水下推动器对氧化沟流场特性影响的实验研究

采用声学多普勒测速仪(ADV)对水下推动器运行时氧化沟流场进行分析,结果表明:水下推动器单独运行时氧化沟直道流速分布规律与曝气转盘单独运行时不同,靠近叶轮处流速分布沿水深与沟宽都不同,可看作是一个点射流与典型明渠流动混合的流动,具有明显的三维性。通过一段距离的流速掺混,沟内液流可达到一个准二维流动。水下推动器安装在断面中部时的断面平均流速比安装在底部时大18%左右,动力利用率高,较有效地起到推流作用;安装在断面中部时紊动强度分布稳定时的断面离叶轮迎水面的相对距离比安装在断面底部短。     

氧化沟直段水力特性实验研究

文章主要研究氧化沟直段水力特性,并与典型明渠理论对比。采用声学多普勒测速仪(ADV)测量氧化沟模型内流速场,通过对测量数据的拟合分析,得到氧化沟直段流速沿垂向分布、横向分布及沿程变化规律,对水流的流速分布进行对比分析,提出有关氧化沟流场的理论成果(内区流速分布符合对数分布。外区流速分布开始偏离对数分布而趋于二次抛物线分布,用二次抛物线分布能较好地拟合实际分布规律,对内、外分区界限的变化规律进行拟合分析,得到分区界限距渠底的相对高度的统一表达式),与典型明渠理论进行对比,得出氧化沟流场分布及沿程变化与典型明渠明显不同。氧化沟内垂线流速分布存在明显的分区结构,内区流速分布规律与典型明渠中相似,外区流速分布规律与典型明渠中差别很大。     

Carrousel氧化沟内特性参数的分布

为提高Carrousel氧化沟的脱氮能力,对长沙第二污水处理厂的Carrousel氧化沟工艺进行了现场测试,研究了氧化沟中流速、溶解氧以及污泥浓度在不同曝气机开启条件下的分布变化特征,并分析了其对同步硝化反硝化过程发生的环境条件的影响.结果表明,流速、溶解氧以及污泥浓度的空间分布特征受曝气机的开启条件影响显著,沟内溶解氧浓度随时间变化较大.开启5台曝气机时,溶解氧和流速均偏高,污泥混合更加均匀,开启3台曝气机时中沟段存在流速过低区域(<0.15m/s);适当降低曝气机开启台数,并根据系统条件变化动态调节,可以为实现氧化沟同步硝化反硝化过程创造较好的工艺条件.     

卡鲁塞尔氧化沟液-固两相流动混合物模型与两相水力特性模拟

采用CFD数值计算的方法研究了卡鲁塞尔氧化沟工艺的污水-污泥两相水力特性.将污泥沉降模型进行湍流影响修正后与两相湍流混合物模型耦合,建立了氧化沟液固两相湍流混合物模型,实现了垂向上液固两相运动的分离;利用计算流体软件Fluent对工业规模污水厂氯化沟的污水-污泥两相流速进行模拟,结果表明,两相流混合物模型较好地揭示了氧化沟内混合液流场和污泥的分布情况,污泥浓度与流速呈负相关.     

导流墙偏置位置对氧化沟性能影响的分析

针对偏置导流墙氧化沟复杂结构的特点,采用计算流体力学数值模型和Fluent计算方法,将导流墙偏置距沿径向从0至1m,间隔0.25m进行偏置距位置变化,对氧化沟流场进行了数值计算模拟。研究结果表明:导流墙的偏置距设置对改善隔墙背后的水流低速区和消除污泥沉积有促进作用,但当导流墙的偏置距增加到一定值时,在隔墙背后径向半宽处会形成第二个水流低速区。在比较不同导流墙偏置距的速度曲线基础上,认为导流墙的偏置距应设置在0.3m～0.4m之间较合适,从而为偏置导流墙的合理设计提供理论依据。     

气升式氧化沟流动特性的中试研究

在清水实验中研究了中试气升式氧化沟单侧廊道流速分布及进气量对升流区和直段流速的影响.中试装置容积54m3,当进气量按42,79,170m3/h 增大时,升流区水平方向流速略有增加,沿水深方向流速增幅较大;直段流速随气量的增加变化不大;进气量大于79m3/h 后直段流速几乎没有变化,底部平均流速约为0.25m/s.通过测试不同进气量下的污泥浓度确定了保证流动的最小流速.进气量为20m3/h 时,沟内最大流速仅有0.07m/s,此时仍未出现污泥沉降.结合后续的污水处理效果研究,实际工程中可将沟底流速大于0.15m/s 作为防止污泥沉降的流速要求.     

不同污泥高度下ABR液相流场特性试验研究

在厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)不同进水流量(150~500 L/h)和不同污泥高度(0~45 mm)的组合工况下,利用激光粒子图像测速技术(PIV)研究了ABR第一隔室内部的液相流场特性,获得了反应器关键截面的液相流场数据。结果表明:在污泥高度为0 mm时,ABR降流区径向平均速度随进水流量的增加呈先下降后增加再下降趋势;污泥高度为15 mm时,轴向平均速度随进水流量的增加呈先下降后增长趋势;平均涡量随进水流量的增加呈逐渐增加趋势。升流区径向和轴向平均速度随进水流量呈波动趋势。降流区的返混程度随污泥高度的增加而增大,矢量速度高速区集中在降流区距进水口180~250 mm处。升流区涡核数量随污泥高度增加而增加,矢量速度高速区集中在下部0~20 mm处。     

气提式内循环膜生物反应器试验研究

针对膜生物反应器存在的膜污染和能耗高的问题，结合气提式内循环和一体式膜生物反应器处理废水的工艺特点，提出圆柱形套筒气提式内循环膜生物反应器。试验结果表明，同等曝气强度和曝气方式下，气提式内循环膜生物反应器中氧传质系数（KLa）高于一般膜生物反应器；膜间水流流速是一般膜生物反应器的1．53～2．44倍，提高了膜面的水力冲刷作用，可减缓膜污染；对反应器膜过滤性能的考察，表明气提式内循环膜生物反应器较一般膜生物反应器有更好的膜过滤性能和抗污染能力。反应器中添加内循环，污泥活性有所下降，但对实际废水的去除效果影响不大，污泥活性较为稳定。     

基于含油污泥的搅拌反应器内气液两相流的数值模拟

采用安东帕流变仪对不同温度下含油污泥的流变性质进行测量，并通过拟合幂律方程得到相关流变参数。基于其流变特性，以空气-含油污泥为介质采用数值模拟方法研究了含油污泥温度以及反应器结构对气液两相流场、局部气含率分布以及通气搅拌功率的影响。结果表明：随着含油污泥温度升高，搅拌桨对液相扰动范围趋广，气含率分布趋于分散，气液两相混合程度愈加均匀，通气搅拌功率下降明显；对比4种不同反应器结构，双层桨分散性能最佳，液相平均流速最高，速度均匀度指数最低，在通气搅拌功率适宜的情况下其混合性能最佳。     

塔式曝气池内非牛顿活性污泥气液两相数值模拟

基于欧拉-欧拉架构下,采用欧拉双流体模型耦合PBM(群体平衡模型)对活性污泥这一非牛顿流体下的实验室尺度塔式曝气池气液两相进行数值模拟,探讨不同污泥浓度下,塔式曝气池内气液两相流速度场、气含率、动力黏度等流体动力学行为,发现低速下塔式曝气池内时均气相体积分数分布呈倒梯形柱状,时均流场及速度场均对称分布.随着污泥浓度增大,曝气池中下部气相体积分数高值区面积收窄,液相垂向速度峰值不断增高.低浓度污泥时,x方向液相速度呈现与牛顿流体相似的周期性摆动;污泥浓度越大,曝气池时均气含率越小,以水为介质时会高估曝气池内气含率;污泥浓度为10.2g/L时,动力黏度峰值最大,且曝气池中央黏度低值区呈"V"字形分布.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.