浅论质量共性技术及质量共性技术文件

通过对共性技术的介绍和分析,给出了质量共性技术的概念及定义;并以电子信息系统为例,阐述了质量共性技术的涵盖内容和研究领域,进而探讨了质量共性技术文件的相关内容和编写要求。     

空气质量预测模拟技术演变与发展研究

近年来我国的环境问题日益引人注目,大气污染问题显得尤为突出。空气质量预测技术方法能够提前预测区域空间内的大气污染物浓度,其发展十分迅速。本文介绍了一些国内外常用的空气质量预测技术方法的原理及案例,对其结果与局限性进行归纳总结,并对其未来发展提出展望。空气质量预测技术方法分为两类:数值模拟和统计学习,数值模拟通常可以分为第一代、第二代和第三代空气质量模型,统计学习可以分为简单经验统计和机器学习。两类方法的目的都是尽可能真实、准确地实现特定时间、特定区域范围内大气污染物浓度的预测,但两类方法的原理算法差异较大。该研究系统梳理了空气质量预测技术方法演变的历程和发展的现状,展望了其发展趋势,分析了建立、健全空气质量预测技术标准规范体系的重要性,提出了相关参考建议。     

城镇景观水体水质控制技术分析

本文针对上海城镇小型景观水体水质污染特征，分析了充氧曝气、人工湿地、曝气生物滤池等工艺技术在小型景观水体水质净化中的应用，提出各种小型景观水体水质控制技术的特点和适用范围，为2010年上海世博会园区内景观水体水质控制方法提供参考，也为其他小型景观水体的建设和运行提供借鉴。     

汽车涂装废水水质特征分析及处理工艺

涂装是保护和装饰汽车的主要工艺措施,汽车涂装工艺产生的废水具有污染物种类多、成分复杂;水质、水量变化大且排放无规律、可生化性差的特点,实践证明,采取各类水质分别预处理后混合生化处理可有效去除废水中的污染物,排放达到标准要求。     

基于大数据分析与认知技术的空气质量预报预警平台

为深入认识区域大气污染现象规律,完善并提高城市空气质量预报预警能力,提高大气污染治理决策支持能力,开展城市污染成因分析与空气质量预报预警研究是十分必要的。本文针对环境大数据时代下的城市空气质量预报,提出了一种基于大数据分析与认知技术的专业先进的大气环境业务应用系统体系。该体系基于底层统一的数据资源中心,融合各类不同类型的空气质量监测、不同预报系统的产品数据以及基础辅助数据,建立数据汇交、共享、质控管理机制,通过上层预报预警、综合分析、案例分析、应急决策支持四大子系统,从多模式集合预报结合专家调优支撑高性能预报会商应用,从大数据融合时空关联分析深度挖掘大气复合污染特征与污染成因,从多维度历史污染过程和天气形势全自动化认知分析支撑重污染过程研判,从业务化仿真情景方案与污染溯源助力专业应急决策。最后,通过在北京市环境保护监测中心的系统实现证明体系的高性能、稳定性和实用性。     

采用Dolphin技术治理河道水质的探索

介绍了Dolphin技术的原理、特点,采用该技术对河道水处理后,水质有很大的改变,水体能见度明显提高,臭味被遏制,藻类显著减少,而且无污泥和异味,对氨氮和高锰酸钾指数的去除率均在50%左右。     

压裂返排液水质特性评价及回用技术研究

为了明确压裂返排液中影响回用的突出污染物,从而针对性地研究现场处理技术,采用水质矩阵法对苏里格气田常用的两种体系压裂返排液的水质特性进行评价。结果表明:影响胍胶压裂返排液回用的污染物重要程度排序为钙镁离子、铁离子、悬浮物和pH值;影响可回收体系压裂返排液回用的污染物重要程度排序为悬浮物、pH值、钙镁离子和铁离子,两者差异明显。以此为基础,针对胍胶压裂返排液,提出“化学絮凝、离子控制、金属网过滤”的现场处理工艺,钙镁离子降低了83.7%,铁离子降低了79.6%,悬浮物降低了85.0%;针对可回收体系压裂返排液,提出“重力沉降、金属网过滤”的现场处理工艺,悬浮物降低了81.0%,处理后水质达到重复配液要求。     

Potential for Advanced Technology to Improve Air Quality and Human Health in Shanghai

/ Air quality in most Asian cities is poor and getting worse. It will soon become impossible to sustain population, economic, and industrial growth without severe deterioration of the atmospheric environment. This paper addresses the city of Shanghai, the air-quality problems it faces over the next 30 years, and the potential of advanced technology to alleviate these problems. Population, energy consumption, and emission profiles are developed for the city at 0.1 degrees x 0.1 degrees resolution and extrapolated from 1990 to 2020 using sector-specific economic growth factors. Within the context of the RAINS-Asia model, eight technology scenarios are examined for their effects on ambient concentrations of sulfur dioxide and sulfate and their emission control costs. Without new control measures, it is projected that the number of people exposed to sulfur dioxide concentrations in excess of guidelines established by the World Health Organization will rise from 650,000 in 1990 to more than 14 million in 2020. It is apparent that efforts to reduce emissions are likely to have significant health benefits, measured in terms of the cost of reducing the number of people exposed to concentrations in excess of the guidelines ($10-50 annually per person protected). Focusing efforts on the control of new coal-fired power plants and industrial facilities has the greatest benefit. However, none of the scenarios examined is alone capable of arresting the increases in emissions, concentrations, and population exposure. It is concluded that combinations of stringent scenarios in several sectors will be necessary to stabilize the situation, at a potential cost of $500 million annually by the year 2020. KEY WORDS: Coal; China; Shanghai; Sulfur dioxide; Air quality; Health effects     

A Generic Bio-Economic Farm Model for Environmental and Economic Assessment of Agricultural Systems

Bio-economic farm models are tools to evaluate ex-post or to assess ex-ante the impact of policy and technology change on agriculture, economics and environment. Recently, various BEFMs have been developed, often for one purpose or location, but hardly any of these models are re-used later for other purposes or locations. The Farm System Simulator (FSSIM) provides a generic framework enabling the application of BEFMs under various situations and for different purposes (generating supply response functions and detailed regional or farm type assessments). FSSIM is set up as a component-based framework with components representing farmer objectives, risk, calibration, policies, current activities, alternative activities and different types of activities (e.g., annual and perennial cropping and livestock). The generic nature of FSSIM is evaluated using five criteria by examining its applications. FSSIM has been applied for different climate zones and soil types (criterion 1) and to a range of different farm types (criterion 2) with different specializations, intensities and sizes. In most applications FSSIM has been used to assess the effects of policy changes and in two applications to assess the impact of technological innovations (criterion 3). In the various applications, different data sources, level of detail (e.g., criterion 4) and model configurations have been used. FSSIM has been linked to an economic and several biophysical models (criterion 5). The model is available for applications to other conditions and research issues, and it is open to be further tested and to be extended with new components, indicators or linkages to other models.     

Evaluation of Generic Types of Drilling Fluid Using a Risk-Based Analytic Hierarchy Process

The composition of drilling muds is based on a mixture of clays and additives in a base fluid. There are three generic categories of base fluid - water, oil, and synthetic. Water-based fluids (WBFs) are relatively environmentally benign, but drilling performance is better with oil-based fluids (OBFs). The oil and gas industry developed synthetic-based fluids (SBFs), such as vegetable esters, olefins, ethers, and others, which provide drilling performance comparable to OBFs, but with lower environmental and occupational health effects. The primary objective of this paper is to present a methodology to guide decision-making in the selection and evaluation of three generic types of drilling fluids using a risk-based analytic hierarchy process (AHP). In this paper a comparison of drilling fluids is made considering various activities involved in the life cycle of drilling fluids.This paper evaluates OBFs, WBFs, and SBFs based on four major impacts—operations, resources, economics, and liabilities. Four major activities—drilling, discharging offshore, loading and transporting, and disposing onshore—cause the operational impacts. Each activity involves risks related to occupational injuries (safety), general public health, environmental impact, and energy use. A multicriteria analysis strategy was used for the selection and evaluation of drilling fluids using a risk-based AHP. A four-level hierarchical structure is developed to determine the final relative scores, and the SBFs are found to be the best option.     

加强质保工作 确保监测质量

本文就目前基础环境监测站存在的具体问题，强调树立全面质量管理观念，建立质保机构，深入细致地加强质保工作，完善监测质量管理，充分调动监测人员的主观能动性，从而保证监测质量。     

环境监测的质量控制和质量保证

环境监测中的质量控制和质量保证,就是把监测过程从采样到分析测试综合考虑,制定合理的允许误差限度。     

基于RS/GIS技术的“十一五”期间塔里木河流域生态环境质量综合评价分析

"十一五"是新疆经济飞速发展的五年,同时也是重大生态保护工程十五实施期。本文采用国家环境保护部制定的《生态环境状况评价技术规范》(HJ/T192-2006)分别对新疆"十五"末与"十一五"末生态环境质量进行综合评价分析。结果显示:塔里木河流域生态环境质量总体处于较差水平,各县(市)生态环境质量以较差和差为主,二者面积总和在全区总面积60%以上;与"十五"末相比,全区生态环境质量保持稳定,无明显变化。呈现总体趋于稳定,局部区域有所改善的特征。     

环境水质自动监测系统质量控制指标框架

本文回顾了水质自动监测系统质量管理制度的建立和运行现状,从全程序质量管理的角度,提出了站点选择地址、采水和配水单元设计、自动监测仪器性能、站房环境和安全保护、人员配备和制度建设等水质自动监测系统建设过程中的质量保证措施,以及人员持证上岗、运行维护、仪器校准和性能测试、比对实验、数据质量检查与审棱等运行过程中的质量控制指标框架.     

水质自动监测系统的质量控制和质量保证

本文针对水质自动站的质量控制和质量保证的要求,并依据国家老口水质自动站的工作提出一些看法和观点。     

声环境质量常规监测全程质量控制

鉴于各级环境监测部门关于声环境质量常规监测中所遇有碍监测质量的各种问题,按照总站《环境噪声监测技术路线》所提"研究探讨噪声监测质量保证技术"的要求,就常规监测的质量控制方面进行探讨,提出了声环境质量常规监测事前、事中、事后全过程质控,并就质控细节和难点进行阐述和讨论。     

Technology transfer

A currently fashionable method of industrial diversification is ‘technology transfer’. The paper discusses the new mood of positive thinking within Scottish industry, and the role of the Scottish Development Agency's Technology Transfer Division in responding to the approaches received for specialist support. The author concludes that technology can have a major impact on many of the variables which contribute to the performance of a regional economy.     

水质自动监测站的运行管理和质量控制

建立水质自动监测系统是继我国设置大气污染自动监测系统之后,进一步强化对江河湖海实施水质监控的重要举措。水质自动监测具有连续及时反映水质的动态变化、加强快速处理应急事件的优势,它的发展将逐步实现由人工间断监测向自动连续监测的过渡,     

水质检测中实验室检测结果的质量控制与保证

在水质检测工作中,质量控制方法是确保检测数据准确的一种重要手段。当前水质检测实验室中常用的质控手段有盲样考核、平行测定、加标回收、比对试验、期间核查、相关性分析与质量监督六类,通过分析比较这些质控手段在分析检测中的差异及其对检测结果的影响,为提升水质检测工作质量,出具科学、公正的检测报告提供保障。     

Quality Control for Environmental Policy Appraisal Tools: An Empirical Investigation of Relations Between Quality,Quality Control and Effectiveness

The spectre of regulatory reform carried out in a range of Western countries has generated concern amongst parts of the environmental policy community. Quality and effectiveness are said to be at stake, but empirically there is a dearth of data on the relationship between provisions for quality control and the effects on quality and effectiveness. This research addresses this lacuna by analysing the effects of different quality control provisions in the Netherlands and Denmark for a globally institutionalized environmental appraisal tool—Environmental Assessment (EA). Extensive technical provisions for quality control in the Netherlands have led to it being described as the ‘Rolls Royce’ of EA systems, while in Denmark the polity is expected to take charge of quality control. The effects of quality control are investigated through surveys and in-depth interviews with actors centrally engaged with EA implementation. The results show that quality control provisions are poorly related to the perceived quality and effectiveness of EA. Only the appropriateness of the scope of EA reports is perceived to be strongly related to quality control provisions. The findings are relevant for environmental policy communities concerned with quality control systems and effectiveness of policy appraisal tools and policy-makers contemplating regulatory reforms.