have compiled a panel data set of 600 households in three counties in the Loess Plateau region, with observations for times both prior to and after the program’s inception (1999 and 2006), for both aggregate and categorical incomes, and for both participating and non-participating households. Using a difference in differences model and repeated cross-sectional data, we find that participation status, local economic conditions, program extent, and political leadership indeed have significant impacts on household income and off-farm employment. Moreover, the effects of participation on crop production income, animal husbandry income, and off-farm income vary substantially. These results carry major policy implications in terms of how to improve the effectiveness and impact of ecological restoration efforts in and outside of China.     

调整产业结构,保护四川省境内的黄河流域区生态环境

四川境内的黄河流域区为一个高寒牧业区,单纯的牧业经济给区域的生态环境造成了很大破坏,特别是草场退化、沙化、沼泽干涸,致使区域内水源涵养功能及其它生态功能的下降,危及黄河流域及国家的生态安全。因此,必须调整区域的产业结构,改变单一的牧业经济,减轻对生态系统的压力。产业结构调整的关键在于提高草地畜牧业经济的“质” 而非“量”;一方面应加强牲畜优良品种的培育和推广,使牲畜的肉、皮、毛、绒、骨等经济价值得以高质量。高效益地转化;另一方面,要立体开发草原经济,实行多业并举,使区域经济与生态环境保护协调发展。     

西洋河流域污染的特征研究

随着卢龙县工业及畜牧业的发展及人口的增加,西洋河水域污染日益严重,水质功能已达到Ⅳ类,生态环境遭到严重的破坏。西洋河流域地表污染源主要有工业企业废水、畜禽养殖污水、甘薯淀粉加工废水和农业生产废水等。本文分析了西洋河流域地表水质污染的现状,在严格排查污染源的基础上对其水质特征进行了科学分析。     

西藏才曲塘草地畜牧业的生态旅游景观规划

才曲塘草地畜牧业科技示范区位于西藏自治区那曲镇,目的是通过采用农牧业高新技术,提高农牧业综合开发的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益,其中发展生态旅游是示范区主要开发方向和目标之一.利用景观生态学理论,分析了才曲塘生态旅游景观的形成条件、景观要素、景观结构特点,对进行了生态旅游景观的功能区划分;提出可以通过才曲塘的规划和建设,探索与自然生态环境协调的草地畜牧业景观结构,充分发挥畜牧业发展和生态旅游的功能,对高寒地区草地畜牧业综合开发起示范作用.     

山区生态产业及其环境保育的作用研究

山区生态产业是依赖于山区丰富的自然资源按照生态学原理组织形成的生态与经济有机统一的产业发展形式。本文阐述了山区生态产业七个方面的特征：即山区生态产业对自然资源的特殊依赖性、受高度景观带的制约性、结构多样性与复杂性、建设长期性、经济收益级差性、开发水平落后性和开发任务艰巨性。在此基础上,文章从要素调控设计、垂直带幅生态调控设计、产业模式系统生态设计出发探讨了生态产业与垂直地带性的构建关系,并举例说明了山区生态产业开发建设对环境保护的积极作用。得出了山区生态产业的开发就是努力避免产业活动对生态环境干扰的逆向作用,积极引导与实现产业活动对生态环境干扰的正向作用的结论。     

Impacts of Alternative Manure Application Rates on Texas Animal Feeding Operations: A Macro Level Analysis1

Abstract: An integrated economic and environmental modeling system was developed for evaluating agro‐environmental policies and practices implemented on large scales. The modeling system, the Comprehensive Economic and Environmental Optimization Tool‐Macro Modeling System (CEEOT‐MMS), integrates the Farm‐level Economic Model (FEM) and the Agricultural Policy Environmental eXtender (APEX) model, as well as national databases and clustering and aggregation algorithms. Using micro simulations of statistically derived representative farms and subsequent aggregation of farm‐level results, a wide range of agricultural best management practices can be investigated within CEEOT‐MMS. In the present study, CEEOT‐MMS was used to evaluate the economic and water quality impacts of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) based manure application rates when implemented on all animal feeding operations in the State of Texas. Results of the study indicate that edge‐of‐field total P losses can be reduced by about 0.8 kg/ha/year or 14% when manure applications are calibrated to supply all of the recommended crop P requirements from manure total P sources only, when compared to manure applications at the recommended crop N agronomic rate. Corresponding economic impacts are projected to average a US$4,800 annual cost increase per farm. Results are also presented by ecological subregion, farm type, and farm size categories.     

Assessing Restoration Potential of Semi-natural Grasslands by Landscape Change Trajectories

Species-rich semi-natural grasslands have rapidly declined and become fragmented in Northern Europe due to ceased traditional agricultural practices and animal husbandry. Restoration actions have been introduced in many places to improve the habitat conditions and increase the area to prevent any further losses of their ecological values. However, given the limited resources and long time span needed for successful restoration, it is essential to target activities on sites having a suitable initial state and where the effects of restoration are most beneficial for the habitat network. In this paper we present a conceptual framework for evaluating the restoration potential of partially overgrown and selectively managed semi-natural grasslands in a moderately transformed agricultural environment in south-western Finland. On the basis of the spatio-temporal landscape trajectory analysis, we construct potential restoration scenarios based on expected semi-natural grassland characteristics that are derived from land productivity, detected grassland continuum, and date of overgrowth. These scenarios are evaluated using landscape metrics, their feasibility is discussed and the effects of potential restoration are compared to the present extent of open semi-natural grasslands. Our results show that landscape trajectory analysis and scenario construction can be valuable tools for the restoration planning of semi-natural grasslands with limited resources. The approach should therefore be considered as an essential tool to find the most optimal restoration sites and to pre-evaluate the effects.     

基于多功能性的草原经济可持续发展

除了作为资源的物质生产功能外,草原还有生态服务功能、社会保障功能和文化承载功能等。日益严重的生态环境问题,要求必须全面认识草原的多功能性,转变生产方式,因地制宜发展以保护为主的放牧畜牧业、草畜耦合高效高产畜牧业、草原生态旅游业以及草原特色产业等多种草原经济发展模式。草原经济的可持续发展需要从法制、产权制度、保护制度、生态补偿机制、评价体系建设等多方面予以保障。     

粮食安全视角下黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展

黄河流域是我国重要的生态功能区，是实现国家粮食安全的重点区域。本文梳理了近期黄河流域的相关研究，从粮食安全视角下分析了黄河流域现阶段在流域水效率、流域水管理机制、流域水生态文明三方面的问题，并提出了关于黄河流域大保护与高质量发展的两方面建议。一是创新流域水管理机制，服务国家粮食安全。积极改进水资源管理方式，加大节水宣传教育力度，加强黄河流域水土流失综合治理，合理调控水价，完善黄河流域水权市场建设。二是践行"两山"理论，提升流域水生态文明。建设"四大体系"和"七大区域"，推进生态廊道建设；转变经济发展方式；提前布局水生态文明建设。     

Labels for Animal Husbandry Systems Meet Consumer Preferences: Results from a Meta-analysis of Consumer Studies

Political decision-makers in the European Union (EU) are currently discussing the introduction of a mandatory uniform labelling scheme for meat and milk that provides information on husbandry systems similar to the already existent labelling scheme in the EU egg market. The objective of this paper was to assess whether such information is relevant to consumers when buying meat and milk. The paper was based on a systematic synthesis of 53 scientific journal articles on empirical consumer studies. The review revealed that consumers perceived the aspects of outdoor access, stocking density and floor type as important factors influencing animal welfare. On average, consumers not only had a positive attitude towards more animal welfare-friendly husbandry systems with outdoor access and space allowance but were also willing to pay a price premium for products from such systems. All studies on consumer segmentation identified at least one consumer segment that placed great importance on animal welfare-friendly husbandry systems. Interestingly, many studies identified one or more other segments who still had a significant preference for animal welfare-friendly products even though other product attributes were more important to them. Based on the findings, the paper presents conclusions regarding the labelling of husbandry systems for meat and milk.     

Optimal nonpoint source pollution control strategies for a reservoir watershed in Taiwan

The purpose of this study is to develop a model for optimal nonpoint source pollution control for the Fei-Tsui Reservoir watershed in Northern Taiwan. Several structural best management practices (BMPs) are selected to treat stormwater runoff. The complete model consists of two interacting components: an optimization model based on discrete differential dynamic programming (DDDP) and a zero-dimensional reservoir water quality model. A predefined procedure is used to locate suitable sites for construction of various selected BMPs in the watershed. In the optimization model, the objective function is to find the best combination of BMP type and placement, which minimizes the total construction and operation, maintenance, and repair (OMR) costs of the BMPs. The constraints are the water quality standards for total phosphorus (TP) and total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations in the reservoir. A zero-dimensional reservoir water quality model of the Vollenweider type is embedded in the optimization framework to simulate pollutant concentrations in Fei-Tsui Reservoir. The resulting optimal cost and benefit of water quality improvement are depicted by the model-derived trade-off curves. The modeling framework developed in the present study could be used as an efficient tool for planning a watershed-wide implementation of BMPs for mitigating stormwater pollution impact on the receiving water bodies.     

农村水污染的经济损失分析与评估——以邹城市北宿镇为例

介绍了目前常用的水污染经济损失基本评估法——分解求和方法及其具体模型(农业损失模型、畜牧业损失模型、渔业损失模型、人类健康损失模型)以及水污染经济损失的计量程序。以邹城市北宿镇为例,根据相关数据,分别计算了2010年农村水污染对当地农业、畜牧业、渔业和人类健康带来的损失。     

达县百节"水保生态园区"水土流失治理与生态环境保护

本文反映了严重的水土流失是导致达县百节河小流域生态环境恶化的主要原因。阐述了通过实施水土流失治理三大措施：工程措施、生物措施、农耕措施,有效地控制了水土流失等生态问题,极大地改善了当地生态环境,取得了显著的三大效益：经济效益、生态效益和社会效益。同时陈述了百节河小流域生态园区的建设特色：组织协调部门资金捆绑使用,集中投入：业主参与,责、权、利统一,投资渠道多元化,为水土保持和生态环境建设注入了生机与活力。     

GIS BASED LONG TERM HYDROLOGIC IMPACT EVALUATION FOR WATERSHED URBANIZATION1

ABSTRACT: To adequately manage impacts of ongoing or future land use changes in a watershed, the magnitude of their hydrologic impacts needs to be assessed. A grid based daily streamflow model was calibrated with two years of observed streamflow data, using time periods when land use data are available and verified by comparison of model predictions with observed streamflow data. Streamflow data were separated into direct runoff and baseflow to estimate the impacts of urbanization on each hydrologic component. Analysis of the ratio between direct runoff and total runoff from 30 years of simulation results and the change in these ratios with urbanization shows that estimated annual direct runoff increased from 49.2 percent (1973) to 63.1 percent (1984) and 65.0 percent (1991), indicating the effects of urbanization are greater on direct runoff than on total runoff. The direct runoff ratio also varies with annual rainfall, with dry year ratios larger than those for wet years. This suggests that the impact of urbanization on areas that are sensitive to runoff ratios, such as stream ecosystems, might be more serious during drier years than in wetter years in terms of water quality and water yield. This indicates that sustainable base‐flow is important to maintaining sound stream ecosystems.     

Effects of calibration on L-THIA GIS runoff and pollutant estimation

Urbanization can result in alteration of a watershed's hydrologic response and water quality. To simulate hydrologic and water quality impacts of land use changes, the Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment (L-THIA) system has been used. The L-THIA system estimates pollutant loading based on direct runoff quantity and land use based pollutant coefficients. The accurate estimation of direct runoff is important in assessing water quality impacts of land use changes. An automated program was developed to calibrate the L-THIA model using the millions of curve number (CN) combinations associated with land uses and hydrologic soil groups. L-THIA calibration for the Little Eagle Creek (LEC) watershed near Indianapolis, Indiana was performed using land use data for 1991 and daily rainfall data for six months of 1991 (January 1-June 30) to minimize errors associated with use of different temporal land use data and rainfall data. For the calibration period, the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient was 0.60 for estimated and observed direct runoff. The calibrated CN values were used for validation of the model for the same year (July 1-December 31), and the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient was 0.60 for estimated and observed direct runoff. The Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient was 0.52 for January 1, 1991 to December 31, 1991 using uncalibrated CN values. As shown in this study, the use of better input parameters for the L-THIA model can improve accuracy. The effects on direct runoff and pollutant estimation of the calibrated CN values in the L-THIA model were investigated for the LEC. Following calibration, the estimated average annual direct runoff for the LEC watershed increased by 34%, total nitrogen by 24%, total phosphorus by 22%, and total lead by 43%. This study demonstrates that the L-THIA model should be calibrated and validated prior to application in a particular watershed to more accurately assess the effects of land use changes on hydrology and water quality.     

Establishing politically feasible water markets: a multi-criteria approach

A multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) model to simulate the establishment of water markets is developed. The environment is an irrigated area governed by a non-profit agency, which is responsible for water production, allocation, and pricing. There is a traditional situation of historical rights, average-cost pricing for water allocation, large quantities of water used, and inefficiency. A market-oriented policy could be implemented by accounting for ecological and political objectives such as saving groundwater and safeguarding historical rights while promoting economic efficiency. In this paper, a problem is solved by compromise programming, a multi-criteria technique based on the principles of Simonian logic. The model is theoretically developed and applied to the Lorca region in Spain near the Mediterranean Sea.     

Water Footprint of 65 Mid‐ to Large‐Sized U.S. Cities and Their Metropolitan Areas

Conventional indicators of water use for urban areas account primarily for direct water use. In contrast, our objective here is to employ the water footprint (WF) concept and methodology to include the virtual or indirect water use to assess the production‐side and consumption‐side WF of 65 United States (U.S.) cities. The 65 cities include the largest metropolitan areas and some of the major mid‐sized cities in the U.S. We use metropolitan areas to define our city boundaries as this is the native spatial resolution of the main datasets used. To estimate the urban WFs, we integrated large and disparate datasets, including commodity flow (agricultural, livestock, and industrial commodities), water use, and socioeconomic data. By analyzing the estimated WF values, we found indirect water use accounts on average for 66% of the WF of consumption. We found some cities are net virtual water exporters (11 of 65) because they rely heavily on direct water uses or are heavy producers of industrial commodities. Also, WF patterns vary widely across the U.S. but regional patterns seem to emerge. For example, the dense cities of the U.S. northeast megaregion have a significantly low per capita WF relative to the other cities, while cities in the Gulf Coast megaregion have a significantly higher industrial WF of production and consumption. Furthermore, there is inequality in the WF of consumption where a few cities account for a disproportionate share of the total U.S. urban water uses.