Book reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
State of the World : STATE OF THE WORLD 1993 by Lester Brown
Energy for the developing world : FUELING DEVELOPMENT: ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES John Gibbons
Caring for rainforests : TROPICAL RAINFORESTS by Chris C. Park
Renewable energy : COOL ENERGY: RENEWABLE SOLUTIONS TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS by Michael Brower
Environmental degradation and disaster : DISASTERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: MANAGING NATURAL DISASTERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT edited by Alcira Kreimer and Mohan Munasinghe
Mining investment and compensation : MINERAL TAXATION AND INVESTMENT     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
The collapse of tin THE TIN MEN: A CHRONICLE OF CRISIS, by Ralph Kestenbaum
Economic Developement HANDBOOK OF DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, VOL I, edited by Hollis Chenery and T. N. Srinavasan
Future energy ENERGY FOR HABITABLE WORLD, A CALL FOR ACTION, edited by Pierre Elliott Trudeau
Uses and abuses of energy PROCEEDINGS OF CONFERENCE ON ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY, edited by J.W. Tester, D. O. Wood and N. A. Ferrari
People and mining HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING FOR THE MINING INDUSTRY, Proceedings of the Twentieth CRS Policy Discussion Seminar, 26–28 March, 1990, Kingston, Ontario. edited by L. Moira Jackson
Paying for the environment DEBT AND THE ENVIRONMENT: CONVERGING CRISIS, by Morris Miller     

Book reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Legal reference and source book ENERGY AND RESOURCES LAW '92: Proceedings of the International Bar Association's Section on Energy and Natural Resources Law's 10th Advanced Seminar on Petroleum, Minerals, Energy and Resources Law held in Washington DC: Graham and Trotman Diverse and international RENEWABLE ENERGY: Technology and the Environment, Proceedings of the 2nd World Renewable Energy Congress, Reading, UK, 13-18 September 1992: A.A.M. Sayigh A stimulating read WATER RESOURCES IN THE ARID REALM: Clive Agnew and Ewan Anderson Whatever happened to PV? SOLAR PUMPING: An Introduction and Update on the Technology, Performance, Costs and Economics: Roy Barlow, Bernard McNelis and Anthony Derrick Renewable energy for rural development MICRO-HYDRO DESIGN MANUAL: A Guide to Small-Scale Water Power Schemes: Adam Harvey et al Incentives for good behaviour ECONOMIC POLICY TOWARDS THE ENVIRONMENT: Dieter Helm     

Book reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Structuring the energy market THE MARKET FOR ENERGY, edited by Dieter Helm, John Kay and David Thompson
Good water quality AGRICULTURE AND WATER QUALITY: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES edited by John B. Braden and Stephen B. Lovejoy
Environmental and resource economics ECONOMICS OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND THE ENVIRONMENT, edited by David W. Pearce, and R. Kerry Turner     

Book reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Policy-making in Africa AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS: A policy modeling approach edited by Dominick Salvatore
Solar heat technologies SOLAR RESOURCES, edited by Roland L. Hulstrom, PASSIVE COOLING, edited by Jeffrey Cook
Energy technology and developing countries ENERGY ISSUES AND OPTIONS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Primary commodities A GUIDE TO PRIMARY COMMODITIES IN THE WORLD ECONOMY, by Marian Radetzki
Economics and the environment ECONOMICS, NATURAL RESOURCE SCARCITY AND DEVELOPMENT, edited by Edward Barbier     

Book reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Moving Africa forward in the 1990s : SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: FROM CRISIS TO SUSTAINABLE GROWTH, A LONG-TERM PERSPECTIVE STUDY by Ramgopal Agarwala, Pierre Landell-Mills, Stanley Please AFRICA'S COMMODITY PROBLEMS: TOWARDS A SOLUTION : by Malcom Fraser, Chairman The future for oil : WORLD OIL PRICES: DEMAND, SUPPLY AND SUBSTITUTES by Yousuf H. Mohammad, Walter J. Mead The world oil industry : ENERGY WATCHERS I: SHADOW OPEC: NEW ELEMENT FOR STABILITY? AND A ‘REINTEGRATED’ OIL INDUSTRY edited by Dorothea H. El Mallakh     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Budgeting for the environment : ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT edited by Gunther Schramm and Jeremy Warford
Natural resource laws in Commonwealth Africa : A STUDY ON THE LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK, AGREEMENTS AND FINANCIAL IMPOSITIONS AFFECTING MINING AND PETROLEUM INDUSTRIES IN COMMONWEALTH AFRICAN COUNTRIES
Spatial energy analysis : SPATIAL ENERGY ANALYSIS: MODELS FOR STRATEGIC DECISIONS IN AN URBAN AND REGIONAL CONTEXT edited by L. Lundqvist, L-G. Mattsson and E. A. Eriksson
Petroleum development in Brazil and Peru : BRAZIL AND PERU: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT by Norman Gall and Eleodoro Mayorga Alba     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
The global warming debate GLOBAL WARMING: ECONOMIC POLICY RESPONSES, edited by Rudiger Dornbusch and James M. Poterba
Energy and security ENERGY AND SECURITY IN THE INDUSTRIALIZED WORLD, edited by Raju G. C. Thomas and Bennett Ramberg
West African mining prospects REGIONAL SEMINAR ON MINING EXPLORATION AND INVESTMENT POTENTIAL IN WEST AFRICA
International energy policy ÉNERGIE INTERNATIONALE 1990–1991, Rapport Annuel sur les Évolutions Énergétiques Mondiales
Mining in the South Pacific MINING, POLITICS, AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC, by Michael C. Howard     

Book reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Adjustment for Africa : A FUTURE FOR AFRICA: BEYOND THE POLITICS OF ADJUSTMENT By Bade Onimode
Energy systems and development : DIAGNOSIS OF ENERGY SYSTEMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES by J. Girod
Minerals and the environment : MINING THE EARTH by John E. Young
Towards a sustainable future : BEYOND THE LIMITS: GLOBAL COLLAPSE OR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE by Donella H. Meadows, Dennis L. Meadows and Jorgen Randers
A guidebook for metal mining : ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF SELECTED NON-FERROUS METALS (Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Au) ORE MINING
The cost of CO₂ emissions limits : BUYING GREENHOUSE INSURANCE: THE ECONOMIC COSTS OF CO₂ EMISSION LIMITS by A. S. Manne and R. G. Richels
Sustainable development : ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND TECHNOLOGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT by the United Nations Center for Science and Technology     

Book reviews

Book reviewed in this article: PV products for the 21st century : SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC PRODUCTS: A Guide for Development Workers by Anthony Derrick, Catherine Francis and Varis Bokalders Biomass resources : BIOMASS ASSESSMENT: Woody Biomass in the SADCC Region by A. Millington and J. Townshend Earthscan Publications, London, 270 PP The fuelwood crisis : BEYOND THE WOODFUEL CRISIS by Gerald Leach and Robin Mearns Earthscan Publications, London, 1988, 309 pp Oil and government policies : COMMON CARRIER OF COMMON SENSE by Paul Frankel Enjoying the windfall : OIL WINDFALLS: Blessing or Curse? by Alan Gelb and Associates Looking to the future : RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES FOR THE 21st CENTURY edited by R. Hill, P. O'Keefe and N. M. Pearsall Petroleum investment in developing countries : PETROLEUM INVESTMENT POLICIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES edited by Nicky Beredjick and Thomas Walde     

Book reviews

State of the world : STATE OF THE WORLD 1992 by Lester Brown, Project Director W. W. Norton & Company, New York
A cookbook for developing countries: IMPROVING CHARCOALING EFFICIENCY IN THE TRADITIONAL RURAL SECTOR: Charles Feinstein and Robert van der Plas World Bank, Industry and Energy Department
KEROSENE STOVES: THEIR PERFORMANCE, USE, AND CONSTRAINTS by Villem Floor and Robert van der Plas World Bank, Industry and Energy Department
ASSESSMENT OF BIOMASS ENERGY RESOURCES: A DISCUSSION ON ITS NEED AND METHODOLOGY by Paul Ryan and Keith Openshaw World Bank, Industry and Energy Department
Development economics : HANDBOOK OF DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, VOL II Edited by Hollis Chenery and T.N. Srinavasan North Holland, New York
Environmental remote sensing : REMOTE SENSING FOR HAZARD MONITORING AND DISASTER ASSESSMENT: MARINE AND COASTAL APPLICATIONS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION edited by E.C. Barrett, R. Brown and A. Micallef Gordon and Breach, Science Publisher, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA     

Book reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Environmental management : SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: Principles and Practice edited by R. Kerry Turner
Development projects and the environment : ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS by John A. Dixon, Richard A. Carpenter, Louise A. Fallon, Paul B. Sherman and Supachit Manipomoke
Collecting the rent : PETROLEUM RENT COLLECTION AROUND THE WORLD by Alexander Kemp
Land-use planning : MINERAL RESOURCES EXTRACTION, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND LAND-USE PLANNING IN THE INDUSTRIAL AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES edited by Peter Arndt and Gerd W. Lüttig
Energy policy in Mexico : ENERGY POLICY IN MEXICO: Problems and Prospects for the Future edited by Miguel S. Wionczek, Oscar M. Guzman and Roberto Gutierrez
Mineral resource economics and theory : MINERAL RESOURCES: A System Analytical and Functional Approach by Laszlo Kapolyi
Natural resource problems NATURAL RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ANALYSIS: Cases in Applied Economics edited by George. M. Johnston, David Freshwater and Philip Favero     

Book reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Mexico's oil industry : THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF MEXICAN OIL by Laura Randall
Environmental impact of water resources development : DAM THE RIVERS, DAMN THE PEOPLE: DEVELOPMENT AND RESISTANCE IN AMAZONIAN BRAZIL by Barbara J. Cummings
Managing the global environment : LESSONS LEARNED IN GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE by Peter H. Sand
Oil makes the world go round : THE PRIZE: THE EPIC QUEST FOR OIL, MONEY AND POWER by Daniel Yergin
Using natural gas : NATURAL GAS: ITS ROLE AND POTENTIAL IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT edited by Walter Vergara, Nelson E. Hay, Carl W. Hall
Environmental management MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS Daniel H. Henning ad William R. Mangun
Natural resource scarcity : ECONOMICS, NATURAL RESOURCE SCARCITY AND DEVELOPMENT by Edward B. Barbier
Solar investment : ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY SYSTEMS edited by Ronald E. West and Frank Kreith
World mineral exploration : WORLD MINERAL EXPLORATION: TRENDS AND ECONOMIC ISSUES edited by John E. Tilton, Roderick G. Eggert and Hans H. Landsberg     

Assessment of the degree of rancidity on reused oils in university cafeterias,and public awareness

In this study, reused sunflower cooking oil was investigated for rancidity. Three student cafeterias at the University of Dodoma (UDOM) were used for this particular study. Oil samples were analyzed at the University of Dodoma laboratories. Results showed that all parameters were beyond permissible limits by WHO/FAO standards. Acid values ranged between 0.841 and 4.319 mg KOH/g oil, which is beyond the allowable limits by WHO/FAO (0.6 mg KOH/g oil). Peroxide values were found to be 19.5 mill eq O₂/kg oil (minimum), and 62 mill eq O₂/kg oil (maximum), which are both above the recommended limits by WHO/FAO (10 mill eq O₂/kg oil). Iodine values were found to be from 102.87 to 48.26-g I₂/100 g oil, and were all beyond the recommended limits by WHO/FAO, of between 118- and 141-g I₂/100 g oil. The study has further revealed that the number of customers that are saved by the three cafeterias exceeds the capacity of the cafeterias. This study also found out that many students (almost 74%) are not aware on general knowledge about rancidity, including health effects of using rancid oils. It is therefore recommended to the national regulatory authorities to formulate strict regulations to guide and control oil rancidity.     

Physico-chemical characteristics of well waters in four urban centers in Southern Nigeria

An ensemble of thirty physico-chemical characteristics was used to assess the quality of well waters in four urban centers in southern Nigeria: Lagos, Benin City, Warri, and Ekpoma. The characteristics investigated include pH; color; turbidity; salinity; electrical conductivity, EC; total dissolved solids, TDS; total suspended solids, TSS; dissolved oxygen, DO; total hydrocarbon, THC; biochemical oxygen demand, BOD; chemical oxygen demand, COD; and nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, sulfate, and phosphate concentrations. Also monitored were the concentrations of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, iron, lead, copper, manganese, zinc, chromium, nickel, and cadmium. The results obtained were compared with World Health Organization, WHO, and Nigerian Federal Ministry of Environment, FME, drinking water standards. The results show that with the well water obtained from Lagos, turbidity, 11.80 NTU; pH, 5.68; EC, 1065.55 μS/cm; TDS, 539.00 mg/L; concentrations of iron, 1.83 mg/L; manganese, 0.14 mg/L; and lead, 1.35 mg/L did not meet the WHO standards. In Warri, pH, 5.19; concentrations of lead, 1.35 mg/L; and chromium, 0.10 mg/L in the well water were above the WHO desirable limits. The results also indicated that the well water from Benin City contained concentrations of chromium, 0.18 mg/L; and lead, 0.20 mg/L that exceeded the recommended WHO limits. In Ekpoma, the pH, 6.00; concentrations of chromium, 0.15 mg/L; and lead, 0.44 mg/L were higher than the desirable limits of WHO. Generally, the assessments revealed that the waters were good and fit for drinking and other domestic application without serious threat to public health.     

University of Benin water supply system: Microbiological and physico-chemical assessments

The microbiological and physico-chemical characteristics of the drinking water supplied by the Central Borehole at the University of Benin, Ugbowo Campus were investigated. The investigation entailed assessment of the pH, turbidity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity, conductivity, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, sulphate, chloride, N-nitroso compounds, cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead, zinc, manganese, iron, coliform count, BOD₅ and COD of the water at the Central Borehole and at ten residential quarters. The assessment indicated that the water was fit for drinking and other domestic applications. Results were also compared with WHO, EU and Nigeria FEPA standards. The results showed that the pH values of the water (5.01–5.86) and total coliform count (1–2/100 ml) expressed as MPN were outside the limits set by the WHO, EU and FEPA. The data also showed that the other water quality parameters assessed were within WHO, EU and FEPA permissible limits. The results of ANOVA showed that significant changes occurred during distribution.     

Forecast optimal fluoride concentration data in drinking water according to the ambient temperature in Golestan,Iran

Controlling fluoride concentrations in drinking water at optimal levels could be effective in preventing certain negative health effects in humans. This study investigated optimal fluoride concentrations in potable water in Golestan province, according the ambient temperatures in the province. The study used data on fluoride concentrations in drinking water supplied by the Water and Wastewater Company of Golestan Province. The annual mean maximum temperatures were extracted from a website that recorded daily ambient temperature. The optimal value of fluoride in drinking water for each county of Golestan province was calculated by the Galgan and Vermillion formula. The results show that all of the counties should contain fluoride concentrations ranging from 0.73 to 0.766 milligrams per liter (mg/L) according to the calculation formula, while fluoride concentrations were instead reported to range between 0.23 and 0.53 mg/L by the Water and Wastewater company. In addition, according to World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, the concentrations of fluoride in potable in all of the cities in Golestan province fall below the WHO standard. In conclusion, we suggest that the fluoride concentrations in Golestan province's drinking water should be taken into account by the appropriate authorities and that optimal fluoride concentrations in drinking water according to ambient temperatures be set to avoiding negative health impacts.     

Criticism of the philosophy for development of standards for non-ionizing radiation

The new recommendations of WHO and EC for legislation in Europe and other countries concerning non-ionizing radiation (NIR) health and safety include exposure limits that are very debatable. ICNIRP Guidelines propose exposure limits for electromagnetic fields in the frequency range up to 300 GHz based on short-term exposures and on thermal effects. The new EC proposal for optical and laser safety legislation includes classification of sources of radiation—both lasers and other optical sources, but not requirements for the methodology of classification. On the other hand, many new requirements have been set by the WHO publication “Model Legislation for EMF Protection” concerning the responsibilities in the field of EMF health and safety. Many specialists in the field of developing exposure limits have positions very far away from the proposed of the ICNIRP Guidelines philosophy. The results are different approaches in developing standards and exposure limits, and differences more than 100 times in maximal permissible levels. We, the Bulgarian Program Committee on NIR, try to organize working groups and discuss different philosophy for developing exposure limits for more than 10 years. This paper exposes our position in this area.     

The cost of water

Summary For all too many developing countries, it is a case of “Water, water everywhere and not a drop to drink”. In many of the Least Developed Countries, safe drinking water and excreta disposal facilities are sadly inadequate. Published by kind permission ofWorld Health, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. Miss Uma Ram Nath is a freelance journalist from New Delhi, India, writing on Third World development themes.     

Carcinogenic effect of potential toxic metals in school children through contaminated drinking water around the industrial area of Pakistan

Due to papulation increase in Pakistan the demand of drinking water increased day by day. After the industrial grooming the wastewater producing harmful effect on the surrounding area of industries and drinking water contamination increased. Pakistan is on 82 amongst the 125 countries of the word having drinking water problem. Different parameter set by World Health Organization (WHO) and Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) of hazard dimension index (HD) and Lifetime Cancerogenic risk Calculation (LFCR) of Potentially toxic metals that are As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb (PTMs) are higher, and the school age children are under high risk of cancer. All the drinking constraints set by regulating authority is fully neglected by inopportune human process by solid waste dumping and houses and industrial disposal with any proper treatment. This study discusses all the HD and LFCR parameter in three age group children, male and female through drinking water around the Hattar Industrial Estate (HIE) in Pakistan. In children and women more HD and LFCR thread than the adult man. The overall result shows that the HD risk is higher than the LFCR due to the PTMs in drinking water only HD is exceed from the limit of WHO and Pak-EPA. If there is no proper arrangement take place for the removal of As and PTMs from the industrial wastewater and drinking water than within few years all the population around the study area effected with different type of cancer.