启东走出一条海洋经济持续高效发展之路

江苏省启东市背依我国著名的吕四渔场，年海洋捕捞量占江苏省的 １／４。但前几年由于年年狂捕滥捞，海洋资源严重衰退，前两年春汛时，渔区８０％的出海渔民歉收。面对如此严峻的形势，启东市委、市政府审时度势，在“保护海洋资源就是保护人类自身”这个理念引导下，积极调整海洋捕捞业结构，发展海产品养殖，营造“海洋庄园”，走出了一条海洋经济持续高效发展之路。２０００年４月２５日一６日，在启东市首届海鲜节期间，５００多位中外客商纷纷看好启东的“蓝色产业”开发，共签订经济合作项目２２个，总投资额３．３亿元。这是该市靠…     

环境时事

正我国乱捕滥猎滥食野生动物现象仍存在6日,"和谐生态自然精灵——珍稀野生动植物摄影作品暨打击野生动植物非法贸易查没实物巡回展"在北京开展。美国国务院助理国务卿嘉伯、中国国家林业局副局长陈凤学出席,陈凤学指出,我国局部地区乱捕滥猎滥食野生动物、乱挖滥采野生植物仍然存在,全球野生动植物非法贸易还很严重。打击野生动植物非法贸易是一项长期而艰巨的使     

铜都向矿山污染说“不”

正滥挖滥采破坏生态,粉尘污染乌烟瘴气,这是一些小矿山的顽疾,特别是在雾霾频发,PM2.5人人喊打的当下,小矿山的粉尘污染更受老百姓的关注。记者从铜陵市环保局了解到,为从源头上控制扬尘的产生和排放,铜陵市环保局联合多部门重拳整治石料矿山,对矿山污染说"不"。铜陵环保"亮剑"铜陵是一座因矿而设的城市,因多年的大规模开     

油田冲砂清洁生产工艺的研究应用

针对传统的油井清砂方法易产生环境污染的现状,胜利采油厂对油田修井冲砂工艺进行了改进,通过改装设备;改进捞砂工艺等措施,自2000年1月至2001年11月,已经实施捞砂作业井417口,一次成功井373口,一次成功率为89.45%。工艺改进实施后,还节省了化学堵剂的使用;杜绝了油层污染;减轻了现场操作人员的劳动强度和冲砂事故发生率,初步实现了油田修井冲砂施工的清洁生产。     

青海"冬虫夏草"面临空前劫难

“冬虫夏草”因为市场需求的日趋增大和销售价格的持续攀高，产地滥采滥挖的破坏性局面愈演愈烈，这种竭泽而渔的行为已给冬虫夏草招来了空前劫难。     

秦皇岛市河流水质评价与防治对策

秦皇岛市是我国十四个沿海开放城市之一,境内河流水质如何不仅影响到市区,而且波及到渤海。从1995年对河流的污染调查结果评价其水质状况,提出了防治对策。     

山东省近岸海域水质现状及变化趋势研究

通过对2003-2007年山东省近岸海域水质监测数据的分析,总结其近岸海域的水质状况及污染特征,并采用秩相关系数法对山东省近岸海域水质状况时空变化趋势进行分析与评价。结果表明,山东省近岸海域水质以一、二类海水为主,黄海近岸海域水质略好于渤海。全省近岸海域污染以有机污染为主,主要污染因子为无机氮和化学需氧量。2003-2007年,山东省近岸海域水质变化趋势基本稳定,但主要污染物化学需氧量的含量呈上升趋势。     

长江珍鱼濒绝灭？

媒体报道,清明之前,长江刀鱼开捕已经超过20天,镇江渔民却一点收获也没有。上游南京和下游南通、泰州渔民都说几乎没捕到刀鱼。究其原因,渔民认为主要是长江污染太严重;业内人士认为,网眼过密、＂断子绝孙＂式的捕捞方法,才是导致刀鱼捕获量连年急剧下降的最主要原因。     

车用尿素水溶液在机动车氮氧化物减排中的应用

减少柴油车氮氧化物的排放是城市治理空气污染的有效措施之一.文章对减少柴油车尾气排放污染所采用的SCR（选择性催化还原）、EGR＋ DPF（废气再循环十颗粒捕集器）技术进行比较,论述了国内外车用尿素水溶液质量标准及其差异,分析了车用尿素水溶液的包装、储运、加注等应用方式对减排效果的影响,总结了在加注过程中易出现的问题.     

现场目击

江西万年:20座石灰窑狂吐浓烟江西万年县大源镇有二十多座石灰窑没有采取任何环保措施,滚滚浓烟直接向空中排放,污染了当地环境,给周围居民的生产和生活造成了很大影响。江苏邳州:白沟河遭污染变黑水河地处苏鲁交界的四户镇境内有白沟河和汶河两条河流, 自1980年夏天起,白沟河受山东客水污染,四户镇栗家村相继有32名村民患癌症死亡。白沟河的污染还波及西边500米以外的汶河。2月3日,四户镇王庄村1组村民董宜申说:“汶河在一个月前开始淌黑水,水面泛起白沫。”     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.